Against autonomy: Justifying coercive paternalism

Against Autonomy: Justifying Coercive Paternalism

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-206

  Conly, Sarah ^a  

^a BOWDOIN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923633776     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139176101     Document Type: Book

References (159)

1. Anderson, Elizabeth, “What is Equality For?,” Ethics 109 (1999), 287–337.
2. Arpaly, Nomy, Unprincipled Virtue: An Inquiry into Moral Agency (Oxford University Press, 2003).
3. Ariely, Dan, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape our Decisions (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010).
4. Arneson, Richard, “Mill Versus Paternalism,” Ethics 90 (July 1980), 470–489.
5. Asch, S. E., “Opinions and Social Pressure,” Scientific American 193 (1955), 31–35.
6. Asch, S. E., “Studies of Independence and Conformity,” Psychological Monographs 79.9 (1956), 1–70.
7. Banaji, Mahzarin R., and R. Bhasker, “Implicit Stereotypes and Memory: The Bounded Rationality of Social Beliefs,” in Memory, Brain, and Belief, ed. Daniel Schacter and Elaine Scarry (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 139–175.
8. Banaji, Mahzarin R., and Nilanjana Dasgupta, “The Consciousness of Social Beliefs: A Program of Research on Stereotyping and Prejudice,” in Metacognition: Cognitive and Social Dimensions, ed. V. Y. Yzerbyt, G. Lories, and B. Dardenne (London: Sage, 1998), pp. 157–170.
9. Bell, David, “Regret in Decision-Making Under Uncertainty,” Operations Research 30 (1982), 961.
10. Benn, S.I., “Freedom, Autonomy, and the Concept of a Person,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 76 (1976), 109–130.
11. Benn, S.I., “Privacy, Freedom, and Respect for Persons,” in Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy, ed. Frederick Schoeman (Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 223–244.
12. Berlin, Isaiah, “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life,” in Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 173–206.
13. Berns, Gregory S., Jonathan Chappelow, Caroline F. Zink, Giuseppe Pagnoni, Megan E. Martin-Skurski, and Jim Richards, “Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence during Mental Rotation,” Biological Psychiatry 58.3 (2005), 245–253.
14. Bittman, Mark, “A Food Manifesto for the Future,” New York Times, February 2, 2011; http//opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/a-food-manifesto-forthe-future
15. Bloustein, Edward J., “Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity,” New York University Law Review 39 (1964), 962–1007.
16. Brafman, Ori and Rom, Sway: The Irresistible Pull of Irrational Behavior (New York: Doubleday, 2008).
17. Brennen, Samantha, “Paternalism and Rights,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 24.3 (1994), 419–439.
18. Brin, David, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom? (New York: Perseus, 1998).
19. Brock, Dan, “Paternalism and Autonomy,” Ethics 98 (1988), 550–565.
20. Brock, Dan, “Paternalism and Promoting the Good,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 239–260.
21. Brownell, Kelly, T. Farley, W. Willett, B. Popkin, F. Chaloupka, J. Thompson, and L. David, “The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages,” New England Journal of Medicine 361 (October 15, 2009), 1599–1605.
22. Buckley, F.H., Fair Governance (Oxford University Press, 2009).
23. Burton, Robert A., On Being Certain: Believing You are Right Even When You’re Not (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2008).
24. Calitri, R., E. M. Pothos, K. Tapper, J. M. Brunstrom, and P. J. Rogers, “Cognitive Biases to Healthy and Unhealthy Food Words Predict Change in BMI,” Obesity 18 (2010), 2282–2287.
25. Camerer, Colin, and Dan Llavallo, “Overconfidence and Excess Entry: An Experimental Approach,” American Economic Review 89 (1999), 306–318.
26. Christman, John, “Autonomy and Personal History,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 21 (1991), 1–24.
27. Cialdini, Robert B., “Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment,” Current Directions in Psychological Science (August 2003), 105–109.
28. Dahl, Norman O., “Paternalism and Rational Desire,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 261–271.
29. Darwall, Stephen, “The Value of Autonomy and Autonomy of the Will,” Ethics 116.2 (January 2006), 263–284.
30. Dasgupta, Nilanjana, Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Robert P. Abelson, “Group Entativity and Group Perception: Associations Between Physical Features and Psychological Judgment,” Journal of Personality and Psychology 77 (1999), 991–1003.
31. Daynard, Richard A., Tom P. Howard, and Cara L. Wilking, “Private Enforcement: Litigation as a Tool to Prevent Obesity,” Journal of Public Health Policy 25.3–4 (2004), 408–417.
32. DeJoy, David M., “The Optimism Bias and Traffic Accident Risk Perception,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 21.4 (1989), 333–340.
33. De Marneffe, Peter, “Avoiding Paternalism,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 34.1 (2006), 68–94.
34. Donner, Wendy, The Liberal Self: John Stuart Mill’s Moral and Political Philosophy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991).
35. Dworkin, Gerald, “Moral Paternalism,” Law and Philosophy 24.3 (May 2005), 305–319.
36. Dworkin, Gerald, “Paternalism,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 19–34.
37. Dworkin, Gerald, “Paternalism, Some Second Thoughts,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 105–123.
38. The Theory and Practice of Autonomy (Cambridge University Press, 1988). “What is a Good Life?,” New York Review of Books (February 10, 2011), 41–43.
39. Elbel, Brian, Joyce Gyamfi, and Rogan Kersh, “Child and Adolescent Fast Food Choices and the Influence of Calorie Labeling: A Natural Experiment,” International Journal of Obesity 35.4 (April 2011), 493–500.
40. Elbel, Brian, Rogan Kersh, Victoria Briscoll, and L. Beth Dixon, “Calorie Labeling and Food Choices: A First Look at the Effects on Low-Income People in New York City,” Health Affairs 28.6 (November–December 2009), 1110–1121.
41. Elster, Jan, Rational Choice (New York University Press, 1986).
42. Elster, Jan, Rational Choice Solomonic Judgments (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
43. Elster, Jan, Rational Choice Sour Grapes (Cambridge University Press, 1985).
44. Etzioni, Amitai, The Limits of Privacy (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
45. Feinberg, Joel, “The Child’s Right to an Open Future,” in Whose Child? Children’s Rights, Parental Authority, and State Power, ed. William Aiken and Hugh Lafollette (Totowa, N. J.: Littlefield, Adams & Co., 1980). Harm to Self: The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 1986).
46. Feinberg, Joel, “Legal Paternalism,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 3–18.
47. Fine, Cordelia, A Mind of its Own: How Your Brain Distorts and Deceives (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).
48. Fried, Charles, “Privacy,” Yale Law Journal 77 (1968), 475–493; reprinted in Frederick Schoeman, ed., Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy (Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 203–222.
49. Gaylin, Willard, and Bruce Jennings, The Perversion of Autonomy (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2003).
50. Greening, Leilani, and Carla C. Chandler, “Why it Can’t Happen to Me: The Best Rate Matters, But Overestimating Skill Leads to Underestimating Risk,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27 (1997), 760–780.
51. Gilovich, T., and V.H. Medvec, “The Experience of Regret,” Psychological Review 102 (1995), 379–395.
52. Glaeser, Edward L., “Paternalism and Psychology,” University of Chicago Law Review 73.1 (winter 2006), 133–156.
53. Goodin, Robert, “Ethics of Smoking,” Ethics 99.3 (April 1989), 574–624.
54. Gostin, Lawence, “Part I: Law as a Tool to Advance the Community’s Health,” Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000), 2837–2841.
55. Gostin, Lawence, “Part II: Public Health Powers and Duties,” Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000), 2979–2984.
56. Gostin, Lawence, “Part III: Public Health Regulation: A Systemic Evaluation,” Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000), 3118–3122.
57. Gray, John, “Mill’s Conception of Happiness,” in J. S. Mill, “On Liberty”: In Focus, ed. John Gray and G.W. Smith (London and New York: Routledge, 1991).
58. Griffin, Dale, and Amos Tversky, “The Weighing of Evidence and the Determinants of Confidence,” in Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, ed. Thomas Gilovich, Dale Griffin, and Daniel Kahneman (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
59. Griffin, James, Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement, and Moral Importance (Oxford University Press, 1986).
60. Hall, C. A., “Anti-Anti-Anti-Paternalism,” New York University Journal of Law and Liberty 2 (2007), 444–457.
61. Hallinan, Joseph T., Why We Make Mistakes (New York: Broadway, 2010).
62. Hart, H. L. A., Law, Liberty, and Morality (Oxford University Press, 1963).
63. Hayne, Cheryl L., Patricia A. Moran, and Mary M. Ford, “Regulating Environments to Reduce Obesity,” Journal of Public Health Policy 25.3/4 (2004), 391–407.
64. Holland, Stephen, “Public Health Paternalism: A Response to Nys,” Public Health Ethics 2.3 (2009), 294–298.
65. Jolls, Christine, Cass R. Sunstein, and Richard Thaler, “A Behavioral Approach to Law and Economics,” Stanford Law Review 50.5 (May 1998), 1471–1550.
66. Jost, John T., Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek, “A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo,” Political Psychology 25.6 (December 2004), 881–919.
67. Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky, eds., Choices, Values, and Frames (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
68. Jost, John T., Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek, “Intuitive Prediction: Biases and Corrective Procedures,” in Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, ed. D. Kahneman, A. Tversky, and P. Slovic (Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 414–421.
69. Jost, John T., Mahzarin R. Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek, “The Psychology of Preferences,” Scientific American 246 (1972), 160–173.
70. Kahneman, Daniel, J. L. Knetsch, and Richard Thaler, “Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem,” Journal of Political Economy 98 (1990), 1325–1348.
71. Kalish, Charles, “Reasons and Causes: Children’s Understanding of Conformity to Social Rules and Physical Laws,” Child Development 69.15 (1998), 706–720.
72. Kleinig, John, Paternalism (Totowa, N. J.: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984).
73. Klucharev, Vasily, “Reinforcement Learning Signal Predicts Social Conformity,” Neuron (January 15, 2009), 140–151.
74. Korobkin, Russell, “Inertia and Preference in Contract Negotiation: The Psychological Power of Default Rules and Form Terms,” Vanderbilt Law Review 51 (November 1998), 1587.
75. Kraut, Richard, What is Good and Why: The Ethics of Well-Being (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007).
76. Leth, T., H. G. Jensen, A. A. Mikkelson, and A. Bysted, “The Effect of Regulation on Trans-Fatty Acids Content in Danish Food,” Atherosclerosis Supplements 7.2 (2006), 53–56.
77. Lively, Jack, “Paternalism,” in Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 15, Of Liberty, ed. A. Phillips Griffiths (Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 147–165.
78. Madrian, Brigitte, and Dennis Shea, “The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 116.4 (2001), 1149–1187.
79. Mehta, Ravi, Joandrea Hoegg, and Amitav Chakravarti, “Knowing Too Much: Expertise Induced False Recall Effects in Product Comparison,” Journal of Consumer Research (October 2011), 535–554.
80. Meyers, Diana T., Self, Society, and Personal Choice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).
81. Mill, John Stuart, On Liberty (1859); Reprinted in Utilitarianism and On Liberty, Meridian British Philosophers Series, ed. Mary Warnock (New York: World Publishing, 1971).
82. Utilitarianism (1863); reprinted in Utilitarianism and On Liberty, Meridian British Philosophers Series, ed. Mary Warnock (New York: World Publishing, 1971).
83. Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed. J. M. Robson (University of Toronto Press and London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977).
84. Morrill, Allison C., and Christopher D. Chinn, “The Obesity Epidemic in the United States,” Journal of Public Health Policy 25.3–4 (2004), 353–366.
85. Mozaffarian, Dariush, Michael F. Jacobson, and Julie S. Greenstein, “Food Reformulation Reduces Trans-Fatty Acids,” New England Journal of Medicine 362 (May 27, 2010), 2031–2039.
86. Nagel, Thomas, Concealment and Exposure (Oxford University Press, 2002).
87. Nielson, S. J., and B. M. Popkin, “Patterns and Trends in Food Portion Sizes, 1977–1998,” Journal of the American Medical Association 289.4 (2003), 450–453.
88. Nussbaum, Martha, Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
89. Nys, Thomas, “Paternalism in Public Health Care,” Public Health Ethics 1 (2008), 64–72.
90. O’Donoghue, Ted, and Matthew Rabin, “Procrastination in Preparing for Retirement,” in Behavioral Dimensions of Retirement Economics, ed. Henry Aaron (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 1999).
91. Oshana Marina, “Autonomy and the Question of Authority,” Social Theory and Practice 33.3 (July 2007), 411–429.
92. Oshana Marina, “Autonomy and Self-Identity,” in Autonomy and the Challenges to Liberalism, ed. John Christman and Joel Anderson (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 77–97.
93. Oshana Marina, “How Much Should We Value Autonomy?,” Social Philosophy and Policy (2003), 99–126.
94. Oshana Marina, “Personal Autonomy and Society,” Journal of Social Philosophy 29.1 (spring 1998), 81–102.
95. Pelham, Brett W., and William B. Swann, “From Self-Conception to Self-Worth: On the Sources and Structures of Global Self-Esteem,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57.4 (1989), 672–680.
96. Powell, Connie Davis, “‘You already have zero privacy. Get over it.’ Would Warren and Brandeis Argue for Privacy for Social Networking?,” Pace Law Review 31.1 (winter 2011), 146–180.
97. Priest, Graham, “Contradiction, Belief, and Rationality,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 86 (1985), 99–116.
98. Rachlinski, Jeffrey J., “Cognitive Errors, Individual Differences, and Paternalism,” University of Chicago Law Review 73 (2006), 207.
99. Rainbolt, George W., “Prescription Drug Laws: Justified Hard Paternalism,” Bioethics 3 (1989), 45–58.
100. Rajczi, Alex, “A Liberal Approach to the Obesity Epidemic,” Public Affairs Quarterly 22.3 (July 2008), 269–287.
101. Raz, Joseph, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1986).
102. Regan, Donald H., “Paternalism, Freedom, Identity, and Commitment,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 113–138.
103. Ritov, L., and Baron, J., “Status-quo and Omission Biases,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5 (1992), 49–61.
104. Rolls, B. J., “The Supersizing of America: Portion Size and the Obesity Epidemic,” Nutrition Today 38.2 (2000), 42–53.
105. Rolls, B. J., and E. L. Morris, “Portion Size Affects Food Energy Intake in Normal Weight and Overweight Men and Women,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (2002), 1207–1213.
106. Ryan, Alan, “Mill in a Liberal Landscape,” in The Cambridge Companion to Mill, ed. John Skorupski (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 497–540.
107. Sartorius, Rolf, Individual Conduct and Social Norms (Belmont, Calif.: Dickenson Publishing, 1975).
108. Schapiro, Tamar, “What is a Child?,” Ethics 109.4 (1999), 715–738.
109. Schauer, Frederick, Profiles, Probabilities, and Stereotypes (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap–Harvard University Press, 2003).
110. Schwartz, Paul M., “Property, Privacy, and Personal Data,” Harvard Law Review 17.7 (May 2004), 2056–2128.
111. Scoccia, Danny, “In Defense of Hard Paternalism,” Law and Philosophy 27 (2008), 351–381.
112. Scoccia, Danny, “Paternalism and Respect for Autonomy,” Ethics 100.2 (January 1990), 318–334.
113. Sherif, Muzafer, The Psychology of Social Norms (New York: Harper, 1936).
114. Shiffrin, Seana, “Paternalism, Unconscionability Doctrine, and Accommodation,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 29 (2000), 205–250.
115. Slovic, Paul, “The Construction of Preference,” American Psychologist 50.5 (May 1995), 364–371.
116. Smith, Travis A., Bing-Hwan Lin, and Yong-Ying Lee, “Taxing Caloric Sweetened Beverages: Potential Effects on Beverage, Consumption, Calorie Intake, and Obesity,” Economic Research Report 100 (July 2010).
117. Solove, Daniel H., “Conceptualizing Privacy,” California Law Review 90.4 (2002), 1087–1155.
118. Solove, Daniel H., “Privacy and Power: Computer Databases and Metaphors for Information Privacy,” Stanford Law Review 53.6 (2001), 1393–1462.
119. Solove, Daniel H., Understanding Privacy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008).
120. Spiegel, Jerry M., and Annalee Yassi, “Lessons from the Margins of Globalization: Appreciating the Cuban Health Paradox,” Journal of Public Health Policy 25.1 (2004), 85–110.
121. Sroufe, L. Alan, “Attachment and the Roots of Competence,” Human Nature 31 (1978), 50–59.
122. Stender, Steen, and Jorn Dyerberg, “Influence of Trans-Fatty Acids on Health,” Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 48.2 (2004), 61–66.
123. Stender, Steen, Jorn Dyerberg, and Arne Arstrup, “Consumer Protection through Legislative Ban on Industrially Produced Trans-Fatty Acids in Foods in Denmark,” Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition 50.4 (2006), 155–160.
124. Stender, Steen, Jorn Dyerberg, Ahette Bysted, Torben Leth, and Arne Astrup, “A Trans World Journey,” Atherosclerosis Supplements 7.2 (2006), 47–52.
125. Sugden, Paul, “Why Incoherent Preferences do not Justify Paternalism,” Constitutional Political Economy 19 (2008), 226–248.
126. Sumner, L. W., “The Subjectivity of Welfare,” Ethics 105.4 (1995), 764–790.
127. Sunstein, Cass R., and Richard H. Thaler, “Libertarian Paternalism is not an Oxymoron,” University of Chicago Law Review 70 (2003), 1159–1202.
128. Swithers, Susan, and Terry L. Davidson, “A Role for Sweet Taste: Caloric Predictive Relations in Energy Regulation by Rats,” Behavioral Neuroscience 122.1 (February 2008), 161–173.
129. Tan, Andy S. L., “A Case Study of the New York City Trans-Fat Story for International Application,” Journal of Public Health Policy 30.1 (2009), 3–16.
130. Tapper, K., E. M. Pothos, and A. D. Lawrence, “Feast your Eyes: Hunger and Trait Reward Drive Predict Attentional Bias for Food Cues,” Emotion 10 (2010), 949–954.
131. Ten, C. L., Mill On Liberty (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). ed., Mill’s On Liberty: A Critical Guide (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
132. Thaler, Richard H., and Shlomo Benartzi, “Save More Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Savings,” Journal of Political Economy 112 (February 2004), S124–S187.
133. Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008).
134. Thomas, Matthew, and Luke Buckmaster, “Paternalism in Social Policy – When is it Justifiable?,” Parliamentary Library (Australia), Research Paper 8 (15 December 2010).
135. Thomson, Judith, The Realm of Rights (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990).
136. Trout, J. D., “Paternalism and Cognitive Biases,” Law and Philosophy 24 (2005), 393–434.
137. Why Empathy Matters (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2010).
138. Ubel, Peter, Free Market Madness: Why Human Nature is at Odds with Economics: And Why it Matters (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business Press, 2009).
139. Van Hecke, Madeline L., Blind Spots. Why People do Dumb Things (New York: Prometheus Books, 2007).
140. Van Rooij Martin, and Federica Teppa, “Choice orNo Choice:What Explains the Attractiveness of DefaultOptions,” DNBWorking Paper 165 (DeNederlandsche Bank; January 2008).
141. Van de Veer Donald, Paternalistic Intervention: The Moral Bounds of Benevolence (Princeton University Press, 1986).
142. Wansink, Brian, and Pierre Chandon, “Meal Size, not Body Size, Explains Errors in Estimating the Calorie Content of Meals,” Annals of Internal Medicine (September 2006), 326–333.
143. Wansink, Brian, Collin R. Payne, and Pierre Chandon, “Internal and External Cues of Meal Cessation,” Obesity 15.12 (2007), 2920–2924.
144. Wansink, Brian, Collin R. Payne, and Pierre Chandon, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (New York: Bantam Books/Random House, 2010).
145. Warren, Samuel, and Louis Brandeis, “The Right to Privacy,” Harvard Law Review 4.5 (1890), 193–220.
146. Watson, David, and Lee A. Clark, “Negative Affectivity: The Disposition to Experience Aversive Emotional States,” Psychological Bulletin 96.3 (1984), 465–490.
147. Weinstein, Neil D., “Optimistic Biases About Personal Risks,” Science 246.4935 (December 8, 1989), 1232–1233.
148. Weiss, Rachel I., and Jason A. Smith, “Legislative Approaches to the Obesity Epidemic,” Journal of Public Health Policy 25.3-4 (2004), 379–390.
149. Wertheimer, Alan, Coercion (Princeton University Press, 1987).
150. Whiten, Andrew, “Conformity to Cultural Norms of Tool Use in Chimpanzees,” Nature 437 (September 29, 2005), 737–740.
151. Whitman, Douglas Glen, and Mario J. Rizzo, “Paternalist Slopes,” New York University Journal of Law and Liberty 2.3 (2007), 411–443.
152. Wikler, Dan, “Coercive Measures in Health Promotion: Can They be Justified?,” Health Education Monographs 6 (July 1978), 223–241.
153. Wikler, Dan, “Paternalism and the Mildly Retarded,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 83–94.
154. Wikler, Dan, “Persuasion and Coercion in Health: Ethical Issues in Government Efforts to Change Life Styles,” in Paternalism, ed. Rolf Sartorius (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), pp. 35–59; previously published in Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society 56.3 (1978), 303–338.
155. Wikler, Dan, “Who Should be Blamed for Being Sick,” Health Education Quarterly 14.1 (spring 1987), 11–25.
156. Wilson, Fred, “Mill on Psychology and the Moral Sciences,” in The Cambridge Companion to Mill, ed. John Skorupski (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp, 35–59.
157. Young, L. R., and M. Nestle, “The Contribution of Expanding Portion Sizes to the U.S. Obesity Epidemic,” American Journal of Public Health 92.2 (2002), 246–249.
158. Young, Robert, “The Value of Autonomy,” Philosophical Quarterly 32.126 (1982), 35–44.
159. Zeelenberg, M., K. Van den Bos, E. Van Dijk, and R. Pieters, “The Inaction Effect in the Psychology of Regret,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002), 314–327.