Could the improvement of obesity-related co-morbidities depend on modified gut hormones secretion?

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 44, 2014, Pages 16649-16664

  Finelli, Carmine ^a   Padula, Maria Carmela ^b   Martelli, Giuseppe ^b   Tarantino, Giovanni ^c,d  

^a Stella Maris Mediterraneum Foundation   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BASILICATA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^d NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bariatric surgery; Gut hormones; Microbiome; Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE; GHRELIN; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; INSULIN; LEPTIN; PEPTIDE YY;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BILIOPANCREATIC BYPASS; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENERGY BALANCE; EPIGENETICS; FOOD INTAKE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; INDIVIDUALIZATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTESTINE FLORA; LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MORBID OBESITY; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OBESITY; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SLEEVE GASTRECTOMY; STOMACH FUNDOPLICATION; THERAPY EFFECT; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ANIMAL; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SECRETION (PROCESS); SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; BARIATRIC SURGERY; COMORBIDITY; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HOMEOSTASIS; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84918787453     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16649     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Harvey EJ, Arroyo K, Korner J, Inabnet WB. Hormone changes affecting energy homeostasis after metabolic surgery. Mt Sinai J Med 2010; 77: 446-465 [PMID: 20960548 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20203]
2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012; 307: 491-497 [PMID: 22253363 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.39]
3. Dixon JB. The effect of obesity on health outcomes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 316:104-108 [PMID: 19628019 DOI: 10.1016/ j.mce.2009.07.008]
4. Tarantino G, Finelli C. What about non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a new criterion to define metabolic syndrome? World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 3375-3384 [PMID: 23801829 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i22.3375]
5. Bruce KD, Hanson MA. The developmental origins, mechanisms, and implications of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr 2010; 140: 648-652 [PMID: 20107145 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.111179]
6. Kennedy GC. The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1953; 140: 578-596 [PMID: 13027283]
7. Suzuki K, Jayasena CN, Bloom SR. Obesity and appetite control. Exp Diabetes Res 2012; 2012: 824305 [PMID: 22899902 DOI: 10.1155/2012/824305]
8. Belgardt BF, Brüning JC. CNS leptin and insulin action in the control of energy homeostasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1212: 97-113 [PMID: 21070248 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1749-6632.2010.05799.x]
9. Obici S. Minireview: Molecular targets for obesity therapy in the brain. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 2512-2517 [PMID: 19372196 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0409]
10. Briggs DI, Lockie SH, Wu Q, Lemus MB, Stark R, Andrews ZB. Calorie-restricted weight loss reverses high-fat dietinduced ghrelin resistance, which contributes to rebound weight gain in a ghrelin-dependent manner. Endocrinology 2013; 154: 709-717 [PMID: 23307790 DOI: 10.1210/ en.2012-1421]
11. Engineer DR, Garcia JM. Leptin in anorexia and cachexia syndrome. Int J Pept 2012; 2012: 287457 [PMID: 22518191 DOI: 10.1155/2012/287457]
12. Hollywood A, Ogden J, Pring C. The impact of a bariatric rehabilitation service on weight loss and psychological adjustment-study protocol. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 275 [PMID: 22480247 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-275]
13. Field BC, Chaudhri OB, Bloom SR. Obesity treatment: novel peripheral targets. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 68: 830-843 [PMID: 20002077 DOI: 10.HH/j.1365-2125.2009.03522.x]
14. Tsesmeli N, Coumaros D. The future of bariatrics: endoscopy, endoluminal surgery, and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 155-162 [PMID: 20140832 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1243876]
15. Emerging Technologies and Clinical Issues Committees of the ASMBS. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Position Statement on emerging endosurgical interventions for treatment of obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2009; 5: 297-298 [PMID: 19356995 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2009.02.001]
16. Burton PR, Brown WA. The mechanism of weight loss with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: induction of satiety not restriction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35 Suppl 3: S26-S30 [PMID: 21912383 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.144]
17. Botella Romero F, Milla Tobarra M, Alfaro Martínez JJ, García Arce L, García Gómez A, Salas Sáiz MÁ, Soler Marín A. [Bariatric surgery in duodenal switch procedure: weight changes and associated nutritional deficiencies]. Endocrinol Nutr 2011; 58: 214-218 [PMID: 21524947 DOI: 10.1016/ j.endonu.2011.02.008]
18. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999; 402: 656-660 [PMID: 10604470]
19. Kalra SP, Kalra PS. NPY and cohorts in regulating appetite, obesity and metabolic syndrome: beneficial effects of gene therapy. Neuropeptides 2004; 38: 201-211 [PMID: 15337372]
20. LeSauter J, Hoque N, Weintraub M, Pfaff DW, Silver R. Stomach ghrelin-secreting cells as food-entrainable circadian clocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106:13582-13587 [PMID: 19633195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906426106]
21. Cummings DE. Ghrelin and the short- and long-term regulation of appetite and body weight. Physiol Behav 2006; 89: 71-84 [PMID: 16859720]
22. Frühbeck G, Diez-Caballero A, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Gil MJ, Monreal I, Salvador J, Cienfuegos JA. Disruption of the leptin-insulin relationship in obese men 24 hours after laparoscopic adjustable silicone gastric banding. Obes Surg 2002; 12: 366-371 [PMID: 12082889]
23. Frühbeck G, Diez Caballero A, Gil MJ. Fundus functionality and ghrelin concentrations after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 308-309 [PMID: 14724316]
24. Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, Purnell JQ. Plasma ghrelin levels after dietinduced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1623-1630 [PMID: 12023994]
25. Bose M, Machineni S, Oliván B, Teixeira J, McGinty JJ, Bawa B, Koshy N, Colarusso A, Laferrère B. Superior appetite hor- mone profile after equivalent weight loss by gastric bypass compared to gastric banding. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18: 1085-1091 [PMID: 20057364 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.473]
26. Korner J, Inabnet W, Febres G, Conwell IM, McMahon DJ, Salas R, Paveras G, Schrope B, Bessler M. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Int J Obes (Land) 2009; 33: 786-795 [PMID: 19417773 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.79]
27. Peterli R, Wölnerhanssen B, Peters T, Devaux N, Kern B, Christoffel-Courtin C, Drewe J, von Flüe M, Beglinger C. Improvement in glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: comparison of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 2009; 250: 234-241 [PMID: 19638921 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181ae32e3]
28. Langer FB, Reza Hoda MA, Bohdjalian A, Felberbauer FX, Zacherl J, Wenzl E, Schindler K, Luger A, Ludvik B, Prager G. Sleeve gastrectomy and gastric banding: effects on plasma ghrelin levels. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 1024-1029 [PMID: 16105401]
29. Catheline JM, Fysekidis M, Dbouk R, Boschetto A, Bihan H, Reach G, Cohen R. Weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy in super superobesity. J Obes 2012; 2012: 959260 [PMID: 22888410 DOI: 10.1155/2012/959260]
30. Donnelly D. The structure and function of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and its ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166: 27-41 [PMID: 21950636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01687. x]
31. Doyle ME, Egan JM. Glucagon-like peptide-1. Recent Prog Horm Res 2001; 56: 377-399 [PMID: 11237222]
32. Steinert RE, Poller B, Castelli MC, Drewe J, Beglinger C. Oral administration of glucagon-like peptide 1 or peptide YY 3-36 affects food intake in healthy male subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 810-817 [PMID: 20720259 DOI: 10.3945/ ajcn.2010.29663]
33. Young AA, Gedulin BR, Rink TJ. Dose-responses for the slowing of gastric emptying in a rodent model by glucagonlike peptide (7-36) NH2, amylin, cholecystokinin, and other possible regulators of nutrient uptake. Metabolism 1996; 45: 1-3 [PMID: 8544764]
34. Cobble M. Differentiating among incretin-based therapies in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2012; 4: 8 [PMID: 22390369 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-4-8]
35. Rowzee AM, Cawley NX, Chiorini JA, Di Pasquale G. Glucagon-like peptide-1 gene therapy. Exp Diabetes Res 2011; 2011: 601047 [PMID: 21747830 DOI: 10.1155/2011/601047]
36. Willard FS, Sloop KW. Physiology and emerging biochemistry of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Exp Diabetes Res 2012; 2012: 470851 [PMID: 22666230 DOI: 10.1155/2012/470851]
37. le Roux CW, Welbourn R, Werling M, Osborne A, Kokkinos A, Laurenius A, Lönroth H, Fändriks L, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Olbers T. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann Surg 2007; 246: 780-785 [PMID: 17968169]
38. Morínigo R, Lacy AM, Casamitjana R, Delgado S, Gomis R, Vidal J. GLP-1 and changes in glucose tolerance following gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Obes Surg 2006; 16:1594-1601 [PMID: 17217635]
39. Jiménez A, Casamitjana R, Flores L, Delgado S, Lacy A, Vidal J. GLP-1 and the long-term outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Ann Surg 2013; 257: 894-899 [PMID: 23579541 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31826b8603]
40. Chandarana K, Gelegen C, Karra E, Choudhury AI, Drew ME, Fauveau V, Viollet B, Andreelli F, Withers DJ, Batterham RL. Diet and gastrointestinal bypass-induced weight loss: the roles of ghrelin and peptide YY. Diabetes 2011; 60: 810-818 [PMID: 21292870 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0566]
41. Mizrahi M, Ben Ya'acov A, Han Y. Gastric stimulation for weight loss. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 2309-2319 [PMID: 22654422 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i19.2309]
42. Ueno H, Yamaguchi H, Mizuta M, Nakazato M. The role of PYY in feeding regulation. Regul Pept 2008; 145:12-16 [PMID: 17920705]
43. Small CJ, Bloom SR. The therapeutic potential of gut hormone peptide YY3-36 in the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14: 647-653 [PMID: 15926870]
44. Suzuki K, Jayasena CN, Bloom SR. The gut hormones in appetite regulation. J Obes 2011; 2011: 528401 [PMID: 21949903 DOI: 10.1155/2011/528401]
45. le Roux CW, Aylwin SJ, Batterham RL, Borg CM, Coyle F, Prasad V, Shurey S, Ghatei MA, Patel AG, Bloom SR. Gut hormone profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state, facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters. Ann Surg 2006; 243:108-114 [PMID: 16371744]
46. Karamanakos SN, Vagenas K, Kalfarentzos F, Alexandrides TK. Weight loss, appetite suppression, and changes in fasting and postprandial ghrelin and peptide-YY levels after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective, double blind study. Ann Surg 2008; 247: 401-407 [PMID: 18376181 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318156f012]
47. Valderas JP, Irribarra V, Boza C, de la Cruz R, Liberona Y, Acosta AM, Yolito M, Maiz A. Medical and surgical treatments for obesity have opposite effects on peptide YY and appetite: a prospective study controlled for weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 1069-1075 [PMID: 20097707 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0983]
48. Seino S, Shibasaki T, Minami K. Dynamics of insulin secretion and the clinical implications for obesity and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 2118-2125 [PMID: 21633180 DOI: 10.1172/JCI45680]
49. Lee WJ, Ser KH, Chong K, Lee YC, Chen SC, Tsou JJ, Chen JC, Chen CM. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for diabetes treatment in nonmorbidly obese patients: efficacy and change of insulin secretion. Surgery 2010; 147: 664-669 [PMID: 20004451 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.059]
50. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-432 [PMID: 7984236]
51. Swarbrick MM, Havel PJ. Physiological, pharmacological, and nutritional regulation of circulating adiponectin concentrations in humans. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008; 6: 87-102 [PMID: 18510434 DOI: 10.1089/met.2007.0029]
52. Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kubota T, Moroi M, Matsui J, Eto K, Yamashita T, Kamon J, Satoh H, Yano W, Froguel P, Nagai R, Kimura S, Kadowaki T, Noda T. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 25863-25866 [PMID: 12032136]
53. Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Hotta K, Matsuzawa Y, Pratley RE, Tataranni PA. Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1930-1935 [PMID: 11344187]
54. Dadson K, Liu Y, Sweeney G. Adiponectin action: a combination of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2: 62 [PMID: 22649379 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00062]
55. Kotidis EV, Koliakos G, Papavramidis TS, Papavramidis ST. The effect of biliopancreatic diversion with pylorus-preserving sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch on fasting serum ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin levels: is there a hormonal contribution to the weight-reducing effect of this procedure? Obes Surg 2006; 16: 554-559 [PMID: 16687021]
56. Gill RS, Karmali S, Sharma AM. Treating type 2 diabetes mellitus with sleeve gastrectomy in obese patients. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19: 701-702 [PMID: 20966914 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.261]
57. Shimizu H, Timratana P, Schauer PR, Rogula T. Review of Metabolic Surgery for Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with a BMI& It; 35kg/m(2). J Obes 2012; 2012: 147256 [PMID: 22720136 DOI: 10.1155/2012/147256]
58. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, Bantle JP, Sledge I. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2009; 122: 248-256.e5 [PMID: 19272486 DOI: 10.1016/ j.amjmed.2008.09.041]
59. Hutter MM, Schirmer BD, Jones DB, Ko CY, Cohen ME, Merkow RP, Nguyen NT. First report from the American College of Surgeons Bariatric Surgery Center Network: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has morbidity and effectiveness positioned between the band and the bypass. Ann Surg 2011; 254: 410-20; discussion 420-2 [PMID: 21865942 DOI: 10.1097/ SLA.0b013e31822c9dac]
60. Lee WJ, Chong K, Chen CY, Chen SC, Lee YC, Ser KH, Chuang LM. Diabetes remission and insulin secretion after gastric bypass in patients with body mass index & It; 35 kg/m2. Obes Surg 2011; 21: 889-895 [PMID: 21499957 DOI: 10.1007/ s11695-011-0401-6]
61. Mari A, Manco M, Guidone C, Nanni G, Castagneto M, Mingrone G, Ferrannini E. Restoration of normal glucose tolerance in severely obese patients after bilio-pancreatic diversion: role of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Diobetologia 2006; 49: 2136-2143 [PMID: 16819611]
62. Polyzogopoulou EV, Kalfarentzos F, Vagenakis AG, Alexandrides TK. Restoration of euglycemia and normal acute insulin response to glucose in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes following bariatric surgery. Diabetes 2003; 52:1098-1103 [PMID: 12716738]
63. Scopinaro N, Adami GF, Papadla FS, Camerini G, Carlini F, Fried M, Briatore L, D'Alessandro G, Andraghetti G, Cordera R. Effects of biliopanceratic diversion on type 2 diabetes in patients with BMI 25 to 35. Ann Surg 2011; 253: 699-703 [PMID: 21475009 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318203ae44]
64. Knop FK. Resolution of type 2 diabetes following gastric bypass surgery: involvement of gut-derived glucagon and glucagonotropic signalling? Diobetologia 2009; 52: 2270-2276 [PMID: 19727661 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1511-8]
65. Snyder B, Nguyen A, Scarbourough T, Yu S, Wilson E. Comparison of those who succeed in losing significant excessive weight after bariatric surgery and those who fail. Surg Endose 2009; 23: 2302-2306 [PMID: 19184204 DOI: 10.1007/ s00464-008-0322-1]
66. Lin E, Gletsu N, Fugate K, McClusky D, Gu LH, Zhu JL, Ramshaw BJ, Papanicolaou DA, Ziegler TR, Smith CD. The effects of gastric surgery on systemic ghrelin levels in the morbidly obese. Arch Surg 2004; 139: 780-784 [PMID: 15249413]
67. Castagneto-Gissey L, Mingrone G. Insulin sensitivity and secretion modifications after bariatric surgery. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35: 692-698 [PMID: 22732257 DOI: 10.3275/8470]
68. Plum L, Ahmed L, Febres G, Bessler M, Inabnet W, Kunreuther E, McMahon DJ, Korner J. Comparison of glucostatic parameters after hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery and equivalent weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19: 2149-2157 [PMID: 21593800 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.134]
69. de Luis D, Pacheco D, Conde R, Primo D, Aller R, Izaola O. Basal GLP-1 levels in morbidly obese patients following biliopancreatic diversion surgery. Ann Nutr Metab 2012; 61: 70-73 [PMID: 22846622 DOI: 10.1159/000339378]
70. Beckman LM, Beckman TR, Sibley SD, Thomas W, Ikramuddin S, Kellogg TA, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, le Roux GW, Earthman CP. Changes in gastrointestinal hormones and leptin after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35: 169-180 [PMID: 21378246 DOI: 10.1177/0148607110381403]
71. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Leccesi L, Nanni G, Pomp A, Castagneto M, Ghirlanda G, Rubino F. Bariatric surgery versus conventional medical therapy for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1577-1585 [PMID: 22449317 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200111]
72. Couce ME, Cottam D, Esplen J, Schauer P, Burguera B. Is ghrelin the culprit for weight loss after gastric bypass surgery? A negative answer. Obes Surg 2006; 16: 870-878 [PMID: 16839485]
73. Sundbom M, Holdstock C, Engström BE, Karlsson FA. Early changes in ghrelin following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: influence of vagal nerve functionality? Obes Surg 2007; 17: 304-310 [PMID: 17546836]
74. Borg CM, le Roux CW, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Patel AG, Aylwin SJ. Progressive rise in gut hormone levels after Rouxen-Y gastric bypass suggests gut adaptation and explains altered satiety. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 210-215 [PMID: 16392104]
75. Morínigo R, Casamitjana R, Moizé V, Lacy AM, Delgado S, G omis R, Vidal J. Short-term effects of gastric bypass surgery on circulating ghrelin levels. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1108-1116 [PMID: 15292475]
76. Morínigo R, Vidal J, Lacy AM, Delgado S, Casamitjana R, Gomis R. Circulating peptide YY, weight loss, and glucose homeostasis after gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Ann Surg 2008; 247: 270-275 [PMID: 18216532 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31815f6e77]
77. Frühbeck G, Rotellar F, Hernández-Lizoain JL, Gil MJ, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Salvador J, Cienfuegos JA. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations 6 months after gastric bypass are not determined by weight loss or changes in insulinemia. Obes Surg 2004; 14:1208-1215 [PMID: 15527636]
78. Holdstock C, Engström BE, Ohrvall M, Lind L, Sundbom M, Karlsson FA. Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3177-3183 [PMID: 12843162]
79. Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gómez JM, Gutiérrez C, Simón I, Soler J, Richart C. Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obes Res 2004; 12: 962-971 [PMID: 15229336]
80. Whitson BA, Leslie DB, Kellogg TA, Maddaus MA, Buchwald H, Billington CJ, Ikramuddin S. Entero-endocrine changes after gastric bypass in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a preliminary study. J Surg Res 2007; 141: 31-39 [PMID: 17574036]
81. Garcia-Fuentes E, Garrido-Sanchez L, Garcia-Almeida JM, Garcia-Arnes J, Gallego-Perales JL, Rivas-Marin J, Morcillo S, Cardona I, Soriguer F. Different effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and open biliopancreatic diversion of Scopinaro on serum PYY and ghrelin levels. Obes Surg 2008; 18: 1424-1429 [PMID: 18542849 DOI: 10.1007/ S11695-008-9560-5]
82. García de la Torre N, Rubio MA, Bordiú E, Cabrerizo L, Aparicio E, Hernández C, Sánchez-Pernaute A, Díez-Valladares L, Torres AJ, Puente M, Charro AL. Effects of weight loss after bariatric surgery for morbid obesity on vascular endothelial growth factor-A, adipocytokines, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 4276-4281 [PMID: 18713823 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1370]
83. Pardina E, López-Tejero MD, Llamas R, Catalán R, Galard R, Allende H, Vargas V, Lecube A, Fort JM, Baena-Fustegueras JA, Peinado-Onsurbe J. Ghrelin and apolipoprotein AIV levels show opposite trends to leptin levels during weight loss in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 1414-1423 [PMID: 19172368 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9793-3]
84. Faraj M, Havel PJ, Phélis S, Blank D, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Plasma acylation-stimulating protein, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin before and after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:1594-1602 [PMID: 12679444]
85. Roth CL, Reinehr T, Sehernthaner GH, Kopp HP, Kriwanek S, Schernthaner G. Ghrelin and obestatin levels in severely obese women before and after weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 29-35 [PMID: 18521699 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9568-x]
86. Stoeckli R, Chanda R, Langer I, Keller U. Changes of body weight and plasma ghrelin levels after gastric banding and gastric bypass. Obes Res 2004; 12: 346-350 [PMID: 14981228]
87. Carroll JF, Franks SF, Smith AB, Phelps DR. Visceral adipose tissue loss and insulin resistance 6 months after laparoscopic gastric banding surgery: a preliminary study. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 47-55 [PMID: 18663543 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9642-4]
88. Hanusch-Enserer U, Brabant G, Roden M. Ghrelin concentrations in morbidly obese patients after adjustable gastric banding. NEngl J Med 2003; 348: 2159-2160 [PMID: 12761382]
89. Hanusch-Enserer U, Cauza E, Brabant G, Dunky A, Rosen H, Pacini G, Tuchler H, Prager R, Roden M. Plasma ghrelin in obesity before and after weight loss after laparoscopical adjustable gastric banding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3352-3358 [PMID: 15240614]
90. Schindler K, Prager G, Bailaban T, Kretschmer S, Riener R, Buranyi B, Maier C, Luger A, Ludvik B. Impact of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding on plasma ghrelin, eating behaviour and body weight. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34: 549-554 [PMID: 15305889]
91. Shak JR, Roper J, Perez-Perez GI, Tseng CH, Francois F, Gamagaris Z, Patterson C, Weinshel E, Fielding GA, Ren C, Blaser MJ. The effect of laparoscopic gastric banding surgery on plasma levels of appetite-control, insulinotropic, and digestive hormones. Obes Surg 2008; 18: 1089-1096 [PMID: 18408980 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9454-6]
92. Wang Y, Liu J. Plasma ghrelin modulation in gastric band operation and sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 357-362 [PMID: 18841429 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-008-9688-3]
93. Adami GF, Cordera R, Marinari G, Lamerini G, Andraghetti G, Scopinaro N. Plasma ghrelin concentratin in the shortterm following biliopancreatic diversion. Obes Surg 2003; 13: 889-892 [PMID: 14738676]
94. Mingrone G, Granato L, Valera-Mora E, Iaconelli A, Calvani MF, Bracaglia R, Manco M, Nanni G, Castagneto M. Ultradian ghrelin pulsatility is disrupted in morbidly obese subjects after weight loss induced by malabsorptive bariatric surgery. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1017-1024 [PMID: 16685041]
95. Mingrone G, Nolfe G, Gissey GC, Iaconelli A, Leccesi L, Guidone C, Nanni G, Holst JJ. Circadian rhythms of GIP and GLP1 in glucose-tolerant and in type 2 diabetic patients after biliopancreatic diversion. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 873-881 [PMID: 19229515 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1288-9]
96. García-Unzueta MT, Fernández-Santiago R, Dominguez-Díez A, Vazquez-Salví L, Fernández-Escalante JC, Amado JA. Fasting plasma ghrelin levels increase progressively after biliopancreatic diversion: one-year follow-up. Obes Surg 2005; 15:187-190 [PMID: 15802059]
97. Adami GF, Cordera R, Andraghetti G, Camerini GB, Marinari GM, Scopinaro N. Changes in serum ghrelin concentration following biliopancreatic diversion for obesity. Obes Res 2004; 12: 684-687 [PMID: 15090637]
98. Valera Mora ME, Manco M, Capristo E, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Gniuli D, Rosa G, Calvani M, Mingrone G. Growth hormone and ghrelin secretion in severely obese women before and after bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 2012-2018 [PMID: 17712119]
99. Bohdjalian A, Langer FB, Shakeri-Leidenmühler S, Gfrerer L, Ludvik B, Zacherl J, Prager G. Sleeve gastrectomy as sole and definitive bariatric procedure: 5-year results for weight loss and ghrelin. Obes Surg 2010; 20: 535-540 [PMID: 20094819 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-0066-6]
100. Kashyap SR, Daud S, Kelly KR, Gastaldelli A, Win H, Brethauer S, Kirwan JP, Schauer PR. Acute effects of gastric by-pass versus gastric restrictive surgery on beta-cell function and insulinotropic hormones in severely obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34: 462-471 [PMID: 20029383 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.254]
101. Clements RH, Gonzalez QH, Long CI, Wittert G, Laws HL. Hormonal changes after Roux-en Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity and the control of type-II diabetes mellitus. Am Surg 2004; 70:1-4; discussion 4-5 [PMID: 14964537]
102. Rubino F, Gagner M, Gentileschi P, Kini S, Fukuyama S, Feng J, Diamond E. The early effect of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on hormones involved in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 236-242 [PMID: 15273546]
103. Laferrère B, Heshka S, Wang K, Khan Y, McGinty J, Teixeira J, Hart AB, Olivan B. Incretin levels and effect are markedly enhanced 1 month after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 1709-1716 [PMID: 17416796]
104. Pournaras DJ, Osborne A, Hawkins SC, Mahon D, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Welbourn R, le Roux GW. The gut hormone response following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: cross-sectional and prospective study. Obes Surg 2010; 20: 56-60 [PMID: 19826888 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-9989-1]
105. Reinehr T, Roth CL, Schernthaner GH, Kopp HP, Kriwanek S, Schernthaner G. Peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1 in morbidly obese patients before and after surgically induced weight loss. Obes Surg 2007; 17: 1571-1577 [PMID: 18046613]
106. de Carvalho CP, Marin DM, de Souza AL, Pareja JC, Chaim EA, de Barros Mazon S, da Silva CA, Geloneze B, Muscelli E, Alegre SM. GLP-1 and adiponectin: effect of weight loss after dietary restriction and gastric bypass in morbidly obese patients with normal and abnormal glucose metabolism. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 313-320 [PMID: 18815849 DOI: 10.1007/ S11695-008-9678-5]
107. Guidone C, Manco M, Valera-Mora E, Iaconelli A, Gniuli D, Mari A, Nanni G, Castagneto M, Calvani M, Mingrone G. Mechanisms of recovery from type 2 diabetes after malabsorptive bariatric surgery. Diabetes 2006; 55: 2025-2031 [PMID: 16804072]
108. Marfella R, Barbieri M, Ruggiero R, Rizzo MR, Grella R, Mozzillo AL, Docimo L, Paolisso G. Bariatric surgery reduces oxidative stress by blunting 24-h acute glucose fluctuations in type 2 diabetic obese patients. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 287-289 [PMID: 19889803 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1343]
109. Salinari S, Bertuzzi A, Asnaghi S, Guidone C, Manco M, Mingrone G. First-phase insulin secretion restoration and differential response to glucose load depending on the route of administration in type 2 diabetic subjects after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 375-380 [PMID: 19033407 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1314]
110. Valverde I, Puente J, Martin-Duce A, Molina L, Lozano O, Sancho V, Malaisse WJ, Villanueva-Peñacarrillo ML. Changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion after biliopancreatic diversion or vertical banded gastroplasty in obese subjects. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 387-397 [PMID: 15826475]
111. Lugari R, Dei Cas A, Ugolotti D, Barilli AL, Camellini C, Ganzerla GC, Luciani A, Salerni B, Mittenperger F, Nodari S, Gnudi A, Zandomeneghi R. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity in morbidly obese patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversion. Horm Metab Res 2004; 36: 111-115 [PMID: 15002062]
112. Molina A, Vendrell J, Gutiérrez C, Simón I, Masdevall C, Soler J, Gómez JM. Insulin resistance, leptin and TNF-alpha system in morbidly obese women after gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2003; 13: 615-621 [PMID: 12935365]
113. Ramos AP, de Abreu MR, Vendramini RC, Brunetti IL, Pepato MT. Decrease in circulating glucose, insulin and leptin levels and improvement in insulin resistance at 1 and 3 months after gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2006; 16: 1359-1364 [PMID: 17059747]
114. Swarbrick MM, Stanhope KL, Austrheim-Smith IT, Van Loan MD, Ali MR, Wolfe BM, Havel PJ. Longitudinal changes in pancreatic and adipocyte hormones following Rouxen-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 1901-1911 [PMID: 18704364 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1118-5]
115. Trakhtenbroit MA, Leichman JG, Algahim MF, Miller CC, Moody FG, Lux TR, Taegtmeyer H. Body weight, insulin resistance, and serum adipokine levels 2 years after 2 types of bariatric surgery. Am J Med 2009; 122: 435-442 [PMID: 19375553 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.10.035]
116. Coughlin CC, Finck BN, Eagon JC, Halpin VJ, Magkos F, Mohammed BS, Klein S. Effect of marked weight loss on adiponectin gene expression and plasma concentrations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 640-645 [PMID: 17372314]
117. Riedl M, Vila G, Maier C, Handisurya A, Shakeri-Manesch S, Prager G, Wagner O, Kautzky-Willer A, Ludvik B, Clodi M, Luger A. Plasma osteopontin increases after bariatric surgery and correlates with markers of bone turnover but not with insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 2307-2312 [PMID: 18334587 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2383]
118. Serra A, Granada ML, Romero R, Bayés B, Cantón A, Bonet J, Rull M, Alastrue A, Formiguera X. The effect of bariatric surgery on adipocytokines, renal parameters and other cardiovascular risk factors in severe and very severe obesity: 1-year follow-up. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 400-408 [PMID: 16709438]
119. Swarbrick MM, Austrheim-Smith IT, Stanhope KL, Van Loan MD, Ali MR, Wolfe BM, Havel PJ. Circulating concentrations of high-molecular-weight adiponectin are increased following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 2552-2558 [PMID: 17019599]
120. Vila G, Riedl M, Maier C, Struck J, Morgenthaler NG, Handisurya A, Prager G, Ludvik B, Clodi M, Luger A. Plasma MR-proADM correlates to BMI and decreases in relation to leptin after gastric bypass surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 1184-1188 [PMID: 19247278 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.22]
121. Vilarrasa N, Vendrell J, Sánchez-Santos R, Broch M, Megia A, Masdevall C, Gomez N, Soler J, Pujol J, Bettónica C, Aranda H, Gómez JM. Effect of weight loss induced by gastric by-pass on proinflammatory interleukin-18, soluble tumour necrosis factor-alpha receptors, C-reactive protein and adiponectin in morbidly obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67: 679-686 [PMID: 17608757]
122. Uzun H, Zengin K, Taskin M, Aydin S, Simsek G, Dariyerli N. Changes in leptin, plasminogen activator factor and oxidative stress in morbidly obese patients following open and laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 659-665 [PMID: 15186635]
123. Moschen AR, Molnar C, Wolf AM, Weiss H, Graziadei I, Kaser S, Ebenbichler CF, Stadlmann S, Moser PL, Tilg H. Effects of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery on hepatic adipocytokine expression. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 765-777 [PMID: 19664840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.06.016]
124. Ram E, Vishne T, Maayan R, Lerner I, Weizman A, Dreznik Z, Konstantin B, Seror D, Pnina V. The relationship between BMI, plasma leptin, insulin and proinsulin before and after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 1456-1462 [PMID: 16354527]
125. Diker D, Vishne T, Maayan R, Weizman A, Vardi P, Dreznik Z, Seror D, Ram E. Impact of gastric banding on plasma adiponectin levels. Obes Surg 2006; 16: 1057-1061 [PMID: 16901360]
126. Haider DG, Schindler K, Schalier G, Prager G, Wolzt M, Ludvik B. Increased plasma visfatin concentrations in morbidly obese subjects are reduced after gastric banding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1578-1581 [PMID: 16449335]
127. Engl J, Bobbert T, Ciardi G, Laimer M, Tatarczyk T, Kaser S, Weiss H, Molnar C, Tilg H, Patsch JR, Spranger J, Ebenbichler CF. Effects of pronounced weight loss on adiponectin oligomer composition and metabolic parameters. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1172-1178 [PMID: 17495193]
128. Poitou C, Lacorte JM, Coupaye M, Bertrais S, Bedel JF, La- fon N, Bouillot JL, Galan P, Borson-Chazot F, Basdevant A, Coussieu C, Clément K. Relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in leptin, IL6 and adiponectin genes and their circulating product in morbidly obese subjects before and after gastric banding surgery. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 11-23 [PMID: 15760495]
129. Salinari S, Bertuzzi A, Iaconelli A, Manco M, Mingrone G. Twenty-four hour insulin secretion and beta cell NEFA oxidation in type 2 diabetic, morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. Diabetologia 2008; 51:1276-1284 [PMID: 18458872 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1007-y]
130. Camastra S, Manco M, Frascerra S, Iaconelli A, Mingrone G, Ferrannini E. Daylong pituitary hormones in morbid obesity: effects of bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:166-172 [PMID: 19050673 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.226]
131. Rosa G, Mingrone G, Manco M, Euthine V, Gniuli D, Calvani R, Calvani M, Favuzzi AM, Castagneto M, Vidal H. Molecular mechanisms of diabetes reversibility after bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 1429-1436 [PMID: 17515913]
132. Bruno C, Fulford AD, Potts JR, McClintock R, Jones R, Cacucci BM, Gupta CE, Peacock M, Considine RV. Serum markers of bone turnover are increased at six and 18 months after Roux-en-Y bariatric surgery: correlation with the reduction in leptin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:159-166 [PMID: 19858320 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0265]
133. Das SK, Roberts SB, McCrory MA, Hsu LK, Shikora SA, Kehayias JJ, Dallai GE, Saltzman E. Long-term changes in energy expenditure and body composition after massive weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 22-30 [PMID: 12816767]
134. Czupryniak L, Pawlowski M, Kumor A, Szymanski D, Loba J, Strzelczyk J. Predicting maximum Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced weight reduction-preoperative plasma leptin or body weight? Obes Surg 2007; 17: 162-167 [PMID: 17476866]
135. Maruna P, Gürlich R, Fried M, Frasko R, Chachkhiani I, Haluzik M. Leptin as an acute phase reactant after nonadjustable laparoscopic gastric banding. Obes Surg 2001; 11: 609-614 [PMID: 11594104]
136. Heinonen MV, Purhonen AK, Miettinen P, Pääkkönen M, Pirinen E, Alhava E, Akerman K, Herzig KH. Apelin, orexin-A and leptin plasma levels in morbid obesity and effect of gastric banding. Regul Pept 2005; 130: 7-13 [PMID: 15970339]
137. Hafeez S, Ahmed MH. Bariatric surgery as potential treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a future treatment by choice or by chance? J Obes 2013; 2013: 839275 [PMID: 23431426 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839275]
138. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, Schoelles K. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 292:1724-1737 [PMID: 15479938]
139. Kong LC, Tap J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Pelloux V, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, Zucker JD, Doré J, Clément K. Gut microbiota after gastric bypass in human obesity: increased richness and associations of bacterial genera with adipose tissue genes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 16-24 [PMID: 23719559 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058743]
140. Osto M, Abegg K, Bueter M, le Roux CW, Cani PD, Lutz TA. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in rats alters gut microbiota profile along the intestine. Physiol Behav 2013; 119: 92-96 [PMID: 23770330 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.008]
141. Ashrafian H, Li JV, Spagou K, Harling L, Masson P, Darzi A, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Athanasiou T. Bariatric surgery modulates circulating and cardiac metabolites. J Proteome Res 2014; 13: 570-580 [PMID: 24279706 DOI: 10.1021/pr400748f]
142. Sweeney TE, Morton JM. The human gut microbiome: a review of the effect of obesity and surgically induced weight loss. JAMA Surg 2013; 148: 563-569 [PMID: 23571517 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.5]
143. del Genio F, Alfonsi L, Marra M, Finelli C, del Genio G, Rossetti G, del Genio A, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F. Metabolic and nutritional status changes after 10% weight loss in severely obese patients treated with laparoscopic surgery vs integrated medical treatment. Obes Surg 2007; 17: 1592-1598 [PMID: 18000718]
144. Del Genio F, Del Genio G, De Sio I, Marra M, Alfonsi L, Finelli C, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F. Noninvasive evaluation of abdominal fat and liver changes following progressive weight loss in severely obese patients treated with laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 1664-1671 [PMID: 19526270 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-9891-x]
145. Cohen R, Caravatto PP, Petry T. Metabolic Surgery for Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with a BMI of & It; 35 kg/m(2): A Surgeon's Perspective. Obes Surg 2013; 23: 809-818 [PMID: 23564465 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-0930-2]
146. Ionut V, Burch M, Youdim A, Bergman RN. Gastrointestinal hormones and bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21: 1093-1103 [PMID: 23512841 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20364]
147. Holst JJ. Enternendocrine secretion of gut hormones in diabetes, obesity and after bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13: 983-988 [PMID: 24161809 DOI: 10.1016/ j.coph.2013.09.014]
148. Troke RC, Tan TM, Bloom SR. The future role of gut hormones in the treatment of obesity. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5: 4-14 [PMID: 24381724]
149. Tan T, Bloom S. Gut hormones as therapeutic agents in treatment of diabetes and obesity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13: 996-1001 [PMID: 24060699 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.09.005]
150. Hage MP, Safadi B, Salti I, Nasrallah M. Role of Gut-Related Peptides and Other Hormones in the Amelioration of Type 2 Diabetes after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery. ISRN Endocrinol 2012; 2012: 504756 [PMID: 22619730 DOI: 10.5402/2012/504756]
151. Dixon JB, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Zimmet P. Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2012; 379: 2300-2311 [PMID: 22683132 DOI: 10.1016/50140-6736(12)60401-2]
152. Busetto L, Sbraccia P, Frittitta L, Pontiroli AE. The growing role of bariatric surgery in the management of type 2 diabetes: evidences and open questions. Obes Surg 2011; 21: 1451-1457 [PMID: 21717182 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-011-0471-5]
153. Lee WJ, Chen GY, Ser KH, Chong K, Chen SC, Lee PC, Liao YD, Lee SD. Differential influences of gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy on plasma nesfatin-1 and obestatin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19: 5830-5835 [PMID: 23768444]
154. Stengel A, Taché Y. Minireview: nesfatin-1-an emerging new player in the brain-gut, endocrine, and metabolic axis. Endocrinology 2011; 152: 4033-4038 [PMID: 21862618 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1500]
155. Zhang JV, Li L, Huang Q, Ren PG. Obestatin receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2013; 114: 89-107 [PMID: 23317783 DOI: 10.1016/ B978-0-12-386933-3.00003-0]
156. Martins C, Kjelstrup L, Mostad IL, Kulseng B. Impact of sustained weight loss achieved through Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or a lifestyle intervention on ghrelin, obestatin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2011; 21: 751-758 [PMID: 21484524 DOI: 10.1007/ s11695-011-0399-9]
157. Zhang JV, Ren PG, Avsian-Kretchmer O, Luo GW, Rauch R, Klein C, Hsueh AJ. Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake. Science 2005; 310: 996-999 [PMID: 16284174]
158. Zizzari P, Longchamps R, Epelbaum J, Bluet-Pajot MT. Obestatin partially affects ghrelin stimulation of food intake and growth hormone secretion in rodents. Endocrinology 2007; 148:1648-1653 [PMID: 17204551]
159. Carlini VP, Perez MF, Salde E, Schiöth HB, Ramirez OA, de Barioglio SR. Ghrelin induced memory facilitation implicates nitric oxide synthase activation and decrease in the thresh-old to promote LTP in hippocampal dentate gyrus. Physiol Behav 2010; 101: 117-123 [PMID: 20451534 DOI: 10.1016/ j.physbeh.2010.04.026]
160. Carlini VP, Schiöth HB, Debarioglio SR. Obestatin improves memory performance and causes anxiolytic effects in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 352: 907-912 [PMID: 17157813]
161. Nogueiras R, Pfluger P, Tovar S, Arnold M, Mitchell S, Morris A, Perez-Tilve D, Vázquez MJ, Wiedmer P, Castañeda TR, DiMarchi R, Tschöp M, Schurmann A, Joost HG, Williams LM, Langhans W, Diéguez C. Effects of obestatin on energy balance and growth hormone secretion in rodents. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 21-26 [PMID: 17008393]
162. Melis JE, Anania FA. The role of gastrointestinal hormones in hepatic lipid metabolism. Semin Liver Dis 2013; 33: 343-357 [PMID: 24222092 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358527]
163. Madsbad S, Dirksen C, Holst JJ. Mechanisms of changes in glucose metabolism and bodyweight after bariatric surgery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2: 152-164 [PMID: 24622719 DOI: 10.1016/52213-8587(13)70218-3]