Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies

BMC Bioinformatics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Moni, Mohammad Ali ^a,b   Liò, Pietro ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b PABNA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Bangladesh)

Author keywords

Comorbidities infections; Disease associations; HIV; SARS

Indexed keywords

BONE; CARDIOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; PATHOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIRUSES;

CHRONIC HEART FAILURES; COMORBIDITIES; DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSIONS; DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS; NETWORK-BASED ANALYSIS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; QUANTITATIVE FRAMEWORKS; SARS;

GENE EXPRESSION;

CHRONIC DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; COMPLICATION; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; IMMUNOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RISK FACTOR; SARS CORONAVIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; VIROLOGY;

CHRONIC DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; PROTEIN INTERACTION MAPS; RISK FACTORS; SARS VIRUS; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME;

EID: 84928741407     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712105     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-333     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Park J, Lee DS, Christakis NA, Barabási AL: The impact of cellular networks on disease comorbidity. Mol Syst Biol 2009, 5:1.
2. Hidalgo CA, Blumm N, Barabási A-L, Christakis NA: A dynamic network approach for the study of human phenotypes. PLoS Comput Biol 2009, 5(4):1000353.
3. Moni MA, Lio P: comor: a software for disease comorbidity risk assessment. J Clin Bioinformatics 2014, 4(1):8. http://scholar.google.co. uk/scholar?cluster=14970617759489868289&hl=en&as_sdt=0, 5.
4. Tong B, Stevenson C: Comorbidity of Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2007.
5. Currie CJ, Poole CD, Jenkins-Jones S, Gale EA, Johnson JA, Morgan CL: Mortality after incident cancer in people with and without type 2 diabetes impact ofmetformin on survival. Diabetes Care 2012, 35(2):299-304.
6. Chatila WM, Thomashow BM, Minai OA, Criner GJ, Make BJ: Comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008, 5(4):549.
7. Corsonello A, Incalzi RA, Pistelli R, Pedone C, Bustacchini S, Lattanzio F: Comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CurrOpin PulmMed 2011, 17:21-28.
8. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH: The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2009, 9(1):88.
9. Cramer AO, Waldorp LJ, van der Maas HL, Borsboom D: Comorbidity: a network perspective. Behav Brain Sci 2010, 33(2-3):137-150.
10. Zhernakova A, van Diemen CC, Wijmenga C: Detecting shared pathogenesis from the shared genetics of immune-related diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2009, 10(1):43-55.
11. Land LH, Dalton SO, Jørgensen TL, Ewertz M: Comorbidity and survival after early breast cancer. a review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012, 81(2):196-205.
12. Rzhetsky A, Wajngurt D, Park N, Zheng T: Probing genetic overlap among complex human phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007, 104(28):11694-11699.
13. Lee D-S, Park J, Kay K, Christakis N, Oltvai Z, Barabási A-L: The implications of human metabolic network topology for disease comorbidity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008, 105(29):9880-9885.
14. Goh K-I, Cusick ME, Valle D, Childs B, Vidal M, Barabasi A-L: The human disease network. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2007, 104(21):8685-8690.
15. Feldman I, Rzhetsky A, Vitkup D: Network properties of genes harboring inherited disease mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2008, 105(11):4323-4328.
16. Lage K, Karlberg EO, Størling ZM, Olason PI, Pedersen AG, Rigina O, Hinsby AM, Tümer Z, Pociot F, Tommerup N, Moreau Y, Brunak S: A human phenome-interactome network of protein complexes implicated in genetic disorders. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25(3):309-316.
17. Suthram S, Dudley JT, Chiang AP, Chen R, Hastie TJ, Butte AJ: Network-based elucidation of human disease similarities reveals common functional modules enriched for pluripotent drug targets. PLoS Comput Biol 2010, 6(2):1000662.
18. Liò P, Paoletti N, Moni MA, Atwell K, Merelli E, Viceconti M: Modelling osteomyelitis. BMC Bioinformatics 2012, 13(Suppl 14):12.
19. Rual J-F, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorsk RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghb HY, et al.: Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. Nature 2005, 437(7062):1173-1178.
20. Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE: A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 2005, 122(6):957-968.
21. Medzhitov R: Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 2008, 454(7203):428-435.
22. Pemberton DM: As a doctor, i'd rather have hiv than diabetes. The Spectator magazine 2014. [http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/9185591/why-id-rather-have-hiv-than-diabetes/]
23. Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J, Sugerman DE, Druckenmiller JK, Ritger KA, Chugh R, Jasuja S, Deutscher M, Chen S, Walker JD, Duchin JS, Lett S, Soliva S, Wells EV, Swerdlow D, Uyeki TM, Fiore AE, Olsen SJ, Fry AM, Bridges CB, Finelli L: 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Hospitalizations Investigation Team: Hospitalized patients with 2009 h1n1 influenza in the united states, april-june 2009. N Engl JMed 2009, 361(20):1935-1944.
24. Yacoub S, Wertheim H, Simmons CP, Screaton G, Wills B: Cardiovascular manifestations of the emerging dengue pandemic. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014, 11(6):335-345.
25. Rothberg MB, Haessler SD, Brown RB: Complications of viral influenza. AmJMed 2008, 121(4):258-264.
26. Grau AJ, Preusch MR, Palm F, Lichy C, Becher H, Buggle F: Association of symptoms of chronic bronchitis and frequent flu-like illnesses with stroke. Stroke 2009, 40(10):3206-3210.
27. Fiore AE, Uyeki T, Broder K, Finelli L, Euler G, Singleton J, Iskander JK, Wortley PM, Shay DK, Bresee JS, Cox NJ: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). Morb Mortal Recomm Rep 2010, 59:1-62.
28. de Magalhães JP: How ageing processes influence cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2013, 13(5):357-365.
29. Calçada D, Vianello D, Giampieri E, Sala C, Castellani G, de Graaf A, Kremer B, van Ommen B, Feskens E, Santoro A, Franceschi C, Bouwman J: The role of low-grade inflammation and metabolic flexibility in aging and nutritional modulation thereof: a systems biology approach. Mech Ageing Dev 2014, 136:138-147.
30. Caughey GE, Vitry AI, Gilbert AL, Roughead EE: Prevalence of comorbidity of chronic diseases in australia. BMC Public Health 2008, 8(1):221.
31. Danesh A, Cameron CM, León AJ, Ran L, Xu L, Fang Y, Kelvin AA, Rowe T, Chen H, Guan Y, Jonsson CB, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ: Early gene expression events in ferrets in response to sars coronavirus infection versus direct interferon-alpha2b stimulation. Virology 2011, 409(1):102-112.
32. Yoshikawa T, Hill TE, Yoshikawa N, Popov VL, Galindo CL, Garner HR, Peters C, Yoshikawa T, Hill TE, Yoshikawa N, Popov VL, Galindo CL, Garner HR, Peters CJ, Tseng CT: Dynamic innate immune responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. PloS one 2010, 5(1):8729.
33. Cameron M, Ran L, Xu L, Danesh A, Bermejo-Martin J, Cameron C, Muller M, Gold W, Richardson S, Poutanen S, Willey BM, DeVries ME, Fang Y, Seneviratne C, Bosinger SE, Persad D, Wilkinson P, Greller LD, Somogyi R, Humar A, Keshavjee S, Louie M, Loeb MB, Brunton J, McGeer AJ, Canadian SARS Research Network, Kelvin DJ: Canadian sars research network, kelvin dj. interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol 2007, 81:8692-706.
34. Chan K, Zheng J, Mok Y, Li Y, LIU Y-N, Chu C, Ip M: Sars: prognosis, outcome and sequelae. Respirology 2003, 8(s1):36-40.
35. Clay CC, Donart N, Fomukong N, Knight JB, Overheim K, Tipper J, Van Westrienen J, Hahn F, Harrod KS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus infection in aged nonhuman primates is associated with modulated pulmonary and systemic immune responses. ImmunAgeing 2014, 11(1):4.
36. Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, Al-Rabiah FA, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Barrak A, Flemban H, Al-Nassir WN, Balkhy HH, Al-Hakeem RF, Makhdoom HQ, Zumla AI, Memish ZA: Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease fromsaudi arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2013, 13(9):752-761.
37. Bermingham A, Chand M, Brown C, Aarons E, Tong C, Langrish C, Hoschler K, Brown K, Galiano M, Myers R, Pebody RG, Green HK, Boddington NL, Gopal R, Price N, Newsholme W, Drosten C, Fouchier RA, Zambon M: Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the united kingdom from the middle east, september 2012. Euro Surveill 2012, 17(40):20290.
38. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Isolation of a novel coronavirus fromaman with pneumonia in saudi arabia. NEngl JMed 2012, 367(19):1814-1820.
39. Barkhordarian A, Ajaj R, Ramchandani MH, Demerjian G, Cayabyab R, Danaie S, Ghodousi N, Iyer N, Mahanian N, Phi L, Giroux A, Manfrini E, Neagos N, Siddiqui M, Cajulis OS, Brant XM, Shapshak P, Chiappelli F: Osteoimmunopathology in hiv/aids: a translational evidence-based perspective. Pathol Res Int 2011. 2011.
40. Moni MA, Mariani S, Poli G, Liò P, Vicenzi E: Differential impacts of r5 vs. x4 hiv-1 on the transcriptome of primary cd4+ t cells. Retrovirology 2013, 10(Suppl 1):114.
41. Gibellini D, De Crignis E, Ponti C, Cimatti L, Borderi M, Tschon M, Giardino R, Re MC: Hiv-1 triggers apoptosis in primary osteoblasts and hobit cells through tnfa activation. JMed Virol 2008, 80(9):1507-1514.
42. Young F, Critchley JA, Johnstone LK, Unwin NC: A review of co-morbidity between infectious and chronic disease in sub saharan africa: Tb and diabetes mellitus, hiv and metabolic syndrome, and the impact of globalization. Globalization Health 2009, 5(1):9.
43. Engels EA, Biggar RJ, Hall HI, Cross H, Crutchfield A, Finch JL, Grigg R, Hylton T, Pawlish KS, McNeel TS, Goedert JJ: Cancer risk in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the united states. Int J Cancer 2008, 123(1):187-194.
44. Powles T, Macdonald D, Nelson M, Stebbing J: Hepatocellular cancer in hiv-infected individuals: tomorrow's problem? 2006.
45. Grulich AE, van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, Vajdic CM: Incidence of cancers in people with hiv/aids compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: ameta-analysis. Lancet 2007, 370(9581):59-67.
46. Chaturvedi AK, Madeleine MM, Biggar RJ, Engels EA: Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with aids. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101(16):1120-1130.
47. Grogg K, Miller R, Dogan A: Hiv infection and lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 2007, 60(12):1365-1372.
48. Pang IK, Iwasaki A: Control of antiviral immunity by pattern recognition and the microbiome. Immunol Rev 2012, 245(1):209-226.
49. Kumar MSA, Sierka DR, Damask AM, Fyfe B, Mcalack RF, Heifets M, Moritz MJ, Alvarez D, Kumar A: Safety and success of kidney transplantation and concomitant immunosuppression in hiv-positive patients. Kidney Int 2005, 67(4):1622-1629.
50. Deeks SG: Hiv infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging. Annu Rev Med 2011, 62:141.
51. Bermejo-Martin JF, Almansa R, de Lejarazu RO: Weakened immunity in aged hosts with comorbidities as a risk factor for the emergence of influenza a h7n9 mutants. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013, 7(06):497-498.
52. Marais BJ, Lönnroth K, Lawn SD, Migliori GB, Mwaba P, Glaziou P, Bates M, Colagiuri R, Zijenah L, Swaminathan S, Memish ZA, Pletschette M, Hoelscher M, Abubakar I, Hasan R, Zafar A, Pantaleo G, Craig G, Kim P, MaeurerM, SchitoM, Zumla A: Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and non-communicable diseases: integrating health services and control efforts. Lancet Infect Dis 2013, 13(5):436-448.
53. Andrade BB, Kumar NP, Sridhar R, Banurekha V, Jawahar M, Nutman TB, Sher A, Babu S: Heightened plasma levels of heme oxygenase-1 and tissue inhibitor ofmetalloproteinase-4 as well as elevated peripheral neutrophil counts are associated with tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity. CHEST J 2014.
54. Morens DM, Fauci AS: Emerging infectious diseases: threats to human health and global stability. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9(7):1003467.
55. Reghunathan R, Jayapal M, Hsu L-Y, Chng H-H, Tai D, Leung B, Melendez A: Expression profile of immune response genes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. BMC Immunol 2005, 6(1):2.
56. Law HK, Cheung CY, Ng HY, Sia SF, Chan YO, Luk W, Nicholls JM, Peiris JM, Lau YL: Chemokine up-regulation in sars-coronavirus-infected, monocyte-derived human dendritic cells. Blood 2005, 106(7):2366-2374.
57. Rempel H, Sun B, Calosing C, Pillai S, Pulliam L: Interferon-a drives monocyte gene expression in chronic unsuppressed hiv-1 infection. AIDS (London, England) 2010, 24(10):1415.
58. Hamosh A, Scott AF, Amberger JS, Bocchini CA, McKusick VA: Online mendelian inheritance inman (omim), a knowledgebase of human genes and genetic disorders. Nucleic Acids Res 2005, 33(suppl 1):514-517.
59. Barrett T, Troup DB, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Rudnev D, Evangelista C, Kim IF, Soboleva A, Tomashevsky M, Edgar R: Ncbi geo: mining tens of millions of expression profiles database and tools update. Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35(suppl 1):760-765.
60. Joshi-Tope G, Gillespie M, Vastrik I, D'Eustachio P, Schmidt E, de Bono B, Jassal B, Gopinath G, Wu G, Matthews L, Lewis S, Birney E, Stein L: Reactome: a knowledgebase of biological pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2005, 33(suppl 1):428-432.
61. Prasad TK, Goel R, Kandasamy K, Keerthikumar S, Kumar S, Mathivanan S, Telikicherla D, Raju R, Shafreen B, Venugopal A, Balakrishnan L, Marimuthu A, Banerjee S, Somanathan DS, Sebastian A, Rani S, Ray S, Harrys Kishore CJ, Kanth S, Ahmed M, Kashyap MK, Mohmood R, Ramachandra YL, Krishna V, Rahiman BA, Mohan S, Ranganathan P, Ramabadran S, Chaerkady R, Pandey A: Human protein reference database-2009 update. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37(suppl 1):767-772.
62. Tacutu R, Craig T, Budovsky A, Wuttke D, Lehmann G, Taranukha D, Costa J, Fraifeld VE, de Magalhães JP: Human ageing genomic resources: Integrated databases and tools for the biology and genetics of ageing. Nucleic Acids Res 2013, 41(D1):1027-1033.
63. de Magalhães JP, Curado J, Church GM: Meta-analysis of age-related gene expression profiles identifies common signatures of aging. Bioinformatics 2009, 25(7):875-881.
64. Josset L, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Agnihothram S, Sova P, Carter VS, Yount BL, Graham RL, Baric RS, Katze MG: Cell host response to infection with novel human coronavirus emc predicts potential antivirals and important differences with sars coronavirus. MBio 2013, 4(3):e00165-13.
65. Libby G, Donnelly LA, Donnan PT, Alessi DR, Morris AD, Evans JM: New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009, 32(9):1620-1625.
66. Cleri DJ, Ricketti AJ, Vernaleo JR: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). Infect Dis Clin North Am 2010, 24(1):175.
67. Qu XA, Rajpal DK: Applications of connectivitymap in drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2012, 17(23):1289-1298.
68. Rumbaugh JA, Nath A: Developments in hiv neuropathogenesis. Curr PharmDes 2006, 12(9):1023-1044.
69. Rook GA, Dalgleish A: Infection, immunoregulation, and cancer. Immunol Rev 2011, 240(1):141-159.
70. Tieri P, Termanini A, Bellavista E, Salvioli S, Capri M, Franceschi C: Charting the nf-κb pathway interactomemap. PloS One 2012, 7(3):32678.
71. Hwang D, Lee IY, Yoo H, Gehlenborg N, Cho J-H, Petritis B, Baxter D, Pitstick R, Young R, Spicer D, Price ND, Hohmann JG, Dearmond SJ, Carlson GA, Hood LE: A systems approach to prion disease. Mol Syst Biol 2009, 5(1).
72. Hood L: Systems biology and p4 medicine: past, present, and future. RMMJ 2013, 4(2):0012.
73. Ullman-Cullere MH, Mathew JP: Emerging landscape of genomics in the electronic health record for personalized medicine. HumMutat 2011, 32(5):512-516.
74. Ashley EA, Butte AJ, Wheeler MT, Chen R, Klein TE, Dewey FE, Dudley JT, Ormond KE, Pavlovic A, Morgan AA, Pushkarev D, Neff NF, Hudgins L, Gong L, Hodges LM, Berlin DS, Thorn CF, Sangkuhl K, Hebert JM, Woon M, Sagreiya H, Whaley R, Knowles JW, Chou MF, Thakuria JV, Rosenbaum AM, Zaranek AW, Church GM, Greely HT, Quake SR, Altman RB: Clinical assessment incorporating a personal genome. Lancet 2010, 375(9725):1525-1535.
75. Amberger J, Bocchini CA, Scott AF, Hamosh A: Mckusick's online mendelian inheritance inman (omim). Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37 (suppl 1):793-796.
76. Amberger J, Bocchini C, Hamosh A: A new face and new challenges for online mendelian inheritance inman (omim). HumMutat 2011, 32(5):564-567.
77. Park S, Yang J-S, Kim J, Shin Y-E, Hwang J, Park J, Jang SK, Kim S: Evolutionary history of human disease genes reveals phenotypic connections and comorbidity among genetic diseases. Sci Rep 2012, 2.
78. Kaizer EC, Glaser CL, Chaussabel D, Banchereau J, Pascual V, White PC: Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(9):3705-3711.
79. Cappuzzello C, Napolitano M, Arcelli D, Melillo G, Melchionna R, Di Vito L, Carlini D, Silvestri L, Brugaletta S, Liuzzo G, Crea F, Capogrossi MC: Gene expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronic heart failure patients. Physiol Genomics 2009, 38(3):233-240.
80. Granata S, Zaza G, Simone S, Villani G, Latorre D, Pontrelli P, Carella M, Schena F, Grandaliano G, Pertosa G: Mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease. BMC Genomics 2009, 10(1):388.
81. Karnoub AE, Dash AB, Vo AP, Sullivan A, Brooks MW, Bell GW, Richardson AL, Polyak K, Tubo R, Weinberg RA:Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2007, 449(7162):557-563.
82. Lesnick TG, Papapetropoulos S, Mash DC, Ffrench-Mullen J, Shehadeh L, de Andrade M, Henley JR, RoccaWA, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM: A genomic pathway approach to a complex disease: axon guidance and parkinson disease. PLoS Genet 2007, 3(6):98.
83. Mathivanan S, Periaswamy B, Gandhi T, Kandasamy K, Suresh S, Mohmood R, Ramachandra Y, Pandey A: An evaluation of human protein-protein interaction data in the public domain. BMC Bioinformatics 2006, 7(Suppl 5):19.
84. Choe SE, Boutros M, Michelson AM, Church GM, Halfon MS: Preferred analysis methods for affymetrix genechips revealed by a wholly defined control dataset. Genome Biol 2005, 6(2):16.
85. Conesa A, Nueda MJ, Ferrer A, Talón M: masigpro: amethod to identify significantly differential expression profiles in time-course microarray experiments. Bioinformatics 2006, 22(9):1096-1102.
86. Nueda MJ, Carbonell J, Medina I, Dopazo J, Conesa A: Serial expression analysis: a web tool for the analysis of serial gene expression data. Nucleic Acids Res 2010, 38(suppl 2):239-245.
87. Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, Baliga NS, Wang JT, Ramage D, Amin N, Schwikowski B, Ideker T: Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res 2003, 13(11):2498-2504.
88. Smoot ME, Ono K, Ruscheinski J, Wang PL, Ideker T: Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization. Bioinformatics 2011, 27(3):431-432.
89. Davis DA, Chawla NV: Exploring and exploiting disease interactions from multi-relational gene and phenotype networks. PloS one 2011, 6(7):22670.
90. Katz D, Baptista J, Azen S, Pike M: Obtaining confidence intervals for the risk ratio in cohort studies. Biometrics 1978:469-474. (JSTOR).
91. Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS: Applied Multiple Regression/correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge; 2013.
92. Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, Paulovich A, Pomeroy SL, Golub TR, Lander ES, Mesirov JP: Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci of the U S A 2005, 102(43):15545-15550.
93. Borg I, Groenen PJ: A majorization algorithmfor solvingmds. Mod Multidimensional Scaling Theory Appl 2005:169-197.