메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 427-450

Hepatitis B virus infection in children

Author keywords

chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis; HBeAg; HBsAg; HBV; hepatocellular carcinoma; IFN; mother to child; nucleoside analogue; vaccine

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ALPHA INTERFERON; ENTECAVIR; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; INTERFERON; LAMIVUDINE; NUCLEOTIDE DERIVATIVE; PLACEBO; TENOFOVIR; VIRUS DNA; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

EID: 84924717553     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1019867     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (190)
  • 2
    • 80052008891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baruch blumberg (1925-2011)
    • Alter H. Baruch blumberg (1925-2011). Nature 2011;473(7346):155
    • (2011) Nature , vol.473 , Issue.7346 , pp. 155
    • Alter, H.1
  • 3
    • 67651208017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do good health technologies get topoor people in poor countires
    • Access Cambridge, MA, USA
    • Frost LJ, Reich MR. Access. How do good health technologies get topoor people in poor countires?. Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA, USA; 2008. p. 68-90
    • (2008) Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies , pp. 68-90
    • Frost, L.J.1    Reich, M.R.2
  • 4
    • 55249103335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global impact of vaccination against hepatitis B: A historical overview
    • Zanetti AR, Van Damme P, Shouval D. The global impact of vaccination against hepatitis B: a historical overview. Vaccine 2008;26(49):6266-73
    • (2008) Vaccine , vol.26 , Issue.49 , pp. 6266-6273
    • Zanetti, A.R.1    Van Damme, P.2    Shouval, D.3
  • 5
    • 84924712363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media centre, hepatitis B. 2014. Available from Last accessed on 19 November
    • WHO. Media centre, hepatitis B. 2014. Available from: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/[Last accessed on 19 November 2014]
    • (2014)
    • WHO1
  • 6
    • 84865376141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: A 2012 update
    • Liaw Y-F, Kao J-H, Piratvisuth T, et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update. Hpatol Int 2012;6:531-61
    • (2012) Hpatol Int , vol.6 , pp. 531-561
    • Liaw, Y.-F.1    Kao, J.-H.2    Piratvisuth, T.3
  • 7
    • 70349731726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genetic variant of hepatitis B virus divergent from known human and ape genotypes isolated from a Japanese patient and provisionally assigned to new genotype J
    • Tatematsu K, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, et a l. A genetic variant of hepatitis B virus divergent from known human and ape genotypes isolated from a Japanese patient and provisionally assigned to new genotype J. J Virol 2009;83(20):10538-47
    • (2009) J Virol , vol.83 , Issue.20 , pp. 10538-10547
    • Tatematsu, K.1    Tanaka, Y.2    Kurbanov, F.3
  • 8
    • 59749096640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B virus infection
    • Liaw YF,Chu CM., Hepatitis B virus infection, Lancet, 2009, 373, 9663, 582-92.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , Issue.9663 , pp. 582-592
    • Liaw, Y.F.1    Chu, C.M.2
  • 9
    • 38049044476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of chronic hepatitis B: Special emphasis on disease progression and prognostic factors
    • Fattovich G, Bortolotti F, Donato F. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B: special emphasis on disease progression and prognostic factors. J Hepatol 2008;48(2): 335-52
    • (2008) J Hepatol , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 335-352
    • Fattovich, G.1    Bortolotti, F.2    Donato, F.3
  • 10
    • 79958796264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in Euro-Mediterranean and African countries
    • Hadziyannis SJ. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in Euro-Mediterranean and African countries. J Hepatol 2011;55(1): 183-91
    • (2011) J Hepatol , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 183-191
    • Hadziyannis, S.J.1
  • 11
    • 84862664371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
    • European association for the study of the liver
    • European association for the study of the liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012;57(1):167-85
    • (2012) J Hepatol , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 167-185
  • 12
    • 35648994427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearance of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B and genotypes A,B,C,D, and F
    • Livingsto n SE, Simonetti JP, Bulkow LR, et al. Clearance of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B and genotypes A, B, C, D, and F. Gastroenterology 2007;133(5):1452-7
    • (2007) Gastroenterology , vol.133 , Issue.5 , pp. 1452-1457
    • Livingston, S.E.1    Simonetti, J.P.2    Bulkow, L.R.3
  • 13
    • 84924712361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global alert and response, hepatitis. B. Available from
    • WHO. Global alert and response, hepatitis. B. Available from: www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo20022/en/index5.html [Last accessed on 19 November 2014]
    • (2014) Last Accessed on 19 November
    • WHO1
  • 14
    • 84924712359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization vaccines and biologicals hepatitis B. Available from Last accessed on 19 November
    • WHO. Immunization, vaccines and biologicals, hepatitis B. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHÓV&B-01.28.pdf?ua=1 [Last accessed on 19 November 2014]
    • (2014)
    • WHO1
  • 15
    • 43049156557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A non-randomized vaccine effectiveness trial of accelerated infant hepatitis B immunization schedules with a first dose at birth or age 6 weeks in Cote d'Ivoire
    • Ekra D, Herbinger KH, Ko nate S, et al. A non-randomized vaccine effectiveness trial of accelerated infant hepatitis B immunization schedules with a first dose at birth or age 6 weeks in Cote d'Ivoire. Vaccine 2008;26(22):2753-61
    • (2008) Vaccine , vol.26 , Issue.22 , pp. 2753-2761
    • Ekra, D.1    Herbinger, K.H.2    Konate, S.3
  • 16
    • 84891827981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B virus exposure during childhood in cameroon, central african republic and senegal after the integration of HBV vaccine in the expanded program on immunization
    • Rey-Cuille MA, Njouom R, Bekondi C, et al. Hepatitis B virus exposure during childhood in cameroon, central african republic and senegal after the integration of HBV vaccine in the expanded program on immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32(10):1110-15
    • (2013) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.32 , Issue.10 , pp. 1110-1115
    • Rey-Cuille, M.A.1    Njouom, R.2    Bekondi, C.3
  • 17
    • 84870510920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness analysis of an additional birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine to prevent perinatal transmission in a medical sett ing in Mozambique
    • Klingler C, Thoumi AI, Mrithinjayam VS. Cost-effectiveness analysis of an additional birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine to prevent perinatal transmission in a medical sett ing in Mozambique. Vaccine 2012;31(1):252-9
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 252-259
    • Klingler, C.1    Thoumi, A.I.2    Mrithinjayam, V.S.3
  • 18
    • 84900839982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of materno-foetal transmission of hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa: The evidence, current practice and future ch allenges
    • Howell J, Lemoine M, Thursz M. Prevention of materno-foetal transmission of hepatitis B in sub-Saharan Africa: the evidence, current practice and future ch allenges. J Viral Hepat 2014;21(6):381-96
    • (2014) J Viral Hepat , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 381-396
    • Howell, J.1    Lemoine, M.2    Thursz, M.3
  • 19
    • 77954550440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections in an impoverished urban community in Dha ka, Bangladesh
    • Ashraf H, Alam NH, Rothermundt C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C virus infections in an impoverished urban community in Dha ka, Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:208
    • (2010) BMC Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 208
    • Ashraf, H.1    Alam, N.H.2    Rothermundt, C.3
  • 20
    • 84892393046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reprint of: Epidemiological serosurvey of Hepatitis B in China-declining HBV prevalence due to Hepatitis B vaccination
    • Liang X, Bi S, Yang W, et al. Reprint of: epidemiological serosurvey of Hepatitis B in China-declining HBV prevalence due to Hepatitis B vaccinatio n. Vaccine 2013; 31(Suppl 9):J21-8
    • (2013) Vaccine , vol.31 , pp. J21-J28
    • Liang, X.1    Bi, S.2    Yang, W.3
  • 21
    • 77954612056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serologic and molecular characteristics of hepatitis B virus among school children in East Java, Indonesia
    • Utsumi T, Yano Y, Lusida MI, et al. Serologic and molecular characteristics of hepatitis B virus among school children in East Java, Indonesia. Am J Trop M ed Hyg 2010;83(1):189-93
    • (2010) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 189-193
    • Utsumi, T.1    Yano, Y.2    Lusida, M.I.3
  • 22
    • 0141838644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission by combined passive-active immunoprophylaxis in Iwate, Japan 1981-1992 and epidemiological evidence for its efficacy
    • Koyama T, Matsuda I, Sato S, Yoshizawa H. Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission by combined passive-active immunoprophylaxis in Iwate, Japan (1981 - 1992) and epidemiological evidence for its efficacy. Hepatol Res 2003;26(4):287-92
    • (2003) Hepatol Res , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 287-292
    • Koyama, T.1    Matsuda, I.2    Sato, S.3    Yoshizawa, H.4
  • 23
    • 84892467242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral hepatitis and liver cancer in Korea: An epidemiological perspective
    • Yeo Y, Gwack J, Kang S, et al. Viral hepatitis and liver cancer in Korea: an epidemiological perspective. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013;14(11):6227-31
    • (2013) Asian Pac J Cancer Prev , vol.14 , Issue.11 , pp. 6227-6231
    • Yeo, Y.1    Gwack, J.2    Kang, S.3
  • 24
    • 84896509632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis b prevalence among children and mothers: Results from a nationwide population-based s urvey in lao people's democratic republic
    • Xeuatvongsa A, Komada K, Kitamura T, et al. Chronic hepatitis B prevalence among children and mothers: results from a nationwide, population-based s urvey in Lao People's Democratic Republic. PLoS One 2014;9(2):e88829
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. e88829
    • Xeuatvongsa, A.1    Komada, K.2    Kitamura, T.3
  • 25
    • 33847647203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among children in Mongolia: Results of a nationwide survey
    • Davaalkham D, Ojima T, Nymadawa P, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among children in Mongolia: results of a nationwide survey. Pediatr Int 2007;49(3):368-74
    • (2007) Pediatr Int , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 368-374
    • Davaalkham, D.1    Ojima, T.2    Nymadawa, P.3
  • 26
    • 84903817184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection before and after implementation of a hepatitis B vaccination program among children in Nepal
    • Upreti SR, Gurung S, Patel M, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection before and after implementation of a hepatitis B v accination program among children in Nepal. Vaccine 2014;32(34): 4304-9
    • (2014) Vaccine , vol.32 , Issue.34 , pp. 4304-4309
    • Upreti, S.R.1    Gurung, S.2    Patel, M.3
  • 27
    • 84886083958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress toward elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission in Oman: Impa ct of hepatitis B vaccination
    • Al Awaidy ST, Bawikar SP, Al Busaidy SS, et al. Progress toward elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission in Oman: impa ct of hepatitis B vaccination. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013;89(4):811-15
    • (2013) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.89 , Issue.4 , pp. 811-815
    • Al Awaidy, S.T.1    Bawikar, S.P.2    Al Busaidy, S.S.3
  • 28
    • 33747161320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B and C: Prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Jafri W, Jafri N, Yakoob J, et al. Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:101
    • (2006) BMC Infect Dis , vol.6 , pp. 101
    • Jafri, W.1    Jafri, N.2    Yakoob, J.3
  • 29
    • 74049120914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of routine hepatitis B immunization on the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the marshall islands and the federated States of micronesia
    • Bi alek SR, Helgenberger L, Fischer GE, et al. Impact of routine hepatitis B immunization on the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the marshall islands and the federated States of micronesia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010;29(1): 18-22
    • (2010) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-22
    • Bialek, S.R.1    Helgenberger, L.2    Fischer, G.E.3
  • 30
    • 84873943142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among children and adolescents in Singapore, 2008-2010
    • Ang LW,Tey SH,Cutter J,et al., Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among children and adolescents in Singapore, 2008-2010, J Med Virol, 2013, 85, 4, 583-8.
    • (2013) J Med Virol , vol.85 , Issue.4 , pp. 583-588
    • Ang, L.W.1    Tey, S.H.2    Cutter, J.3
  • 31
    • 0141892052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The decline of hepatitis B viral infection in south-western saudi arabia
    • Ayoola AE, Tobaigy MS, Gadour MO, et al. The decline of hepatitis B viral infection in south-western saudi arabia. Saudi Med J 2003;24(9):991-5
    • (2003) Saudi Med J , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 991-995
    • Ayoola, A.E.1    Tobaigy, M.S.2    Gadour, M.O.3
  • 32
    • 77955056692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stable seroepidemiology of hepatitis B after universal immunization in Taiwan: A 3-year study of national surveillance of primary school students
    • Chen CY, Hsu HY, Liu CC, et al. Stable seroepidemiology of hepatitis B after universal immunization in Taiwan: a 3-year study of national surveillance of primary school students. Vaccine 2010;28(34): 5605-8
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , Issue.34 , pp. 5605-5608
    • Chen, C.Y.1    Hsu, H.Y.2    Liu, C.C.3
  • 33
    • 33749034174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B seroprevalence in Thailand: 12 years after hepatitis B vaccine integration into the national expanded programme on immunization
    • Ch ongsrisawat V, Yoocharoen P, Theamboonlers A, et al. Hepatitis B seroprevalence in Thailand: 12 years after hepatitis B vaccine integration into the national expanded programme on immunization. Trop Med Int Health 2006; 11(10):1496-502
    • (2006) Trop Med Int Health , vol.11 , Issue.10 , pp. 1496-1502
    • Chongsrisawat, V.1    Yoocharoen, P.2    Theamboonlers, A.3
  • 34
    • 84890564735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reduction in chronic hepatitis B virus infection prevalence among children in Vietnam demonstrates the importance of vaccination
    • Nguyen TH, Vu MH, Nguyen VC, et al. A reduction in chronic hepatitis B virus infection prevalence among children in Vietnam demonstrates the importance of vaccination. Vaccine 2014;32( 2):217-22
    • (2014) Vaccine , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 217-222
    • Nguyen, T.H.1    Vu, M.H.2    Nguyen, V.C.3
  • 35
    • 79551470591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of markers for hepatitis B viral infection
    • Merrill RM, Hunter BD. Seroprevalence of markers for hepatitis B viral infection. Int J Infect Dis 2011;15(2):e78-121
    • (2011) Int J Infect Dis , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. e78-121
    • Merrill, R.M.1    Hunter, B.D.2
  • 36
    • 0036353208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of hepatitis B vaccine coverage and effectiveness among urban and rural Mongolian 2-year-olds
    • Edstam JS, Dulmaa N, Nymadawa P, et a l. Comparison of hepatitis B vaccine coverage and effectiveness among urban and rural Mongolian 2-year-olds. Prev Med 2002; 34(2):207-14
    • (2002) Prev Med , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 207-214
    • Edstam, J.S.1    Dulmaa, N.2    Nymadawa, P.3
  • 38
    • 84866346428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimization of hepatitis B infection by a 25-year universal vaccination program
    • Ni YH, Chang MH, Wu JF, et al. Minimization of hepatitis B infection by a 25-year universal vaccination program. J Hepatol 2012;57(4):730-5
    • (2012) J Hepatol , vol.57 , Issue.4 , pp. 730-735
    • Ni, Y.H.1    Chang, M.H.2    Wu, J.F.3
  • 39
    • 84862957325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the implementation of a vaccination strategy on hepatitis B virus infections in China over a 20-year period
    • Luo Z, Li L, Ruan B. Impact of the implementation of a vaccination strategy on hepatitis B virus infections in China over a 20-year period. Int J Infect Dis 2012;16(2): e82-8
    • (2012) Int J Infect Dis , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. e82-e88
    • Luo, Z.1    Li, L.2    Ruan, B.3
  • 40
    • 79953861295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of protection against clinical and chronic hepatitis B infection 20 years after infant vaccination in a high endemicity region
    • Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonl ers A, et al. Evidence of protection against clinical and chronic hepatitis B infection 20 years after infant vaccination in a high endemicity region. J Viral Hepat 2011;18(5):369-75
    • (2011) J Viral Hepat , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 369-375
    • Poovorawan, Y.1    Chongsrisawat, V.2    Theamboonlers, A.3
  • 41
    • 50949118651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection
    • Raimondo G, Allain JP, Brunetto MR, et al. Statements from the Taormina expert meeting on occult hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2008;49(4):652-7
    • (2008) J Hepatol , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 652-657
    • Raimondo, G.1    Allain, J.P.2    Brunetto, M.R.3
  • 42
    • 58149460672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B vaccinated children in Taiwan
    • Mu SC, Lin YM, Jow GM, Chen BF. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B vaccinated children in Taiwan. J Hepatol 2009;50(2):264-72
    • (2009) J Hepatol , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 264-272
    • Mu, S.C.1    Lin, Y.M.2    Jow, G.M.3    Chen, B.F.4
  • 43
    • 84865126109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers despite prophylaxis with hepatitis B vaccination and HBIG
    • Shahmoradi S, Yahyapo ur Y, Mahmoodi M, et al. High prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers despite prophylaxis with hepatitis B vaccination and HBIG. J Hepatol 2012;57(3):515-21
    • (2012) J Hepatol , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 515-521
    • Shahmoradi, S.1    Yahyapour, Y.2    Mahmoodi, M.3
  • 44
    • 84885448090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B vaccination with or without hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth to babies born of HBsAg-positive mothers prevents overt HBV transmission but may not prevent occult HBV infection in babies: A randomized controlled trial
    • Pande C, Sarin SK, Patra S, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination with or without hepatitis B immunoglobulin at birth to babies born of HBsAg-positive mothers prevents overt HBV transmission but may not prevent occult HBV infection in babies: a randomized controlled trial. J Viral Hepat 2013;20(11):801-10
    • (2013) J Viral Hepat , vol.20 , Issue.11 , pp. 801-810
    • Pande, C.1    Sarin, S.K.2    Patra, S.3
  • 45
    • 84881499458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occult hepatitis B virus infection in anti-HBs-positive infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers in China
    • Su H, Zhang Y, Xu D, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in anti-HBs-positive infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers in China. PLoS One 2013;8(8):e70768
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , Issue.8 , pp. e70768
    • Su, H.1    Zhang, Y.2    Xu, D.3
  • 46
    • 84892711842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occult hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review
    • Huang X, Hollinger FB. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21(3):153-62
    • (2014) J Viral Hepat , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 153-162
    • Huang, X.1    Hollinger, F.B.2
  • 47
    • 34447647679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes
    • Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res 2007;37(s1):S9-S19
    • (2007) Hepatol Res , vol.37 , Issue.S1 , pp. S9-S19
    • Kramvis, A.1    Kew, M.C.2
  • 48
    • 0029943782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B and C virus infections in Ghanaian children
    • Martinson FE, Weig le KA, Mushahwar IK, et al. Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B and C virus infections in Ghanaian children. J Med Virol 1996;48(3):278-83
    • (1996) J Med Virol , vol.48 , Issue.3 , pp. 278-283
    • Martinson, F.E.1    Weig Le, K.A.2    Mushahwar, I.K.3
  • 49
    • 0033039255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis viruses B,C, and e in Southern Tanzania
    • Menendez C, Sanchez-Tapias JM, Kahigw a E, et al. Prevalence and mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis viruses B, C, and E in Southern Tanzania. J Med Virol 1999;58(3):215-20
    • (1999) J Med Virol , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 215-220
    • Menendez, C.1    Sanchez-Tapias, J.M.2    Kahigw, A.E.3
  • 50
    • 0037443552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of hepatitis B virus infection by transfusion in Kumasi
    • Allain JP, Candotti D, Soldan K, et al. The risk of hepatitis B virus infection by transfusion in Kumasi, Ghana. Blood 2003; 101(6):2419-25
    • (2003) Ghana. Blood , vol.101 , Issue.6 , pp. 2419-2425
    • Allain, J.P.1    Candotti, D.2    Soldan, K.3
  • 51
    • 0142027091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic evaluation of the immunity against hepatitis B in Alexandria, Egypt
    • Reda AA,Arafa M.A.,Youssry AA,et al., Epidemiologic evaluation of the immunity against hepatitis B in Alexandria, Egypt, Eur J Epidemiol, 2003, 18, 10, 1007-11.
    • (2003) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.18 , Issue.10 , pp. 1007-1011
    • Reda, A.A.1    Arafa, M.A.2    Youssry, A.A.3
  • 52
    • 84892164291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis b in the gambia hepatitis intervention study (1986-90) and in the nationwide immunisation program
    • Peto TJ, Mendy ME, Lowe Y, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986 -90) and in the nationwide immunisation program. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:7
    • (2014) BMC Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 7
    • Peto, T.J.1    Mendy, M.E.2    Lowe, Y.3
  • 53
    • 77955604248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B virus i nfections in apparently healthy urban Nigerians: Data from pre-vaccination tests
    • Adoga MP, Gyar SD, Pechulano S, et al. Hepatitis B virus i nfections in apparently healthy urban Nigerians: data from pre-vaccination tests. J Infect Dev Ctries 2010;4(6):397-400
    • (2010) J Infect Dev Ctries , vol.4 , Issue.6 , pp. 397-400
    • Adoga, M.P.1    Gyar, S.D.2    Pechulano, S.3
  • 54
    • 56949108483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced detection and le vels of protective antibodies to hepatitis B vaccine in under 2-year-old HIV positive South African children at a paediatric outpatient clinic
    • Simani OE, Leroux-Roels G, Francois G, et al. Reduced detection and le vels of protective antibodies to hepatitis B vaccine in under 2-year-old HIV positive South African children at a paediatric outpatient clinic. Vaccine 2009;27(1):146-51
    • (2009) Vaccine , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 146-151
    • Simani, O.E.1    Leroux-Roels, G.2    Francois, G.3
  • 55
    • 84905120317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among children in kilimanjaro region, tanzania
    • Muro FJ, Fiorillo SP, Sak asaka P, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among children in kilimanjaro region, tanzania. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2013; 2(4):320-6
    • (2013) J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 320-326
    • Muro, F.J.1    Fiorillo, S.P.2    Sakasaka, P.3
  • 56
    • 84881056381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High burden of hepatitis B infection in Northern Uganda: Results of a population-based survey
    • Ochola E, Ocama P, Orach CG, et al. High burden of hepatitis B infection in Northern Uganda: results of a population-based survey. BMC Public Health 2013;13:727
    • (2013) BMC Public Health , vol.13 , pp. 727
    • Ochola, E.1    Ocama, P.2    Orach, C.G.3
  • 58
    • 84857358267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: New estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity
    • Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Groeger J, Wiersma ST . Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine 2012;30(12):2212-19
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 2212-2219
    • Ott, J.J.1    Stevens, G.A.2    Groeger, J.3    Wiersma, S.T.4
  • 59
    • 84871382671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of viral hepatitis infection in Africa: Are we dreaming
    • Mihigo R, Nshimirimana D, Hall A, et al. Control of viral hepatitis infection in Africa: are we dreaming? Vaccine 2013;31(2):341-6
    • (2013) Vaccine , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 341-346
    • Mihigo, R.1    Nshimirimana, D.2    Hall, A.3
  • 60
    • 33750978162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis B: Current epidemiology in the Americas and implications for management
    • Gish RG, Gadano AC. Chronic hepatitis B: current epidemiology in the Americas and implications for management. J Viral Hepat 2006;13(12):787-98
    • (2006) J Viral Hepat , vol.13 , Issue.12 , pp. 787-798
    • Gish, R.G.1    Gadano, A.C.2
  • 61
    • 0033966593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B epidemiology in Latin America
    • Tanaka J. Hepatitis B epidemiology in Latin America. Vaccine 2000;18(Suppl 1):S17-19
    • (2000) Vaccine , vol.18 , pp. S17-19
    • Tanaka, J.1
  • 63
    • 79952220557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B virus in the United States: Infection exposure and immunity rates in a nationally representative survey
    • Ioannou GN. Hepatitis B virus in the United States: infection, exposure, and immunity rates in a nationally representative survey. Ann Intern Med 2011;154(5): 319-28
    • (2011) Ann Intern Med , vol.154 , Issue.5 , pp. 319-328
    • Ioannou, G.N.1
  • 64
    • 84856906571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis a b and c serological markers in children from western mexico
    • Escobedo-Melendez G, Fierro NA, Roman S, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis A, B and C serological markers in children from western Mexico. Ann Hepatol 2012;11(2): 194-201
    • (2012) Ann Hepatol , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-201
    • Escobedo-Melendez, G.1    Fierro, N.A.2    Roman, S.3
  • 65
    • 84904687236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus markers among children and adolescents
    • Villar LM, Amado LA, de Almeida AJ, et al. Low prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus markers among children and adolescents. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:324638
    • (2014) Biomed Res Int , vol.2014 , pp. 324638
    • Villar, L.M.1    Amado, L.A.2    De Almeida, A.J.3
  • 66
    • 84904549754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalencia de la infección por el virus de hepatitis B en nin?os menores de 5 an?os de c omunidades indgenas de la Amazon?á peruana posterior a intervenciones mediante inmunización
    • Cabezas-Sá nchez C, Trujillo-Villarroel O, Zavaleta-Cortijo C, et al. Prevalencia de la infección por el virus de hepatitis B en nin?os menores de 5 an?os de c omunidades indgenas de la Amazon?á peruana posterior a intervenciones mediante inmunización. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2014;31: 204-10
    • (2014) Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica , vol.31 , pp. 204-210
    • Cabezas-Sánchez, C.1    Trujillo-Villarroel, O.2    Zavaleta-Cortijo, C.3
  • 67
    • 84902650882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B virus infection in Latin America: A genomic medicine approach
    • Roman S, Jose-Abrego A, Fierro NA, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in Latin America: a genomic medicine approach. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(23):7181-96
    • (2014) World J Gastroenterol , vol.20 , Issue.23 , pp. 7181-7196
    • Roman, S.1    Jose-Abrego, A.2    Fierro, N.A.3
  • 68
    • 84907208328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of occul t hepatitis B virus genotype H infection among children with clinical hepatitis in west Mexico
    • Escobedo-Melendez G, Panduro A, Fierro NA, Roman S. High prevalence of occul t hepatitis B virus genotype H infection among children with clinical hepatitis in west Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014;109(6):728-37
    • (2014) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz , vol.109 , Issue.6 , pp. 728-737
    • Escobedo-Melendez, G.1    Panduro, A.2    Fierro, N.A.3    Roman, S.4
  • 69
    • 84924712349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pan Americam Health Organization. World hepatitis day. Hepatitis vaccinati on in latin america and the caribbean Available from Last accessed on 23 November 2014
    • Pan Americam Health Organization. World hepatitis day. Hepatitis vaccinati on in latin america and the caribbean. 2012. Available from: www.paho.org/hq/index.php? option=com-docman&task=doc-view&gid=18239&Itemid= [Last accessed on 23 November 2014]
    • (2012)
  • 70
    • 67650486243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of hepatitis B seroepidemiology in ten European countries
    • Nardone A, Anastassopoulou CG, Theeten H, et al. A comparison of hepatitis B seroepidemiology in ten European countries. Epidemiol Infect 2009;137(7): 961-9
    • (2009) Epidemiol Infect , vol.137 , Issue.7 , pp. 961-969
    • Nardone, A.1    Anastassopoulou, C.G.2    Theeten, H.3
  • 71
    • 0141605820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing epidemiology of HBV infection in Danish children
    • Gjorup IE , Skinhoj P, Bottiger B, Plesner AM. Changing epidemiology of HBV infection in Danish children. J Infect 2003;47(3):231-5
    • (2003) J Infect , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 231-235
    • Gjorup, I.E.1    Skinhoj, P.2    Bottiger, B.3    Plesner, A.M.4
  • 72
    • 78650797958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He patitis B virus infections among children and adolescents in Germany: Migration background as a risk factor in a low seroprevalence population
    • Cai W,Poethko-Muller C,Hamouda O,Radun D., He patitis B virus infections among children and adolescents in Germany: migration background as a risk factor in a low seroprevalence population, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2011, 30, 1, 19-24.
    • (2011) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-24
    • Cai, W.1    Poethko-Muller, C.2    Hamouda, O.3    Radun, D.4
  • 73
    • 78649265834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection following the implementation of immunisation programmes in northeastern Greece
    • pii 19297
    • Zacharakis G, Kotsiou S, Papoutselis M, et al. Changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection following the implementation of immunisation programmes in northeastern Greece. Euro Surveill 2009;14(32):pii: 19297
    • (2009) Euro Surveill , vol.14 , Issue.32
    • Zacharakis, G.1    Kotsiou, S.2    Papoutselis, M.3
  • 74
    • 0342905145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B infection in Catalonia 1989-1996
    • Dominguez A, Bruguera M, Vidal J, et al. Changes in the seroepidemiology of hepatitis B infection in Catalonia 1989-1996. Vaccine 2000;18(22):2345-50
    • (2000) Vaccine , vol.18 , Issue.22 , pp. 2345-2350
    • Dominguez, A.1    Bruguera, M.2    Vidal, J.3
  • 75
    • 83155163799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-and region-specific hepatitis B prevalence in Turkey estimated using generalized linear mixed models: A systematic review
    • Toy M, Onder FO, Worm ann T, et al. Age- and region-specific hepatitis B prevalence in Turkey estimated using generalized linear mixed models: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:337
    • (2011) BMC Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 337
    • Toy, M.1    Onder, F.O.2    Wormann, T.3
  • 76
    • 0032146412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian children during a 20-year observation period
    • Bortolotti F, Jara P, Crivellaro C, et al. Outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian children during a 20-year observation period. J Hepatol 1998;29(2): 184-90
    • (1998) J Hepatol , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 184-190
    • Bortolotti, F.1    Jara, P.2    Crivellaro, C.3
  • 77
    • 0036681669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins
    • Marx G, Martin SR, Chicoine JF, Alvarez F . Long-term follow-up of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins. J Infect Dis 2002;186(3):295-301
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.186 , Issue.3 , pp. 295-301
    • Marx, G.1    Martin, S.R.2    Chicoine, J.F.3    Alvarez, F.4
  • 78
    • 4444277933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of hepatitis B in perinatally infected carriers
    • Boxall EH, Sira J, Standish RA, et al. Natural history of hepatitis B in perinatally infected carriers. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004;89(5):F456-60
    • (2004) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed , vol.89 , Issue.5 , pp. F456-F460
    • Boxall, E.H.1    Sira, J.2    Standish, R.A.3
  • 79
    • 1542721034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of hepatoc ellular carcinoma among prospectively followed children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
    • Wen WH, Chang MH, Hsu HY, et al. The development of hepatoc ellular carcinoma among prospectively followed children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Pediatr 2004;144(3):397-9
    • (2004) J Pediatr , vol.144 , Issue.3 , pp. 397-399
    • Wen, W.H.1    Chang, M.H.2    Hsu, H.Y.3
  • 80
    • 13944257045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatit is B infection: Long term comparison of children receiving interferon alpha and untreated controls
    • Vo Thi Diem H, Bourgois A, Bontems P, et al. Chronic hepatit is B infection: long term comparison of children receiving interferon alpha and untreated controls. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005;40(2): 141-5
    • (2005) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 141-145
    • Vo Thi Diem, H.1    Bourgois, A.2    Bontems, P.3
  • 81
    • 33846079749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins: A cohort study with up to 12 years' follow-up in northern Greece
    • Zacharakis G, Koskinas J, Kotsiou S, et al. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins: a cohort study with up to 12 years' follow-up in northern Greece. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44(1):84-91
    • (2007) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 84-91
    • Zacharakis, G.1    Koskinas, J.2    Kotsiou, S.3
  • 82
    • 34848884493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term outcome in children with chronic hepatitis B: A 24-year observation period
    • Iorio R, Giannattasio A, Cirillo F, et al. Long-term outcome in children with chronic hepatitis B: a 24-year observation period. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45(8):943-9
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.8 , pp. 943-949
    • Iorio, R.1    Giannattasio, A.2    Cirillo, F.3
  • 83
    • 74949112059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long-term evolution of chronic hepatitis B acquired in childhood
    • Manzat Saplaca n RM, Mircea PA, Valean SD, et al. The long-term evolution of chronic hepatitis B acquired in childhood. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2009; 18(4):433-8
    • (2009) J Gastrointestin Liver Dis , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 433-438
    • Manzat Saplacan, R.M.1    Mircea, P.A.2    Valean, S.D.3
  • 84
    • 84875218851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children: 25 years' experience
    • Popalis C, Yeung LT, Ling SC, et al. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children: 25 years' experience. J Viral Hepat 2013;20(4):e20-6
    • (2013) J Viral Hepat , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. e20-e26
    • Popalis, C.1    Yeung, L.T.2    Ling, S.C.3
  • 86
    • 0019988637 scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis-B virus infection in black children with hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Kew MC, Hodkinson J, Paterson AC, Song E. Hepatitis-B virus infection in black children with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 1982;9(3):201-7
    • (1982) J Med Virol , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 201-207
    • Kew, M.C.1    Hodkinson, J.2    Paterson, A.C.3    Song, E.4
  • 87
    • 0023193115 scopus 로고
    • Childhood hepatocel lular carcinoma develops exclusively in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in three decades in Taiwan. Report of 51 cases strongly associated with rapid development of liver cirrhosis
    • Hsu HC, Wu MZ, Chang MH, et al. Childhood hepatocel lular carcinoma develops exclusively in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in three decades in Taiwan. Report of 51 cases strongly associated with rapid development of liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1987;5(3):260-7
    • (1987) J Hepatol , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 260-267
    • Hsu, H.C.1    Wu, M.Z.2    Chang, M.H.3
  • 88
    • 0024437718 scopus 로고
    • Maternal transmission of hepatitis B virus in childhood hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Chang MH, Chen DS, Hsu HC, et al. Maternal transmission of hepatitis B virus in childhood hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1989;64(11):2377-80
    • (1989) Cancer , vol.64 , Issue.11 , pp. 2377-2380
    • Chang, M.H.1    Chen, D.S.2    Hsu, H.C.3
  • 89
    • 0025014833 scopus 로고
    • Childhood primary hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus infection
    • Cheah PL, Looi LM, Lin HP , Yap SF. Childhood primary hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus infection. Cancer 1990;65(1):174-6
    • (1990) Cancer , vol.65 , Issue.1 , pp. 174-176
    • Cheah, P.L.1    Looi, L.M.2    Lin, H.P.3    Yap, S.F.4
  • 90
    • 0026864703 scopus 로고
    • Hepatocellular carcinoma in children with hepatitis B surface antigen
    • Tazawa Y, Nishinomiya F, Noguchi H, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in children with hepatitis B surface antigen. Tohoku J Exp Med 1992;167(1):47-55
    • (1992) Tohoku J Exp Med , vol.167 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-55
    • Tazawa, Y.1    Nishinomiya, F.2    Noguchi, H.3
  • 92
    • 3242760687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatocellular carcinoma and liver tumors in South African children: A case for increased prevalence
    • Moore SW, Millar AJ, Hadley GP, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and liver tumors in South African children: a case for increased prevalence. Cancer 2004;101(3): 642-9
    • (2004) Cancer , vol.101 , Issue.3 , pp. 642-649
    • Moore, S.W.1    Millar, A.J.2    Hadley, G.P.3
  • 93
    • 33745220552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profile of chronic hepatitis B virus in children in India: Experience with 116 children
    • Satapathy SK, Garg S, Chauhan R, et al. Profile of chronic hepatitis B virus in children in India: experience with 116 children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21(7):1170-6
    • (2006) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.21 , Issue.7 , pp. 1170-1176
    • Satapathy, S.K.1    Garg, S.2    Chauhan, R.3
  • 94
    • 84881094845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical characteristics and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma in children and adolescents
    • Zhang XF,Liu XM,Wei T,et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma in children and adolescents. Pediatr Surg Int 2013, 29, 8, 763-70.
    • (2013) Pediatr Surg Int , vol.29 , Issue.8 , pp. 763-770
    • Zhang, X.F.1    Liu, X.M.2    Wei, T.3
  • 95
    • 34250020201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis
    • El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(7):2557-76
    • (2007) Gastroenterology , vol.132 , Issue.7 , pp. 2557-2576
    • El-Serag, H.B.1    Rudolph, K.L.2
  • 96
    • 77953724339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma
    • Nordenstedt H, White DL, El-Serag HB. The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2010;42(Suppl 3):S206-214
    • (2010) Dig Liver Dis , vol.42 , pp. S206-214
    • Nordenstedt, H.1    White, D.L.2    El-Serag, H.B.3
  • 97
    • 84875353456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aflatoxins, hepatocellular carcinoma and public health
    • Magnussen A, Parsi MA. Aflatoxins, hepatocellular carcinoma and public health. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(10):1508-12
    • (2013) World J Gastroenterol , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 1508-1512
    • Magnussen, A.1    Parsi, M.A.2
  • 98
    • 77954642729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of chronic hepatitis b in pregnancy
    • Buchanan C, Tran TT. Management of chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy. Clin Liver Dis 2010;14(3):495-504
    • (2010) Clin Liver Dis , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 495-504
    • Buchanan, C.1    Tran, T.T.2
  • 99
    • 32844458617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J, et al. Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2006;332(7537): 328-36
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , Issue.7537 , pp. 328-336
    • Lee, C.1    Gong, Y.2    Brok, J.3
  • 100
    • 0021086531 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine
    • Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lee GC, et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1983;2(8359):1099-102
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8359 , pp. 1099-1102
    • Beasley, R.P.1    Hwang, L.Y.2    Lee, G.C.3
  • 101
    • 77958102964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B therapy in pregnancy
    • Bzowej NH. Hepatitis B therapy in pregnancy. Curr Hepat Rep 2010;9(4): 197-204
    • (2010) Curr Hepat Rep , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 197-204
    • Bzowej, N.H.1
  • 102
    • 67649208402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: An Australian experience
    • Wiseman E, Fraser MA, Holden S, et al. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: an Australian experience. Med J Aust 2009; 190(9):489-92
    • (2009) Med J Aust , vol.190 , Issue.9 , pp. 489-492
    • Wiseman, E.1    Fraser, M.A.2    Holden, S.3
  • 103
    • 84862777352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus
    • Pan CQ, Duan ZP, Bhamidimarri KR, et al. An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(5):452-9
    • (2012) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 452-459
    • Pan, C.Q.1    Duan, Z.P.2    Bhamidimarri, K.R.3
  • 104
    • 84908356413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of immunoprophylaxis failure and risk factors of hepatitis B virus mother-to-infant transmission
    • Zhang L, Gui X, Wang B, et al. A study of immunoprophylaxis failure and risk factors of hepatitis B virus mother-to-infant transmission. Eur J Pediatr 2014;173(9): 1161-8
    • (2014) Eur J Pediatr , vol.173 , Issue.9 , pp. 1161-1168
    • Zhang, L.1    Gui, X.2    Wang, B.3
  • 105
    • 84855822878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virologic factors associated with failure to passive-active immunoprophylaxis in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers
    • Zou H, Chen Y, Duan Z, et al. Virologic factors associated with failure to passive-active immunoprophylaxis in infants born to HBsAg-positive moth ers. J Viral Hepat 2012;19(2):e18-25
    • (2012) J Viral Hepat , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. e18-25
    • Zou, H.1    Chen, Y.2    Duan, Z.3
  • 106
    • 79959587851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with vaccine failure and vertical transmission of hepatitis B among a cohort of Canadian mothers and infants
    • Singh AE, Plitt SS, Osiowy C, et al. Factors associated with vaccine failure and vertical transmission of hepatitis B among a cohort of Canadian mothers and infants. J Viral Hepat 2011;18(7):468-73
    • (2011) J Viral Hepat , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 468-473
    • Singh, A.E.1    Plitt, S.S.2    Osiowy, C.3
  • 107
    • 84984586986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: Significance of maternal viral load and strateg ies for intervention
    • Wen WH, Chang MH, Zhao LL, et al. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: significance of maternal viral load and strateg ies for intervention. J Hepatol 2013;59(1):24-30
    • (2013) J Hepatol , vol.59 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-30
    • Wen, W.H.1    Chang, M.H.2    Zhao, L.L.3
  • 108
    • 59149096271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamivudine in late pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Xu WM, Cui YT, Wang L, et al. Lamivudine in late pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Viral Hepat 2009;16(2):94-103
    • (2009) J Viral Hepat , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 94-103
    • Xu, W.M.1    Cui, Y.T.2    Wang, L.3
  • 109
    • 84891460915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV infection
    • Celen MK, Mert D, Ay M, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy for the prevention of vertical transmission of HBV infection. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19(48):9377-82
    • (2013) World J Gastroenterol , vol.19 , Issue.48 , pp. 9377-9382
    • Celen, M.K.1    Mert, D.2    Ay, M.3
  • 110
    • 84906314968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus
    • Greenup AJ, Tan PK, Nguyen V, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2014;61(3):502-7
    • (2014) J Hepatol , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 502-507
    • Greenup, A.J.1    Tan, P.K.2    Nguyen, V.3
  • 111
    • 81355161368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective and open-label study for the efficacy and safet y of telbivudine in pregnancy for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection
    • Han GR, Cao MK, Zhao W, et al. A prospective and open-label study for the efficacy and safet y of telbivudine in pregnancy for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2011;55(6):1215-21
    • (2011) J Hepatol , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 1215-1221
    • Han, G.R.1    Cao, M.K.2    Zhao, W.3
  • 112
    • 84862776962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telbivudine prevents vertical transmission from HBeAg-positive women with chronic hepatitis B
    • Pan CQ, Han GR, Jiang HX, et al. Telbivudine prevents vertical transmission from HBeAg-positive women with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(5):520-6
    • (2012) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 520-526
    • Pan, C.Q.1    Han, G.R.2    Jiang, H.X.3
  • 113
    • 84905117611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of telbivudine versus lamivudine in interrupting perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus
    • Yu MM, Jiang Q, Ji Y, et al. Comparison of telbivudine versus lamivudine in interrupting perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Clin Virol 2014;61(1): 55-60
    • (2014) J Clin Virol , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-60
    • Yu, M.M.1    Jiang, Q.2    Ji, Y.3
  • 114
    • 84901637984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telbivudine or lamivudine use in late pregnancy safely reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in real-life practice
    • Zhang H, Pan CQ, Pang Q, et al. Telbivudine or lamivudine use in late pregnancy safely reduces perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in real-life practice. Hepatology 2014;60(2):468-76
    • (2014) Hepatology , vol.60 , Issue.2 , pp. 468-476
    • Zhang, H.1    Pan, C.Q.2    Pang, Q.3
  • 115
    • 0042565827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of HBV intrauterine transmission: A clinical study
    • Li XM,Yang YB,Hou HY,et al., Interruption of HBV intrauterine transmission: a clinical study, World J Gastroenterol, 2003, 9, 7, 1501-3.
    • (2003) World J Gastroenterol , vol.9 , Issue.7 , pp. 1501-1503
    • Li, X.M.1    Yang, Y.B.2    Hou, H.Y.3
  • 116
    • 0038003144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection
    • van Zonneveld M, van Nunen AB, Niesters HG, et al. Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2003;10(4):294-7
    • (2003) J Viral Hepat , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 294-297
    • Van Zonneveld, M.1    Van Nunen, A.B.2    Niesters, H.G.3
  • 117
    • 0034083125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamivudine in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission in highly viremic chronic hepatitis B patients
    • van Nunen AB, de Man RA, Heijtink RA, et al. Lamivudine in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission in highly viremic chronic hepatitis B patients. J Hepatol 2000;32(6):1040-1
    • (2000) J Hepatol , vol.32 , Issue.6 , pp. 1040-1041
    • Van Nunen, A.B.1    De Man, R.A.2    Heijtink, R.A.3
  • 118
    • 80955149605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of lamiv udine for interruption of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus
    • Han L, Zhang HW, Xie JX, et al. A meta-analysis of lamiv udine for interruption of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17(38):4321-33
    • (2011) World J Gastroenterol , vol.17 , Issue.38 , pp. 4321-4333
    • Han, L.1    Zhang, H.W.2    Xie, J.X.3
  • 119
    • 84904675383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ending vertical transmission of hepatitis B: The third trimester intervention
    • Sarkar M, Terrault NA. Ending vertical transmission of hepatitis B: the third trimester intervention. Hepatology 2014; 60(2):448-51
    • (2014) Hepatology , vol.60 , Issue.2 , pp. 448-451
    • Sarkar, M.1    Terrault, N.A.2
  • 120
    • 84878855035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy
    • Pan CQ, Lee HM. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy. Semin Liver Dis 2013;33(2):138-46
    • (2013) Semin Liver Dis , vol.33 , Issue.2 , pp. 138-146
    • Pan, C.Q.1    Lee, H.M.2
  • 121
    • 84862021770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B virus infection and pregnancy: A practical approach
    • Kumar A . Hepatitis B virus infection and pregnancy: a practical approach. Indian J Gastroenterol 2012;31(2):43-54
    • (2012) Indian J Gastroenterol , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 43-54
    • Kumar, A.1
  • 122
    • 37349120537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B
    • Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2007;357(25):2576-88
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , Issue.25 , pp. 2576-2588
    • Lai, C.L.1    Gane, E.2    Liaw, Y.F.3
  • 123
    • 58649096155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-Year GLOBE trial results: Telbivudine Is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepa titis B
    • Liaw YF, Gane E, Leung N, et al. 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine Is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepa titis B. Gastroenterology 2009;136(2): 486-95
    • (2009) Gastroenterology , vol.136 , Issue.2 , pp. 486-495
    • Liaw, Y.F.1    Gane, E.2    Leung, N.3
  • 124
    • 84872024331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal management of HBV infection during pregnancy
    • Piratvisuth T. Optimal management of HBV infection during pregnancy. Liver Int 2013;33(Suppl 1):188-94
    • (2013) Liver Int , vol.33 , pp. 188-194
    • Piratvisuth, T.1
  • 125
    • 84926222332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B and C in pregnancy: A review and recommendations for care
    • Dunkelberg JC, Berkley EM, Thiel KW, Leslie KK. Hepatitis B and C in pregnancy: a review and recommendations for care. J Perinatol 2014;34(12):882-91
    • (2014) J Perinatol , vol.34 , Issue.12 , pp. 882-891
    • Dunkelberg, J.C.1    Berkley, E.M.2    Thiel, K.W.3    Leslie, K.K.4
  • 127
    • 84884405214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ma nagement of chronic hepatitis B in childhood: ESPGHAN clinical practice guidelines: Consensus of an expert panel on behalf of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
    • Sokal EM, Paganelli M, Wirth S, et al. Ma nagement of chronic hepatitis B in childhood: ESPGHAN clinical practice guidelines: consensus of an expert panel on behalf of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Hepatol 2013;59(4):814-29.
    • (2013) J Hepatol , vol.59 , Issue.4 , pp. 814-829
    • Sokal, E.M.1    Paganelli, M.2    Wirth, S.3
  • 128
    • 81355138664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HBV treatment and pregnancy
    • Petersen J. HBV treatment and pregnancy. J Hepatol 2011;55(6):1171-3
    • (2011) J Hepatol , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 1171-1173
    • Petersen, J.1
  • 129
    • 84908023727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short duration of lamivudine for the prevention of he patitis B virus transmission in pregnancy: Lack of potency and selection of resistance mutations
    • Ayres A, Yuen L, Jackson KM, et al. Short duration of lamivudine for the prevention of he patitis B virus transmission in pregnancy: lack of potency and selection of resistance mutations. J Viral Hepat 2014;21(11): 809-17
    • (2014) J Viral Hepat , vol.21 , Issue.11 , pp. 809-817
    • Ayres, A.1    Yuen, L.2    Jackson, K.M.3
  • 130
    • 0026036070 scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic reactivation of hepatitis B in pregnancy
    • Rawal BK, Parida S, Watkins RP, et al. Symptomatic reactivation of hepatitis B in pregnancy. Lancet 1991;337(8737):364
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , Issue.8737 , pp. 364
    • Rawal, B.K.1    Parida, S.2    Watkins, R.P.3
  • 132
    • 84865763518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal management of the hepatitis b patient who desires pregnancy or is pregnant
    • Bzowej NH. Optimal management of the hepatitis b patient who desires pregnancy or is pregnant. Curr Hepat Rep 2012;11(2): 82-9
    • (2012) Curr Hepat Rep , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 82-89
    • Bzowej, N.H.1
  • 133
    • 84902312952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus
    • Gentile I, Zappulo E, Buonomo AR, Borgia G. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014;12(7):775-82
    • (2014) Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther , vol.12 , Issue.7 , pp. 775-782
    • Gentile, I.1    Zappulo, E.2    Buonomo, A.R.3    Borgia, G.4
  • 134
    • 70349240414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis B: Update 2009
    • Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology 2009;50(3):661-2
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 661-662
    • Lok, A.S.1    McMahon, B.J.2
  • 135
    • 67650904977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of chronic hepatitis B in children
    • Shah U, Kelly D, Chang MH, et al. Management of chronic hepatitis B in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 48(4):399-404
    • (2009) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 399-404
    • Shah, U.1    Kelly, D.2    Chang, M.H.3
  • 136
    • 78649572605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: Patient selection and therapeutic options
    • Jonas MM,Block JM,Haber BA,et al. Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: patient selection and therapeutic options. Hepatology 2010, 52, 6, 2192- 205.
    • (2010) Hepatology , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 2192-2205
    • Jonas, M.M.1    Block, J.M.2    Haber, B.A.3
  • 137
    • 84866346241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hepatitis B in children and adolescents
    • Paganelli M, Stephenne X, Sokal EM. Chronic hepatitis B in children and adolescents. J Hepatol 2012;57(4):885-96
    • (2012) J Hepatol , vol.57 , Issue.4 , pp. 885-896
    • Paganelli, M.1    Stephenne, X.2    Sokal, E.M.3
  • 138
    • 66149180814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Special populations with hepatitis B virus infection
    • Peters MG. Special populations with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2009;49(5 Suppl):S146-55
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. S146-S155
    • Peters, M.G.1
  • 139
    • 70350519979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for screening, monitoring, and referral of pediatric chronic hepatitis B
    • Haber BA, Block JM, Jonas MM, et al. Recommendations for screening, monitoring, and referral of pediatric chronic hepatitis B. Pediatrics 2009;124(5): e1007-13
    • (2009) Pediatrics , vol.124 , Issue.5 , pp. e1007-e1013
    • Haber, B.A.1    Block, J.M.2    Jonas, M.M.3
  • 140
    • 9244231148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphoblastoid interferon alfa with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B: A multicenter controlled trial
    • Gregorio GV, Jara P, Hierro L, et al. Lymphoblastoid interferon alfa with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter controlled trial. Hepatology 1996;23(4): 700-7
    • (1996) Hepatology , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 700-707
    • Gregorio, G.V.1    Jara, P.2    Hierro, L.3
  • 141
    • 2442561268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of virologic response to Lamivudine treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B infection
    • Hom X, Little NR, Gardner SD, Jonas MM. Predictors of virologic response to Lamivudine treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23(5):441-5
    • (2004) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 441-445
    • Hom, X.1    Little, N.R.2    Gardner, S.D.3    Jonas, M.M.4
  • 142
    • 12244310799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histopathology of portal hypertension: A practical guideline
    • Roskams T, Baptista A, Bianchi L, et al. Histopathology of portal hypertension: a practical guideline. Histopathology 2003; 42(1):2-13
    • (2003) Histopathology , vol.42 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-13
    • Roskams, T.1    Baptista, A.2    Bianchi, L.3
  • 143
    • 0034761964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum alanine aminotransferase flares during interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B: Is sustained clearance of HBV DNA dependent on levels of pretreatment viremia
    • Nair S, Perrillo RP. Serum alanine aminotransferase flares during interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B: is sustained clearance of HBV DNA dependent on levels of pretreatment viremia? Hepatology 2001; 34(5):1021-6
    • (2001) Hepatology , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 1021-1026
    • Nair, S.1    Perrillo, R.P.2
  • 144
    • 0037366499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis flares and hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion: Implication in anti-hepatitis B virus therapy
    • Liaw YF. Hepatitis flares and hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion: implication in anti-hepatitis B virus therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;18(3):246-52
    • (2003) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 246-252
    • Liaw, Y.F.1
  • 145
    • 33749447547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating chronic hepatitis B: Today and tomorrow
    • Borgia G, Gentile I. Treating chronic hepatitis B: today and tomorrow. Curr Med Chem 2006;13(23):2839-55
    • (2006) Curr Med Chem , vol.13 , Issue.23 , pp. 2839-2855
    • Borgia, G.1    Gentile, I.2
  • 146
    • 0023616670 scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children
    • Lai CL, Lok AS, Lin HJ, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children. Lancet 1987;2(8564):877-80
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8564 , pp. 877-880
    • Lai, C.L.1    Lok, A.S.2    Lin, H.J.3
  • 147
    • 0026044641 scopus 로고
    • Prospective, randomized controlled trial of interferon-alpha in children with chronic hepatit is B
    • Ruiz-Moreno M, Rua MJ, Molina J, et al. Prospective, randomized controlled trial of interferon-alpha in children with chronic hepatit is B. Hepatology 1991;13(6):1035-9
    • (1991) Hepatology , vol.13 , Issue.6 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Ruiz-Moreno, M.1    Rua, M.J.2    Molina, J.3
  • 148
    • 0025732216 scopus 로고
    • Prolonged treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B with recombinant alpha 2a-interferon: A controlled, ra ndomized study
    • Utili R, Sagnelli E, Galanti B, et al. Prolonged treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B with recombinant alpha 2a-interferon: a controlled, ra ndomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86(3): 327-30
    • (1991) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.86 , Issue.3 , pp. 327-330
    • Utili, R.1    Sagnelli, E.2    Galanti, B.3
  • 149
    • 0031969612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: A multinational randomize d controlled trial
    • Sokal EM, Conjeevaram HS, Roberts EA, et al. Interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a multinational randomize d controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1998;114(5):988-95
    • (1998) Gastroenterology , vol.114 , Issue.5 , pp. 988-995
    • Sokal, E.M.1    Conjeevaram, H.S.2    Roberts, E.A.3
  • 150
    • 84930484047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • El Sherbini A, Omar A. Treatment of children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis 2014;46(12): 1103-10
    • (2014) Dig Liver Dis , vol.46 , Issue.12 , pp. 1103-1110
    • El Sherbini, A.1    Omar, A.2
  • 151
    • 0034023606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term effect of alpha interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B
    • Bortolotti F, Jara P, Barbera C, et al. Long term effect of alpha interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B. Gut 2000;46(5): 715-18
    • (2000) Gut , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 715-718
    • Bortolotti, F.1    Jara, P.2    Barbera, C.3
  • 152
    • 33744963090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B carrier children treated with interferon and prednisolone
    • Boxall EH, Sira J, Ballard AL, et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B carrier children treated with interferon and prednisolone. J Med Virol 2006;78(7): 888-95
    • (2006) J Med Virol , vol.78 , Issue.7 , pp. 888-895
    • Boxall, E.H.1    Sira, J.2    Ballard, A.L.3
  • 153
    • 84983724527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-alpha treatment in children and young adults with chronic hepatitis B: A long-term follow-up study in Taiwan
    • Hsu HY , Tsai HY, Wu TC, et al. Interferon-alpha treatment in children and young adults with chronic hepatitis B: a long-term follow-up study in Taiwan. Liver Int 2008;28(9):1288-97
    • (2008) Liver Int , vol.28 , Issue.9 , pp. 1288-1297
    • Hsu, H.Y.1    Tsai, H.Y.2    Wu, T.C.3
  • 154
    • 0025970995 scopus 로고
    • Effect of recombinant alpha 2 interferon with or without prednisone in Chinese HBsAg carrier children
    • Lai CL, Lin HJ, Lau JN, et al. Effect of recombinant alpha 2 interferon with or without prednisone in Chinese HBsAg carrier children. Q J Med 1991;78(286): 155-63
    • (1991) Q J Med , vol.78 , Issue.286 , pp. 155-163
    • Lai, C.L.1    Lin, H.J.2    Lau, J.N.3
  • 155
    • 73449085495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current issues in the management of paediatric viral hepatitis
    • Y eung LT, Roberts EA. Current issues in the management of paediatric viral hepatitis. Liver Int 2010;30(1):5-18
    • (2010) Liver Int , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-18
    • Yeung, L.T.1    Roberts, E.A.2
  • 156
    • 84924712348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source G Available from Last accessed on 12 November
    • Source G Available from: www.gsksource. com/gskprm/htdocs/documents/EPIVIRHBV- PI-PIL.PDF [Last accessed on 12 November 2014]
    • (2014)
  • 157
    • 0037198434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B
    • Jonas MM, Mizerski J, Badia IB, et al. Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(22):1706-13
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , Issue.22 , pp. 1706-1713
    • Jonas, M.M.1    Mizerski, J.2    Badia, I.B.3
  • 158
    • 33644524424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B
    • Sokal EM,Kelly DA,Mizerski J,et al.,Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, Hepatology, 2006, 43, 2, 225-32.
    • (2006) Hepatology , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 225-232
    • Sokal, E.M.1    Kelly, D.A.2    Mizerski, J.3
  • 159
    • 10744221461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current therapeutic approaches in childhood chronic hepatitis B infection: A multicenter study
    • Dikici B, Ozgenc F, Kalayci AG, et al. Current therapeutic approaches in childhood chronic hepatitis B infection: a multicenter study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;19(2):127-33
    • (2004) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-133
    • Dikici, B.1    Ozgenc, F.2    Kalayci, A.G.3
  • 160
    • 11144321331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lamivudine and high-dose interferon-alpha combination therapy for naive children with chronic hepatitis B infection
    • Saltik-Temizel IN, Kocak N, Demir H. Lamivudine and high-dose interferon-alpha combination therapy for naive children with chronic hepatitis B infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;39(1):68-70
    • (2005) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 68-70
    • Saltik-Temizel, I.N.1    Kocak, N.2    Demir, H.3
  • 161
    • 0347933025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adefovir dipivoxil: A new antiviral agent for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection
    • Qaqish RB, Matt es KA, Ritchie DJ. Adefovir dipivoxil: a new antiviral agent for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Ther 2003;25(12):3084-99
    • (2003) Clin Ther , vol.25 , Issue.12 , pp. 3084-3099
    • Qaqish, R.B.1    Mattes, K.A.2    Ritchie, D.J.3
  • 162
    • 46249118136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents (age 2 to 18 years) with chronic hepatitis B
    • Jonas MM, Kelly D, Pollack H, et al. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents (age 2 to18 years) with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology,2008,47,6, 1863-71.
    • (2008) Hepatology , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 1863-1871
    • Jonas, M.M.1    Kelly, D.2    Pollack, H.3
  • 163
    • 84870934683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virologic responses to add-on adefovir dipivoxil treatment versus entecavir monotherapy in children with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B
    • Chu M, Cho SM, Choe BH, et al. Virologic responses to add-on adefovir dipivoxil treatment versus entecavir monotherapy in children with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012;55(6): 648-52
    • (2012) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 648-652
    • Chu, M.1    Cho, S.M.2    Choe, B.H.3
  • 164
    • 57349095400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B
    • Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2008;359(23):2442-55
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , Issue.23 , pp. 2442-2455
    • Marcellin, P.1    Heathcote, E.J.2    Buti, M.3
  • 165
    • 0035822988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with advanced HIV disease: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    • Fisher EJ, Chaloner K, Cohn DL, et al. The safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with advanced HIV disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. AIDS 2001;15(13):1695-700
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , Issue.13 , pp. 1695-1700
    • Fisher, E.J.1    Chaloner, K.2    Cohn, D.L.3
  • 166
    • 0033596267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: A randomized controlled trial
    • Kahn J, Lagakos S, Wulfsohn M, et al. Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;282(24): 2305-12
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , Issue.24 , pp. 2305-2312
    • Kahn, J.1    Lagakos, S.2    Wulfsohn, M.3
  • 167
    • 66149190942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Side effects o f long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B
    • Fontana RJ. Side effects o f long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B. Hepatology 2009;49(5 Suppl):S185-95
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. S185-S195
    • Fontana, R.J.1
  • 168
    • 84870544889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized placebo-controlled trial of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adolescents with chronic hepatitis B
    • Murray KF, Szenborn L, Wysocki J, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adolescents with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2012; 56(6):2018-26
    • (2012) Hepatology , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 2018-2026
    • Murray, K.F.1    Szenborn, L.2    Wysocki, J.3
  • 169
    • 78650477355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B
    • Heathcote EJ, Marcellin P, Buti M, et al. Three-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2011;140(1): 132-43
    • (2011) Gastroenterology , vol.140 , Issue.1 , pp. 132-143
    • Heathcote, E.J.1    Marcellin, P.2    Buti, M.3
  • 170
    • 79952227475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No resistance to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate detected after up to 144 weeks of therapy in patients monoinfected with chronic hepatitis B virus
    • Snow-Lampart A, Chappell B, Curtis M, et al. No resistance to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate detected after up to 144 weeks of therapy in patients monoinfected with chronic hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2011; 53(3):763-73
    • (2011) Hepatology , vol.53 , Issue.3 , pp. 763-773
    • Snow-Lampart, A.1    Chappell, B.2    Curtis, M.3
  • 171
    • 33646186755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entecavir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
    • Matthews SJ. Entecavir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Ther 2006;28(2):184-203
    • (2006) Clin Ther , vol.28 , Issue.2 , pp. 184-203
    • Matthews, S.J.1
  • 172
    • 0031761652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro inhibition of hepadnavirus polymerases by the triphosphates of BMS-200475 and lobucavir
    • Seifer M, Hamatake RK, Colonno RJ, Standring DN. In vitro inhibition of hepadnavirus polymerases by the triphosphates of BMS-200475 and lobucavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42(12):3200-8
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , Issue.12 , pp. 3200-3208
    • Seifer, M.1    Hamatake, R.K.2    Colonno, R.J.3    Standring, D.N.4
  • 173
    • 33644818518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B
    • Chang TT, Gish RG, de Man R, et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006;354(10):1001-10
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , Issue.10 , pp. 1001-1010
    • Chang, T.T.1    Gish, R.G.2    De Man, R.3
  • 174
    • 35649020315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entecavir therapy for up to 96 weeks in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B
    • Gish RG, Lok AS, Chang TT, et al. Entecavir therapy for up to 96 weeks in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2007;133(5): 1437-44
    • (2007) Gastroenterology , vol.133 , Issue.5 , pp. 1437-1444
    • Gish, R.G.1    Lok, A.S.2    Chang, T.T.3
  • 175
    • 84924712347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bristol-Myers Squibb. Available from Last accessed on 12 November
    • Bristol-Myers Squibb. Available from: http://packageinserts.bms.com/pi/pi-baraclude.pdf [Last accessed on 12 November 2014]
    • (2014)
  • 176
    • 84861687868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HBV DNA suppression during entecavir treatment in previously treated children with chronic hepatitis B
    • Pawlowska M, Halota W, Smukalska E, et al. HBV DNA suppression during entecavir treatment in previously treated children with chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012;3 1(4):571-4
    • (2012) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 571-574
    • Pawlowska, M.1    Halota, W.2    Smukalska, E.3
  • 177
    • 47149108478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entecavir therapy for lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B: Improved virologic, biochemical, and serology outcomes through 96 weeks
    • Sherman M, Yurdaydin C, Simsek H, et al. Entecavir therapy for lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B: improved virologic, biochemical, and serology outcomes through 96 weeks. Hepa tology 2008;48(1):99-108
    • (2008) Hepa Tology , vol.48 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-108
    • Sherman, M.1    Yurdaydin, C.2    Simsek, H.3
  • 178
    • 84858603567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progress in newborn hepatitis B vaccination by birth year cohorts-1998-2007 USA
    • Zhao Z, Murphy TV, Jacques-Carroll L. Progress in newborn hepatitis B vaccination by birth year cohorts-1998-2007, USA. Vaccine 2011;30(1):14-20
    • (2011) Vaccine , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 14-20
    • Zhao, Z.1    Murphy, T.V.2    Jacques-Carroll, L.3
  • 179
    • 84870504651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using data to guide policy: Next steps for preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in Cambodia
    • Soeung SC,Thiep C,Duncan R,et al. Using data to guide policy: next steps for preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in Cambodia. Vaccine 2012, 31, 1, 149-53.
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 149-153
    • Soeung, S.C.1    Thiep, C.2    Duncan, R.3
  • 180
    • 84921644672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B virus in the Lao People's Democratic Republic: A cross sectional serosurvey in different cohorts
    • Black AP, Nouanthong P, Nanthavong N, et al. Hepatitis B virus in the Lao People's Democratic Republic: a cross sectional serosurvey in different cohorts. BMC Infect Dis 2014;14:457
    • (2014) BMC Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 457
    • Black, A.P.1    Nouanthong, P.2    Nanthavong, N.3
  • 181
    • 84861601598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among children in Dakar, Senegal
    • Rey-Cuille MA, Seck A, Njouom R, et al. Low immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among children in Dakar, Senegal. PLoS One 2012;7(5):e38153
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. e38153
    • Rey-Cuille, M.A.1    Seck, A.2    Njouom, R.3
  • 182
    • 84874633801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV/HBV coinfection in children and antiviral therapy
    • Healy SA, Gupta S, Melvin AJ. HIV/HBV coinfection in children and antiviral therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013;11(3): 251-63
    • (2013) Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther , vol.11 , Issue.3 , pp. 251-263
    • Healy, S.A.1    Gupta, S.2    Melvin, A.J.3
  • 183
    • 80053465684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in resource-constrained settings: Expert panel consensus
    • Wiersma ST, McMahon B, Pawlotsky JM, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in resource-constrained settings: expert panel consensus. Liver Int 2011; 31(6):755-61
    • (2011) Liver Int , vol.31 , Issue.6 , pp. 755-761
    • Wiersma, S.T.1    McMahon, B.2    Pawlotsky, J.M.3
  • 184
    • 84874630976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of chronic Hepatitis B in resource-constrained countries: An economic solution is required
    • Thomas H. Treatment of chronic Hepatitis B in resource-constrained countries: an economic solution is required. J Viral Hepat 2013;20(Suppl 1):2
    • (2013) J Viral Hepat , vol.20 , pp. 2
    • Thomas, H.1
  • 185
    • 79551576896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the compliance with the protocol for preventing perinatal hepatitis B infection in Italy
    • Spada E, Tosti ME, Zuccaro O, et al. Evaluation of the compliance with the protocol for preventing perinatal hepatitis B infection in Italy. J Infect 2011;62(2): 165-71
    • (2011) J Infect , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 165-171
    • Spada, E.1    Tosti, M.E.2    Zuccaro, O.3
  • 186
    • 84924712346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GAVI alliance. Investing in immunisation through the GAVI Alliance. The evidence base. Available from Last accessed on 28 November
    • GAVI alliance. Investing in immunisation through the GAVI Alliance. The evidence base. Available from: www.gavialliance.org/library/publications/the-evidence-base/[Last accessed on 28 November 2014]
    • (2014)
  • 187
    • 84924712345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of pegasys (Peginterferon Alfa-2a) versus untreated control in Children With HBeAg Positive Chronic Hepatitis B. Available from
    • A study of pegasys (Peginterferon Alfa-2a) versus untreated control in Children With HBeAg Positive Chronic Hepatitis B. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01519960
  • 188
    • 0038045171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa): An advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B
    • Cooksley WG, Piratvisuth T, Lee SD, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa): an advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2 003;10(4):298-305
    • (2003) J Viral Hepat , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 298-305
    • Cooksley, W.G.1    Piratvisuth, T.2    Lee, S.D.3
  • 189
    • 33846938792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotype B and younger patient age associated with better response to low-dose therapy: A trial with pegylated/nonpegylated interferon-alpha- 2b for hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B in China
    • Zhao H, Kurbanov F, Wan MB, et al. Genotype B and younger patient age associated with better response to low-dose therapy: a trial with pegylated/nonpegylated interferon-alpha- 2b for hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B in China. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(4):541-8
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , Issue.4 , pp. 541-548
    • Zhao, H.1    Kurbanov, F.2    Wan, M.B.3
  • 190
    • 77949891974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of viral hepatitis B in children
    • Giacchino R, Cappelli B. Treatment of viral hepatitis B in children. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010;11(6):889-903
    • (2010) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 889-903
    • Giacchino, R.1    Cappelli, B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.