Management of chronic hepatitis B in childhood: ESPGHAN clinical practice guidelines: Consensus of an expert panel on behalf of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

Journal of Hepatology

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 814-829

  Sokal, Etienne M ^a   Paganelli, Massimiliano ^a   Wirth, Stefan ^b   Socha, Piotr ^c   Vajro, Pietro ^d   Lacaille, Florence ^e   Kelly, Deirdre ^f   Mieli Vergani, Giorgina ^g  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WITTEN HERDECKE   (Germany)

^c CHILDREN'S MEMORIAL HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Poland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO   (Italy)

^e HÔPITAL NECKER ENFANTS MALADES   (France)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^g KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acute hepatitis B; Adolescents; Breastfeeding; Children; Chronic hepatitis B; Guidelines; Hepatitis B virus; Immunosuppressed; Management; Pregnancy; Resistance; Transplantation; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ALPHA FETOPROTEIN; ALPHA INTERFERON; ENTECAVIR; HEPATITIS B ANTIBODY; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIBODY; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; LAMIVUDINE; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; TELBIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL;

ACUTE HEPATITIS; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; CONSENSUS; DELTA AGENT HEPATITIS; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MIXED INFECTION; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVACCINATION; TREATMENT FAILURE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VACCINE FAILURE; VIRUS LOAD;

ACUTE HEPATITIS B; ADOLESCENTS; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASES; ALT; BREASTFEEDING; CCCDNA; CHB; CHILDREN; CHRONIC HEPATITIS B; COVALENTLY CLOSED CIRCULAR DNA; FDA; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GUIDELINES; HBIG; HBV; HCC; HEPATITIS B IMMUNOGLOBULINS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA; IFN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSED; INTERFERON; MANAGEMENT; NA; NUCLEOS(T)IDE ANALOGUES; PEGINF; PEGYLATED INTERFERON; PREGNANCY; RESISTANCE; SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE; SVR; TRANSPLANTATION; TREATMENT; ULN; UPPER LIMIT OF NORMAL; VIROLOGIC RESPONSE; VR; WHO; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ALGORITHMS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CHILD; FEMALE; HEPATITIS B VACCINES; HEPATITIS B, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER NEOPLASMS; MALE; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84884405214     PISSN: 01688278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.016     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. M. Paganelli, X. Stephenne, and E.M. Sokal Chronic hepatitis B in children and adolescents J Hepatol 57 2012 885 896
2. M. Chang, H. Hsu, H. Hsu, Y. Ni, J. Chen, and D. Chen The significance of spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in childhood: with special emphasis on the clearance of hepatitis B e antigen before 3 years of age Hepatology 22 1995 1387 1392
3. M.H. Chang Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by universal vaccination against hepatitis B virus: the effect and problems Clin Cancer Res 11 2005 7953 7957
4. M.W. Yu, H.C. Chang, Y.F. Liaw, S.M. Lin, S.D. Lee, and C.J. Liu Familial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers and their relatives J Natl Cancer Inst 92 2000 1159 1164
5. Z. Luo, L. Li, and B. Ruan Impact of the implementation of a vaccination strategy on hepatitis B virus infections in China over a 20-year period Int J Infect Dis 16 2012 e82 e88
6. A.S.F. Lok, and B.J. McMahon Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009 Hepatology 50 2009 661 662
7. U. Shah, D. Kelly, M.-H. Chang, T. Fujisawa, S. Heller, and R.P. González-Peralta Management of chronic hepatitis B in children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48 2009 399 404
8. European Association for the Study of the Liver EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection J Hepatol 57 2012 167 185
9. M.M. Jonas, J.M. Block, B.A. Haber, S.J. Karpen, W.T. London, and K.F. Murray Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: patient selection and therapeutic options Hepatology 52 2010 2192 2205
10. X. Liang, S. Bi, W. Yang, L. Wang, G. Cui, and F. Cui Epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B in China - declining HBV prevalence due to hepatitis B vaccination Vaccine 27 2009 6550 6557
11. Y.-H. Ni, L.M. Huang, M.-H. Chang, C.J. Yen, C.Y. Lu, and S.-L. You Two decades of universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan: impact and implication for future strategies Gastroenterology 132 2007 1287 1293
12. L. Zhang, A. Xu, B. Yan, L. Song, M. Li, and Z. Xiao A significant reduction in hepatitis B virus infection among the children of Shandong Province, China: the effect of 15 years of universal infant hepatitis B vaccination Int J Infect Dis 14 2010 e483 e488
13. H.F. Liu, E. Sokal, and P. Goubau Wide variety of genotypes and geographic origins of hepatitis B virus in Belgian children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 32 2001 274 277 (Pubitemid 32374304)
14. Y.-H. Ni, M.-H. Chang, K.-J. Wang, H.-Y. Hsu, H.-L. Chen, and J.-H. Kao Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus genotype in children with chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma Gastroenterology 127 2004 1733 1738 (Pubitemid 39575852)
15. C.-L. Lin, and J.-H. Kao The clinical implications of hepatitis B virus genotype: recent advances J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26 2011 123 130
16. S. Zou, S.L. Stramer, E.P. Notari, M.C. Kuhns, D. Krysztof, and F. Musavi Current incidence and residual risk of hepatitis B infection among blood donors in the United States Transfusion 49 2009 1609 1620
17. H.A. Perkins, and M.P. Busch Transfusion-associated infections: 50 years of relentless challenges and remarkable progress Transfusion 50 2010 2080 2099
18. U. Dumpis, A. Kovalova, J. Jansons, L. Upane, I. Sominskaya, and M. Michailova An outbreak of HBV and HCV infection in a paediatric oncology ward: epidemiological investigations and prevention of further spread J Med Virol 69 2003 331 338 (Pubitemid 36158312)
19. B.J. McMahon, W.L. Alward, D.B. Hall, W.L. Heyward, T.R. Bender, and D.P. Francis Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state J Infect Dis 151 1985 599 603 (Pubitemid 15102154)
20. N.C. Tassopoulos, G.J. Papaevangelou, M.H. Sjogren, A. Roumeliotou-Karayannis, J.L. Gerin, and R.H. Purcell Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults Gastroenterology 92 1987 1844 1850 (Pubitemid 17072231)
21. P. Beutels, W.J. Edmunds, F. Antoñanzas, G.A. De Wit, D. Evans, and R. Feilden Economic evaluation of vaccination programmes: a consensus statement focusing on viral hepatitis Pharmacoeconomics 20 2002 1 7 (Pubitemid 34155211)
22. S.-Y. Kim, J.A. Salomon, and S.J. Goldie Economic evaluation of hepatitis B vaccination in low-income countries: using cost-effectiveness affordability curves Bull World Health Organ 85 2007 833 842 (Pubitemid 350086455)
23. H.-F. Hung, and T.H.-H. Chen Probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis of the long-term effect of universal hepatitis B vaccination: an experience from Taiwan with high hepatitis B virus infection and hepatitis B e antigen positive prevalence Vaccine 27 2009 6770 6776
24. M.R. Siddiqui, N. Gay, W.J. Edmunds, and M. Ramsay Economic evaluation of infant and adolescent hepatitis B vaccination in the UK Vaccine 29 2011 466 475
25. H.-L. Chen, L.-H. Lin, F.-C. Hu, J.-T. Lee, W.-T. Lin, and Y.-J. Yang Effects of maternal screening and universal immunization to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HBV Gastroenterology 142 2012 e2
26. World Health Organization Hepatitis B vaccines - WHO position paper Wkly Epidemiol Rec 89 2009 405 420
27. K.F. Cheng, M.H. Chang, C.Y. Lee, L.M. Huang, H.Y. Hsu, and P.I. Lee Response to supplementary vaccination with recombinant or plasma hepatitis B vaccine in healthy non-responding children Vaccine 12 1994 899 902 (Pubitemid 24250283)
28. A. Jafarzadeh, S. Zarei, and F. Shokri Low dose revaccination induces robust protective anti-HBs antibody response in the majority of healthy non-responder neonates Vaccine 26 2008 269 276 (Pubitemid 350266123)
29. S. Leonardi, M. Spina, L. Spicuzza, N. Rotolo, and M. La Rosa Hepatitis B vaccination failure in celiac disease: is there a need to reassess current immunization strategies? Vaccine 27 2009 6030 6033
30. P. Vajro, G. Paolella, and V. Nobili Children unresponsive to hepatitis B virus vaccination also need celiac disease testing J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 55 2012 e131
31. Z. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Yang, X. Li, S. Wen, and Y. Guo Quantitative analysis of HBV DNA level and HBeAg titer in hepatitis B surface antigen positive mothers and their babies: HBeAg passage through the placenta and the rate of decay in babies J Med Virol 71 2003 360 366 (Pubitemid 37176624)
32. B.J. McMahon, D.L. Bruden, K.M. Petersen, L.R. Bulkow, A.J. Parkinson, and O. Nainan Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccination: results of a 15-year follow-up Ann Intern Med 142 2005 333 341 (Pubitemid 40293406)
33. E.E. Mast, H.S. Margolis, A.E. Fiore, E.W. Brink, S.T. Goldstein, and S.A. Wang A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States - recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents MMWR Recomm Rep 54 2005 1 23
34. C. Lee, Y. Gong, J. Brok, E.H. Boxall, and C. Gluud Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2006 CD004790
35. R. Iorio, A. Giannattasio, F. Cirillo, L. D Alessandro, and A. Vegnente Long-term outcome in children with chronic hepatitis B: a 24-year observation period Clin Infect Dis 45 2007 943 949 (Pubitemid 47580340)
36. F. Bortolotti, M. Guido, S. Bartolacci, P. Cadrobbi, C. Crivellaro, and F. Noventa Chronic hepatitis B in children after e antigen seroclearance: final report of a 29-year longitudinal study Hepatology 43 2006 556 562
37. Y.-R. Tseng, J.-F. Wu, Y.-H. Ni, H.-L. Chen, C.-C. Chen, and W.-H. Wen Long-term effect of maternal HBeAg on delayed HBeAg seroconversion in offspring with chronic hepatitis B infection Liver Int 31 2011 1373 1380
38. G. Marx, S.R. Martin, J.-F. Chicoine, and F. Alvarez Long-term follow-up of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children of different ethnic origins J Infect Dis 186 2002 295 301 (Pubitemid 34816312)
39. J.-F. Wu, Y.-R. Su, C.-H. Chen, H.-L. Chen, Y.-H. Ni, and H.-Y. Hsu Predictive effect of serial serum alanine aminotransferase levels on spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in chronic genotype B and C HBV-infected children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 54 2012 97 100
40. W.-H. Wen, M.-H. Chang, H.-Y. Hsu, Y.-H. Ni, and H.-L. Chen The development of hepatocellular carcinoma among prospectively followed children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection J Pediatr 144 2004 397 399 (Pubitemid 38333903)
41. M.H. Chang, S.L. You, C.J. Chen, C.J. Liu, C.M. Lee, and S.M. Lin Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccinees: a 20-year follow-up study J Natl Cancer Inst 101 2009 1348 1355
42. U.H. Iloeje, H.-I. Yang, J. Su, C.-L. Jen, S.-L. You, and C.-J. Chen Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load Gastroenterology 130 2006 678 686 (Pubitemid 43374518)
43. C.-J. Chen, H.-I. Yang, J. Su, C.-L. Jen, S.-L. You, and S.-N. Lu Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level JAMA 295 2006 65 73 (Pubitemid 43042691)
44. H.-I. Yang, S.-N. Lu, Y.-F. Liaw, S.-L. You, C.-A. Sun, and L.-Y. Wang Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma N Engl J Med 347 2002 168 174 (Pubitemid 34764820)
45. J.H. Kao, P.J. Chen, M.Y. Lai, and D.S. Chen Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 118 2000 554 559
46. J.M. Sánchez-Tapias, J. Costa, A. Mas, M. Bruguera, and J. Rodés Influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in western patients Gastroenterology 123 2002 1848 1856 (Pubitemid 35408309)
47. M.W. Yu, S.H. Yeh, P.J. Chen, Y.F. Liaw, C.L. Lin, and C.J. Liu Hepatitis B virus genotype and DNA level and hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in men J Natl Cancer Inst 97 2005 265 272
48. S.E. Livingston, J.P. Simonetti, B.J. McMahon, L.R. Bulkow, K.J. Hurlburt, and C.E. Homan Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Alaska Native people with hepatocellular carcinoma: preponderance of genotype F J Infect Dis 195 2007 5 11 (Pubitemid 44958221)
49. Y.-S. Hsu, R.-N. Chien, C.-T. Yeh, I.-S. Sheen, H.-Y. Chiou, and C.-M. Chu Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 35 2002 1522 1527 (Pubitemid 34966908)
50. C.-M. Chu, and Y.-F. Liaw HBsAg seroclearance in asymptomatic carriers of high endemic areas: appreciably high rates during a long-term follow-up Hepatology 45 2007 1187 1192 (Pubitemid 46775781)
51. Y. Arase, K. Ikeda, F. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, S. Saitoh, and M. Kobayashi Long-term outcome after hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in patients with chronic hepatitis B Am J Med 119 2006 71.e9 71.e16
52. M.-H. Chang, P.-J. Chen, J.-Y. Chen, M.-Y. Lai, H.-C. Hsu, and D.-C. Lian Hepatitis B virus integration in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in childhood Hepatology 13 1991 316 320
53. R. Giacchino, C. Navone, F. Facco, G. Giambartolomei, P. Pontisso, and F. Callea HBV-DNA-related hepatocellular carcinoma occurring in childhood. Report of three cases Dig Dis Sci 36 1991 1143 1146
54. H. Balshem, M. Helfand, H.J. Schünemann, A.D. Oxman, R. Kunz, and J. Brozek GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence J Clin Epidemiol 64 2011 401 406
55. G.H. Guyatt, A.D. Oxman, R. Kunz, Y. Falck-Ytter, G.E. Vist, and A. Liberati Going from evidence to recommendations BMJ 336 2008 1049 1051
56. G.H. Guyatt, A.D. Oxman, G. Vist, R. Kunz, J. Brozek, and P. Alonso-Coello GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence-study limitations (risk of bias) J Clin Epidemiol 64 2011 407 415
57. J. Simonetti, L. Bulkow, B.J. McMahon, C. Homan, M. Snowball, and S. Negus Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort chronically infected with hepatitis B virus Hepatology 51 2010 1531 1537
58. G. Fattovich, N. Olivari, M. Pasino, M. D'Onofrio, E. Martone, and F. Donato Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian patients: mortality after 25 years Gut 57 2008 84 90
59. E.M. Sokal, H.S. Conjeevaram, E.A. Roberts, F. Alvarez, E.M. Bern, and P. Goyens Interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a multinational randomized controlled trial Gastroenterology 114 1998 988 995 (Pubitemid 28217565)
60. M.M. Jonas, D.A. Kelly, J. Mizerski, I.B. Badia, J.A. Areias, and K.B. Schwarz Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 346 2002 1706 1713 (Pubitemid 34547484)
61. M.M. Jonas, D. Kelly, H. Pollack, J. Mizerski, J. Sorbel, and D. Frederick Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of adefovir dipivoxil in children and adolescents (age 2 to <18 years) with chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 47 2008 1863 1871 (Pubitemid 351945554)
62. J.B. Schwimmer, W. Dunn, G.J. Norman, P.E. Pardee, M.S. Middleton, and N. Kerkar SAFETY study: alanine aminotransferase cutoff values are set too high for reliable detection of pediatric chronic liver disease Gastroenterology 138 2010 1357 1364
63. E.K. Hsu, and K.F. Murray Hepatitis B and C in children Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 2008 311 320 (Pubitemid 351803602)
64. X. Hom, N.R. Little, S.D. Gardner, and M.M. Jonas Predictors of virologic response to lamivudine treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B infection Pediatr Infect Dis J 23 2004 441 445 (Pubitemid 38621483)
65. L.H. Katz, A. Fraser, A. Gafter-Gvili, L. Leibovici, and R. Tur-Kaspa Lamivudine prevents reactivation of hepatitis B and reduces mortality in immunosuppressed patients: systematic review and meta-analysis J Viral Hepat 15 2008 89 102
66. C.L. Lai, A.S. Lok, H.J. Lin, P.C. Wu, E.K. Yeoh, and C.Y. Yeung Placebo-controlled trial of recombinant alpha 2-interferon in Chinese HBsAg-carrier children Lancet 2 1987 877 880 (Pubitemid 17154753)
67. C.L. Lai, H.J. Lin, J.N. Lau, A.S. Flok, P.C. Wu, and H.T. Chung Effect of recombinant alpha 2 interferon with or without prednisone in Chinese HBsAg carrier children Q J Med 78 1991 155 163
68. P. Jara, and F. Bortolotti Interferon-alpha treatment of chronic hepatitis B in childhood: a consensus advice based on experience in European children J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 29 1999 163 170 (Pubitemid 30366166)
69. F. Zoulim, and S. Locarnini Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogues Gastroenterology 137 2009 1593 1608
70. L. D'Antiga, M. Aw, M. Atkins, A. Moorat, D. Vergani, and G. Mieli-Vergani Combined lamivudine/interferon-alpha treatment in "immunotolerant" children perinatally infected with hepatitis B: a pilot study J Pediatr 148 2006 228 233
71. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Entecavir/pegylated interferon in immune tolerant children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet] 2000 National Library of Medicine (US) Bethesda (MD) [cited 2012 Nov 30]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01368497, NLM Identifier: NCT01368497
72. Roche. Lamivudine/pegylated interferon in immune tolerant children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Single center clinical trial at the Paediatric Liver Centre, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Study identifier: NV2536.
73. F. Bortolotti, P. Jara, C. Barbera, G.V. Gregorio, A. Vegnente, and L. Zancan Long term effect of alpha interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B Gut 46 2000 715 718 (Pubitemid 30305792)
74. H. Vo Thi Diem, A. Bourgois, P. Bontems, P. Goyens, J.-P. Buts, and F. Nackers Chronic hepatitis B infection: long term comparison of children receiving interferon alpha and untreated controls J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 40 2005 141 145 (Pubitemid 40269732)
75. E.M. Sokal, D.A. Kelly, J. Mizerski, I.B. Badia, J.A. Areias, and K.B. Schwarz Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 43 2006 225 232
76. S.W. Schalm, J. Heathcote, J. Cianciara, G. Farrell, M. Sherman, and B. Willems Lamivudine and alpha interferon combination treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a randomised trial Gut 46 2000 562 568 (Pubitemid 30305823)
77. S.K. Sarin, M. Kumar, R. Kumar, S.N. Kazim, R.C. Guptan, and P. Sakhuja Higher efficacy of sequential therapy with interferon-alpha and lamivudine combination compared to lamivudine monotherapy in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B patients Am J Gastroenterol 100 2005 2463 2471
78. B. Dikici, M. Bosnak, V. Bosnak, A. Dagli, A. Ece, and R.V. Yagci Combination therapy for children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 2002 1087 1091 (Pubitemid 35013964)
79. A. Yilmaz, M. Akcam, T. Gelen, and R. Artan Lamivudine and high-dose interferon alpha 2a combination treatment in naïve HBeAg-positive immunoactive chronic hepatitis B in children: an East Mediterranean center's experience Eur J Pediatr 166 2006 195 199 (Pubitemid 46352505)
80. S.A. Akman, S.C. Okcu, O. Halicioglu, S. Sutcuoglu, M. Anil, and A. Kizilgunesler Therapeutic efficacy of sequential and simultaneous treatments with interferon-alpha and lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B Pediatr Int 49 2007 848 852 (Pubitemid 350197117)
81. M.M. Jonas, D. Kelly, H. Pollack, J. Mizerski, J. Sorbel, and D. Frederick Efficacy and safety of long-term adefovir dipivoxil therapy in children with chronic hepatitis B infection Pediatr Infect Dis J 31 2012 578 582
82. P. Marcellin, T.-T. Chang, S.G.L. Lim, W. Sievert, M. Tong, and S. Arterburn Long-term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 48 2008 750 758
83. T.-T. Chang, R.G. Gish, R. de Man, A. Gadano, J. Sollano, and Y.-C. Chao A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 354 2006 1001 1010 (Pubitemid 43357804)
84. M. Sherman, C. Yurdaydin, H. Simsek, M. Silva, Y.-F. Liaw, and V.K. Rustgi Entecavir therapy for lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B: improved virologic, biochemical, and serology outcomes through 96 weeks Hepatology 48 2008 99 108 (Pubitemid 351975535)
85. P. Marcellin, E.J. Heathcote, M. Buti, E. Gane, R.A. de Man, and Z. Krastev Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 359 2008 2442 2455
86. K.F. Murray, L. Szenborn, J. Wysocki, S. Rossi, A.C. Corsa, and P. Dinh Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in adolescents with chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 56 2012 2018 2026
87. G.K.K. Lau, T. Piratvisuth, K.X. Luo, P. Marcellin, S. Thongsawat, and G. Cooksley Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 352 2005 2682 2695 (Pubitemid 41007823)
88. H.L. Janssen, M. van Zonneveld, H. Senturk, S. Zeuzem, U.S. Akarca, and Y. Cakaloglu Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial Lancet 365 2005 123 129 (Pubitemid 40091801)
89. Hoffmann-La Roche A study of pegasys (peginterferon Alfa-2a) versus untreated control in children with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet] 2000 National Library of Medicine (US) Bethesda (MD) [cited 2012 Nov 30]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/ NCT01519960, NLM Identifier: NCT01519960
90. Y.F. Liaw, E. Gane, N. Leung, S. Zeuzem, Y. Wang, and C.L. Lai 2-Year globe trial results: telbivudine is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 136 2009 486 495
91. G.E. Kobak, T. MacKenzie, R.J. Sokol, and M.R. Narkewicz Interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis B: enhanced response in children 5 years old or younger J Pediatr 145 2004 340 345 (Pubitemid 39165682)
92. R.P. Perrillo, E.R. Schiff, G.L. Davis, H.C. Bodenheimer, K. Lindsay, and J. Payne A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group N Engl J Med 323 1990 295 301 (Pubitemid 20237094)
93. D. Wong, A. Cheung, K. O'Rourke, C. Naylor, A. Detsky, and J. Heathcote Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A meta-analysis Ann Intern Med 119 1993 312 323 (Pubitemid 23319890)
94. C.T. Wai, C.-J. Chu, M. Hussain, and A.S.F. Lok HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis than genotype C Hepatology 36 2002 1425 1430 (Pubitemid 35403533)
95. A. Erhardt Response to interferon alfa is hepatitis B virus genotype dependent: genotype A is more sensitive to interferon than genotype D Gut 54 2005 1009 1013 (Pubitemid 40873918)
96. H.J. Flink, M. van Zonneveld, B.E. Hansen, R.A. de Man, S.W. Schalm, and H.L.A. Janssen Treatment with peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype Am J Gastroenterol 101 2006 297 303 (Pubitemid 43381671)
97. M.R. Brunetto, F. Moriconi, F. Bonino, G.K.K. Lau, P. Farci, and C. Yurdaydin Hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels: a guide to sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 49 2009 1141 1150
98. R. Moucari, V. Mackiewicz, O. Lada, M.-P. Ripault, C. Castelnau, and M. Martinot-Peignoux Early serum HBsAg drop: a strong predictor of sustained virological response to pegylated interferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negative patients Hepatology 49 2009 1151 1157
99. R. Moucari, M. Martinot-Peignoux, V. Mackiewicz, N. Boyer, M.P. Ripault, and C. Castelnau Influence of genotype on hepatitis B surface antigen kinetics in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients treated with pegylated interferon-alpha2a Antivir Ther 14 2009 1183 1188
100. R. Perrillo Predictors of HBeAg loss after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 36 2002 186 194 (Pubitemid 34700777)
101. P. Marcellin, T.-T. Chang, S.-G. Lim, M.J. Tong, W. Sievert, and M.L. Shiffman Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 348 2003 808 816 (Pubitemid 36245757)
102. J. Wiegand, D. Hasenclever, and H.L. Tillmann Should treatment of hepatitis B depend on hepatitis B virus genotypes? A hypothesis generated from an explorative analysis of published evidence Antivir Ther 13 2008 211 220 (Pubitemid 351535372)
103. S. Raimondi, P. Maisonneuve, S. Bruno, and M.U. Mondelli Is response to antiviral treatment influenced by hepatitis B virus genotype? J Hepatol 52 2010 441 449
104. M. Yuen Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy Hepatology 34 2001 785 791 (Pubitemid 32928004)
105. S. Zeuzem, E. Gane, Y.F. Liaw, S.G. Lim, A. DiBisceglie, and M. Buti Baseline characteristics and early on-treatment response predict the outcomes of 2 years of telbivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B J Hepatol 51 2009 11 20
106. S.J. Hadziyannis, N.C. Tassopoulos, E.J. Heathcote, T.-T. Chang, G. Kitis, and M. Rizzetto Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years Gastroenterology 131 2006 1743 1751 (Pubitemid 44958517)
107. K. Wursthorn, M. Jung, A. Riva, Z.D. Goodman, P. Lopez, and W. Bao Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen decline during 3 years of telbivudine treatment in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients Hepatology 52 2010 1611 1620
108. J.M. Lee, S.H. Ahn, H.S. Kim, H. Park, H.Y. Chang, and D.Y. Kim Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen titers in prediction of treatment response to entecavir Hepatology 53 2011 1486 1493
109. H.L.-Y. Chan, A. Thompson, M. Martinot-Peignoux, T. Piratvisuth, M. Cornberg, and M.R. Brunetto Hepatitis B surface antigen quantification: why and how to use it in 2011 - a core group report J Hepatol 55 2011 1121 1131
110. E.H. Boxall, J. Sira, A.L. Ballard, P. Davies, and D.A. Kelly Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B carrier children treated with interferon and prednisolone J Med Virol 78 2006 888 895 (Pubitemid 43856695)
111. G.V. Gregorio, P. Jara, L. Hierro, C. Diaz, and La. Vega Lymphoblastoid interferon alfa with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter controlled trial Hepatology 23 1996 700 707 (Pubitemid 26111980)
112. P. Vajro, M. Tedesco, A. Fontanella, A. De Vincenzo, R. Vecchione, and R. Ammendola Prolonged and high dose recombinant interferon alpha-2b alone or after prednisone priming accelerates termination of active viral replication in children with chronic hepatitis B infection Pediatr Infect Dis J 15 1996 223 231 (Pubitemid 26098472)
113. J. Dubois, L. Hershon, L. Carmant, S. Bélanger, J.M. Leclerc, and M. David Toxicity profile of interferon alfa-2b in children: a prospective evaluation J Pediatr 135 1999 782 785 (Pubitemid 30180434)
114. E.M. Sokal, E.A. Roberts, G. Mieli-Vergani, P. McPhillips, M. Johnson, and J. Barber A dose ranging study of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and preliminary efficacy of lamivudine in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis B Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 2000 590 597 (Pubitemid 30117946)
115. M.M. Jonas, N.R. Little, and S.D. Gardner International Pediatric Lamivudine Investigator Group. Long-term lamivudine treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B: durability of therapeutic responses and safety J Viral Hepat 15 2008 20 27 (Pubitemid 350243578)
116. G.V. Papatheodoridis, E.K. Manesis, and S.J. Hadziyannis The long-term outcome of interferon-alpha treated and untreated patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B J Hepatol 34 2001 306 313 (Pubitemid 32176454)
117. T. Santantonio, M. Mazzola, T. Iacovazzi, A. Miglietta, A. Guastadisegni, and G. Pastore Long-term follow-up of patients with anti-HBe/HBV DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B treated for 12 months with lamivudine J Hepatol 32 2000 300 306 (Pubitemid 30093910)
118. S.J. Hadziyannis, V. Sevastianos, I. Rapti, D. Vassilopoulos, and E. Hadziyannis Sustained responses and loss of HBsAg in HBeAg-negative patients with chronic hepatitis B who stop long-term treatment with adefovir Gastroenterology 143 2012 629 636
119. T.-T. Chang, R.G. Gish, S.J. Hadziyannis, J. Cianciara, M. Rizzetto, and E.R. Schiff A dose-ranging study of the efficacy and tolerability of entecavir in lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B patients Gastroenterology 129 2005 1198 1209 (Pubitemid 41446860)
120. R. Shapira, E. Mor, N. Bar-Nathan, E.M. Sokal, R. Tur-Kaspa, and G. Dinari Efficacy of lamivudine for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation in children Transplantation 72 2001 333 336 (Pubitemid 32729358)
121. S.N. Natov, and B.J.G. Pereira Transmission of viral hepatitis by kidney transplantation: donor evaluation and transplant policies (Part 1: hepatitis B virus) Transpl Infect Dis 4 2002 117 123 (Pubitemid 35364774)
122. R.C. Dickson, J.E. Everhart, J.R. Lake, Y. Wei, E.C. Seaberg, and R.H. Wiesner Transmission of hepatitis B by transplantation of livers from donors positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database Gastroenterology 113 1997 1668 1674 (Pubitemid 27461255)
123. M.E. Wachs, W.J. Amend, N.L. Ascher, P.N. Bretan, J. Emond, and J.R. Lake The risk of transmission of hepatitis B from HBsAg(-), HBcAb(+), HBIgM(-) organ donors Transplantation 59 1995 230 234
124. E. Cholongitas, G.V. Papatheodoridis, and A.K. Burroughs Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review J Hepatol 52 2010 272 279
125. W.-J. Su, M.-C. Ho, Y.-H. Ni, H.-L. Chen, R.-H. Hu, and Y.-M. Wu High-titer antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen before liver transplantation can prevent de novo hepatitis B infection J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48 2009 203 208
126. R. Perrillo, and B. Hepatitis Virus prevention strategies for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen-positive liver donation: a survey of North American, European, and Asian-Pacific transplant programs Liver Transpl 15 2009 223 232
127. C.L. Thio, E.C. Seaberg, R.J. Skolasky, J. Phair, B. Visscher, and A. Munoz HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS) Lancet 360 2002 1921 1926 (Pubitemid 35472132)
128. Y. Benhamou, M. Bochet, V. Thibault, V. Di Martino, E. Caumes, and F. Bricaire Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients Hepatology 30 1999 1302 1306 (Pubitemid 29510871)
129. M.A. McMahon, B.L. Jilek, T.P. Brennan, L. Shen, Y. Zhou, and M. Wind-Rotolo The HBV drug entecavir - effects on HIV-1 replication and resistance N Engl J Med 356 2007 2614 2621 (Pubitemid 46961006)
130. V. Soriano, M. Puoti, M. Bonacini, G. Brook, A. Cargnel, and J. Rockstroh Care of patients with chronic hepatitis B and HIV co-infection: recommendations from an HIV-HBV International Panel AIDS 19 2005 221 240 (Pubitemid 40396554)
131. L.M. Mofenson, M.T. Brady, S.P. Danner, K.L. Dominguez, R. Hazra, and E. Handelsman Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics MMWR Recomm Rep 58 2009 1 166
132. V. Di Marco, R. Giacchino, A. Timitilli, F. Bortolotti, C. Crivellaro, and R. Calzia Long-term interferon-alpha treatment of children with chronic hepatitis delta: a multicentre study J Viral Hepat 3 1996 123 128 (Pubitemid 126734178)
133. M. Rizzetto Hepatitis D: thirty years after J Hepatol 50 2009 1043 1050
134. R.S. Brown Jr., E.C. Verna, M.R. Pereira, H.H. Tilson, C. Aguilar, and C.-S. Leu Hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus drugs in pregnancy: findings from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry J Hepatol 57 2012 953 959
135. W.M. Xu, Y.T. Cui, L. Wang, H. Yang, Z.Q. Liang, and X.M. Li Lamivudine in late pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study J Viral Hepat 16 2009 94 103
136. Z. Shi, Y. Yang, L. Ma, X. Li, and A. Schreiber Lamivudine in late pregnancy to interrupt in utero transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis Obstet Gynecol 116 2010 147 159
137. G.-R. Han, M.-K. Cao, W. Zhao, H.-X. Jiang, C.-M. Wang, and S.-F. Bai A prospective and open-label study for the efficacy and safety of telbivudine in pregnancy for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection J Hepatol 55 2011 1215 1221
138. C.M. Weinbaum, I. Williams, E.E. Mast, S.A. Wang, L. Finelli, and A. Wasley Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection MMWR Recomm Rep 57 2008 1 20
139. E.M. Sokal, O. Van Collie, and J.P. Buts Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B from children to adoptive parents Arch Dis Child 72 1995 191
140. A. Martin, C. Moyes, C. Lucas, and A. Milne Hepatitis B infection in households of HBsAg positive New Zealand children N Z Med J 109 1996 463 465
141. M. Staff, and P. Angel Vaccination among household contacts of chronic hepatitis B carriers by general practitioners Aust Fam Physician 31 2002 491 493
142. R. Chakravarty, A. Chowdhury, S. Chaudhuri, A. Santra, M. Neogi, and K. Rajendran Hepatitis B infection in Eastern Indian families: need for screening of adult siblings and mothers of adult index cases Public Health 119 2005 647 654 (Pubitemid 40744434)
143. G.T. Kumar, S.N. Kazim, M. Kumar, S. Hissar, R. Chauhan, and S.F. Basir Hepatitis B virus genotypes and hepatitis B surface antigen mutations in family contacts of hepatitis B virus infected patients with occult hepatitis B virus infection J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24 2009 588 598
144. G. Richardson, M.R. Evans, and D. Westmoreland Hepatitis B immunisation of household contacts: retrospective study of vaccine coverage J Epidemiol Community Health 55 2001 934 935 (Pubitemid 33097230)
145. M.S. Weinberg, R.A. Gunn, E.E. Mast, L. Gresham, and M. Ginsberg Preventing transmission of hepatitis B virus from people with chronic infection Am J Prev Med 20 2001 272 276 (Pubitemid 32377727)
146. P. Scognamiglio, E. Girardi, M. Fusco, P. Piselli, S. Russo Spena, and C. Maione Lack of implementation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination policy in household contacts of HBV carriers in Italy BMC Infect Dis 9 2009 86
147. G.A. Losonsky, S.S. Wasserman, I. Stephens, F. Mahoney, P. Armstrong, and K. Gumpper Hepatitis B vaccination of premature infants: a reassessment of current recommendations for delayed immunization Pediatrics 103 1999 E14
148. European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet 355 2000 561 565
149. C.Y. Lu, Y.H. Ni, B.L. Chiang, P.J. Chen, M.H. Chang, and L.Y. Chang Humoral and cellular immune responses to a hepatitis B vaccine booster 15-18 years after neonatal immunization J Infect Dis 197 2008 1419 1426
150. M.A. van der Sande, P. Waight, M. Mendy, P. Rayco-Solon, P. Hutt, and T. Fulford Long-term protection against carriage of hepatitis B virus after infant vaccination J Infect Dis 193 2006 1528 1535 (Pubitemid 43794582)
151. J.A. Whitaker, N.G. Rouphael, S. Edupuganti, L. Lai, and M.J. Mulligan Strategies to increase responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccination in adults with HIV-1 Lancet Infect Dis 12 2012 966 976
152. J. Yang, X.M. Zeng, Y.L. Men, and L.S. Zhao Elective caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus - a systematic review Virol J 5 2008 100
153. Z. Shi, Y. Yang, H. Wang, L. Ma, A. Schreiber, and X. Li Breastfeeding of newborns by mothers carrying hepatitis B virus: a meta-analysis and systematic review Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 165 2011 837 846
154. World Health Organization Hepatitis B and breastfeeding. World Health Organization J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 4 1998 20 21
155. J. Moodley, D. Moodley, K. Pillay, H. Coovadia, J. Saba, and R. van Leeuwen Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral activity of lamivudine alone or when coadministered with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their offspring J Infect Dis 178 1998 1327 1333
156. M. Giles, K. Visvanathan, and J. Sasadeusz Antiviral therapy for hepatitis B infection during pregnancy and breastfeeding Antivir Ther 16 2011 621 628
157. W.H. Wen, H.L. Chen, Y.H. Ni, H.Y. Hsu, J.H. Kao, and F.C. Hu Secular trend of the viral genotype distribution in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection after universal infant immunization Hepatology 53 2011 429 436
158. D.R. Milich, J.E. Jones, J.L. Hughes, J. Price, A.K. Raney, and A. McLachlan Is a function of the secreted hepatitis B e antigen to induce immunologic tolerance in utero? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 1990 6599 6603
159. M.T. Chen, J.N. Billaud, M. Sällberg, L.G. Guidotti, F.V. Chisari, and J. Jones A function of the hepatitis B virus precore protein is to regulate the immune response to the core antigen Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 2004 14913 14918 (Pubitemid 39410774)
160. D. Milich, and T.J. Liang Exploring the biological basis of hepatitis B e antigen in hepatitis B virus infection Hepatology 38 2003 1075 1086 (Pubitemid 37314815)
161. J.W. Jang, S.H. Yoo, J.H. Kwon, C.R. You, S. Lee, and J.H. Lee Serum hepatitis B surface antigen levels in the natural history of chronic hepatitis B infection Aliment Pharmacol Ther 34 2011 1337 1346
162. P. Marcellin, M. Ziol, P. Bedossa, C. Douvin, R. Poupon, and V. de Lédinghen Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by stiffness measurement in patients with chronic hepatitis B Liver Int 29 2009 242 247
163. L. Castera Transient elastography and other noninvasive tests to assess hepatic fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis J Viral Hepat 16 2009 300 314
164. A.C. Cardoso, R.J. Carvalho-Filho, C. Stern, A. Dipumpo, N. Giuily, and M.P. Ripault Direct comparison of diagnostic performance of transient elastography in patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C Liver Int 32 2012 612 621
165. T. Poynard, M. Munteanu, O. Deckmyn, Y. Ngo, F. Drane, and J.M. Castille Validation of liver fibrosis biomarker (FibroTest) for assessing liver fibrosis progression: proof of concept and first application in a large population J Hepatol 57 2012 541 548
166. Y.F. Liaw, J.D. Jia, H.L. Chan, K.H. Han, T. Tanwandee, and W.L. Chuang Shorter durations and lower doses of peginterferon alfa-2a are associated with inferior hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates in hepatitis B virus genotypes B or C Hepatology 54 2011 1591 1599
167. P. Marcellin, G.K. Lau, F. Bonino, P. Farci, S. Hadziyannis, and R. Jin Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B N Engl J Med 351 2004 1206 1217 (Pubitemid 39296307)
168. R.D. Fleischer, and A.S. Lok Myopathy and neuropathy associated with nucleos(t)ide analog therapy for hepatitis B J Hepatol 51 2009 787 791
169. H.W. Lee, H.J. Lee, J.S. Hwang, J.H. Sohn, J.Y. Jang, and K.J. Han Lamivudine maintenance beyond one year after HBeAg seroconversion is a major factor for sustained virologic response in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 51 2010 415 421
170. J.G. Reijnders, M.J. Perquin, N. Zhang, B.E. Hansen, and H.L. Janssen Nucleos(t)ide analogues only induce temporary hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in most patients with chronic hepatitis B Gastroenterology 139 2010 491 498
171. J. Petersen, V. Ratziu, M. Buti, H.L. Janssen, A. Brown, and P. Lampertico Entecavir plus tenofovir combination as rescue therapy in pre-treated chronic hepatitis B patients: an international multicenter cohort study J Hepatol 56 2012 520 526
172. Y.F. Liaw, I.S. Sheen, C.M. Lee, U.S. Akarca, G.V. Papatheodoridis, and F. Suet-Hing Wong Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine/TDF, and entecavir in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B liver disease Hepatology 53 2011 62 72
173. S.C. Gordon, Z. Krastev, A. Horban, J. Petersen, J. Sperl, and P. Dinh Efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate at 240 weeks in patients with chronic hepatitis b with high baseline viral load (≥9 log10 copies/mL) Hepatology 2013 10.1002/hep.26277 [Epub ahead of print]
174. P. Marcellin, E. Gane, M. Buti, N. Afdhal, W. Sievert, and I.M. Jacobson Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study Lancet 381 2013 468 475
175. T.T. Chang, C.L. Lai, S. Kew Yoon, S.S. Lee, H.S. Coelho, and F.J. Carrilho Entecavir treatment for up to 5 years in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 51 2010 422 430
176. T.T. Chang, Y.F. Liaw, S.S. Wu, E. Schiff, K.H. Han, and C.L. Lai Long-term entecavir therapy results in the reversal of fibrosis/cirrhosis and continued histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B Hepatology 52 2010 886 893
177. A. Marzano, E. Angelucci, P. Andreone, M. Brunetto, R. Bruno, and P. Burra Prophylaxis and treatment of hepatitis B in immunocompromised patients Dig Liver Dis 39 2007 397 408 (Pubitemid 46508732)
178. R. Loomba, A. Rowley, R. Wesley, T.J. Liang, J.H. Hoofnagle, and F. Pucino Systematic review: the effect of preventive lamivudine on hepatitis B reactivation during chemotherapy Ann Intern Med 148 2008 519 528 (Pubitemid 351665421)
179. C. Hsu, C.A. Hsiung, I.J. Su, W.S. Hwang, M.C. Wang, and S.F. Lin A revisit of prophylactic lamivudine for chemotherapy-associated hepatitis B reactivation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a randomized trial Hepatology 47 2008 844 853 (Pubitemid 351449676)
180. A.M. Evens, B.D. Jovanovic, Y.C. Su, D.W. Raisch, D. Ganger, and S.M. Belknap Rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in lymphoproliferative diseases: meta-analysis and examination of FDA safety reports Ann Oncol 22 2011 1170 1180
181. M. Viganò, C. Vener, P. Lampertico, C. Annaloro, C. Pichoud, and F. Zoulim Risk of hepatitis B surface antigen seroreversion after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT Bone Marrow Transplant 46 2011 125 131
182. HHS Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines, section accessed February 21st 2013.
183. K. Shiraki, N. Yoshihara, M. Sakurai, T. Eto, and T. Kawana Acute hepatitis B in infants born to carrier mother with the antibody to hepatitis B e antigen J Pediatr 97 1980 768 770 (Pubitemid 11216840)
184. F. Bortolotti, P. Cadrobbi, A. Bertaggia, L. Rude, A. Alberti, and G. Realdi A 7 year survey of acute hepatitis type B Arch Dis Child 58 1983 993 996 (Pubitemid 14215840)
185. R.H. Squires Jr., B.L. Shneider, J. Bucuvalas, E. Alonso, R.J. Sokol, and M.R. Narkewicz Acute liver failure in children: the first 348 patients in the pediatric acute liver failure study group J Pediatr 148 2006 652 658
186. S.S. Sundaram, E.M. Alonso, M.R. Narkewicz, S. Zhang, and R.H. Squires Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Characterization and outcomes of young infants with acute liver failure J Pediatr 159 2011 813 818
187. H.L. Tillmann, J. Hadem, L. Leifeld, K. Zachou, A. Canbay, and C. Eisenbach Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience J Viral Hepat 13 2006 256 263
188. J.L. Dienstag, E.R. Schiff, T.L. Wright, R.P. Perrillo, H.L. Hann, and Z. Goodman Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States N Engl J Med 341 1999 1256 1263 (Pubitemid 29489740)
189. Gilead Sciences Evaluating the efficacy, safety and tolerability of tenofovir DF in pediatric patients with chronic hepatitis B infection ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet] 2000 National Library of Medicine (US) Bethesda (MD) [cited 2013 May 5]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/ NCT01651403, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01651403
190. J. Bruix, and M. Sherman American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update Hepatology 53 2011 1020 1022
191. A. Singal, M.L. Volk, A. Waljee, R. Salgia, P. Higgins, and M.A. Rogers Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis Aliment Pharmacol Ther 30 2009 37 47
192. A.S. Lok, R.K. Sterling, J.E. Everhart, E.C. Wright, J.C. Hoefs, and A.M. Di Bisceglie HALT-C Trial Group. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein as biomarkers for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma Gastroenterology 138 2010 493 502