Gastric stimulation for weight loss

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 18, Issue 19, 2012, Pages 2309-2319

  Mizrahi, Meir ^a   Ya'acov, Ami Ben ^a   Ilan, Yaron ^a  

^a HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

External pacing; Gastric motility; Gastric pacing; Gastric stimulation; Intestinal pacing; Obesity

Indexed keywords

AMYLIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; GHRELIN; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; INCRETIN; INSULIN; LEPTIN; PEPTIDE YY;

BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN; DEVICES; ELECTROSTIMULATION THERAPY; FOOD INTAKE; GASTRIC ELECTRICAL STIMULATION; GASTRIC PACING; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HALF LIFE TIME; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; IMPLANTABLE GASTRIC STIMULATOR; IMPLANTATION; INTESTINAL PACING; INTESTINE MOTILITY; LAPAROSCOPY; MORBID OBESITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATIENT SELECTION; REVIEW; SATIETY; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; STOMACH EMPTYING; STOMACH MOTILITY; STOMACH STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VAGUS NERVE; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 84861740018     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i19.2309     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Cigaina V, Saggioro A, Rigo V, Pinato G, Ischai S. Long-term Effects of Gastric Pacing to Reduce Feed Intake in Swine. Obes Surg 1996; 6: 250-253
2. Cigaina V, Pinato G, Rigo V, Bevilacqua M, Ferraro F, Ischia S, Saggioro A. Gastric Peristalsis Control by Mono Situ Electrical Stimulation: a Preliminary Study. Obes Surg 1996; 6: 247-249
3. Le Blanc-Louvry I, Guerre F, Songné B, Ducrotté P. Gastric stimulation: influence of electrical parameters on gastric emptying in control and diabetic rats. BMC Surg 2002; 2: 5
4. Zhang J, Xu X, Chen JD. Chronic tachygastrial electrical stimulation reduces food intake in dogs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 330-339
5. Xu L, Sun X, Lu J, Tang M, Chen JD. Effects of gastric electric stimulation on gastric distention responsive neurons and expressions of CCK in rodent hippocampus. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 951-957
6. Zhang J, Tang M, Chen JD. Gastric electrical stimulation for obesity: the need for a new device using wider pulses. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 474-480
7. Cigaina V. Gastric pacing as therapy for morbid obesity: preliminary results. Obes Surg 2002; 12 Suppl 1: 12S-16S
8. Cigaina V, Hirschberg AL. Gastric pacing for morbid obesity: plasma levels of gastrointestinal peptides and leptin. Obes Res 2003; 11: 1456-1462
9. Berthoud HR. Vagal and hormonal gut-brain communication: from satiation to satisfaction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20 Suppl 1: 64-72
10. Ziomber A, Juszczak K, Kaszuba-Zwoinska J, Machowska A, Zaraska K, Gil K, Thor P. Magnetically induced vagus nerve stimulation and feeding behavior in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60: 71-77
11. Gil K, Bugajski A, Kurnik M, Zaraska W, Thor P. Physiological and morphological effects of long-term vagal stimulation in diet induced obesity in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 60 Suppl 3: 61-66
12. Roche JR, Blache D, Kay JK, Miller DR, Sheahan AJ, Miller DW. Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals. Nutr Res Rev 2008; 21: 207-234
13. Grill HJ, Hayes MR. The nucleus tractus solitarius: a portal for visceral afferent signal processing, energy status assessment and integration of their combined effects on food intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33 Suppl 1: S11-S15
14. Yamamoto H, Kishi T, Lee CE, Choi BJ, Fang H, Hollenberg AN, Drucker DJ, Elmquist JK. Glucagon-like peptide-1-responsive catecholamine neurons in the area postrema link peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 with central autonomic control sites. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 2939-2946
15. Grill HJ, Smith GP. Cholecystokinin decreases sucrose intake in chronic decerebrate rats. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: R853-R856
16. Dockray GJ. Cholecystokinin and gut-brain signalling. Regul Pept 2009; 155: 6-10
17. Schubert ML. Gastric secretion. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010; 26: 598-603
18. Holst JJ. Glucagonlike peptide 1: a newly discovered gastrointestinal hormone. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1848-1855
19. Drucker DJ. The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metab 2006; 3: 153-165
20. Nauck M, Stöckmann F, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1986; 29: 46-52
21. Vilsbøll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2001; 50: 609-613
22. Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2131-2157
23. Riddle MC, Henry RR, Poon TH, Zhang B, Mac SM, Holcombe JH, Kim DD, Maggs DG. Exenatide elicits sustained glycaemic control and progressive reduction of body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by sulphonylureas with or without metformin. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006; 22: 483-491
24. Blonde L, Klein EJ, Han J, Zhang B, Mac SM, Poon TH, Taylor KL, Trautmann ME, Kim DD, Kendall DM. Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8: 436-447
25. Nauck MA, Niedereichholz U, Ettler R, Holst JJ, Orskov C, Ritzel R, Schmiegel WH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: E981-E988
26. van Genugten RE, van Raalte DH, Diamant M. Does glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy add value in the treatment of type 2 diabetes? Focus on exenatide. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 86 Suppl 1: S26-S34
27. Näslund E, Barkeling B, King N, Gutniak M, Blundell JE, Holst JJ, Rössner S, Hellström PM. Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 304-311
28. Ranganath LR, Beety JM, Morgan LM, Wright JW, Howland R, Marks V. Attenuated GLP-1 secretion in obesity: cause or consequence? Gut 1996; 38: 916-919
29. Tomasik P, Sztefko K, Starzyk J. Entero-insular axis in children with simple obesity. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2009; 15: 63-69
30. Korner J, Bessler M, Cirilo LJ, Conwell IM, Daud A, Restuccia NL, Wardlaw SL. Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 359-365
31. Shikora SA. Implantable Gastric Stimulation-the surgical procedure: combining safety with simplicity. Obes Surg 2004; 14 Suppl 1: S9-S13
32. Bray GA, Bouchard C, James WPT. Handbook of obesity. In: Historical framework for the development of ideas about obesity. New York: Mercel Dekker, 1998: 1-29
33. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994; 372: 425-432
34. Frederich RC, Löllmann B, Hamann A, Napolitano-Rosen A, Kahn BB, Lowell BB, Flier JS. Expression of ob mRNA and its encoded protein in rodents. Impact of nutrition and obesity. J Clin Invest 1995; 96: 1658-1663
35. Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, Fei H, Kim S, Lallone R, Ranganathan S. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1995; 1: 1155-1161
36. Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 1995; 269: 546-549
37. Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, Cohen SL, Chait BT, Rabinowitz D, Lallone RL, Burley SK, Friedman JM. Weightreducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995; 269: 543-546
38. Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, Collins F. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 1995; 269: 540-543
39. Chua SC, Chung WK, Wu-Peng XS, Zhang Y, Liu SM, Tartaglia L, Leibel RL. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science 1996; 271: 994-996
40. Williams KW, Scott MM, Elmquist JK. From observation to experimentation: leptin action in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 985S-990S
41. Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Kamath S, Jones S, Gibson WT, Trussell R, Jebb SA, Lip GY, O'Rahilly S. Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity. Nature 2001; 414: 34-35
42. Morton GJ, Niswender KD, Rhodes CJ, Myers MG, Blevins JE, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Arcuate nucleus-specific leptin receptor gene therapy attenuates the obesity phenotype of Koletsky (fa(k)/fa(k) rats. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 2016-2024
43. Coppari R, Ichinose M, Lee CE, Pullen AE, Kenny CD, Mc-Govern RA, Tang V, Liu SM, Ludwig T, Chua SC, Lowell BB, Elmquist JK. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a key site for mediating leptin's effects on glucose homeostasis and locomotor activity. Cell Metab 2005; 1: 63-72
44. Cohen P, Zhao C, Cai X, Montez JM, Rohani SC, Feinstein P, Mombaerts P, Friedman JM. Selective deletion of leptin receptor in neurons leads to obesity. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1113-1121
45. Bouret SG, Draper SJ, Simerly RB. Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding. Science 2004; 304: 108-110
46. Pinto S, Roseberry AG, Liu H, Diano S, Shanabrough M, Cai X, Friedman JM, Horvath TL. Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin. Science 2004; 304: 110-115
47. Horvath TL, Sarman B, García-Cáceres C, Enriori PJ, Sotonyi P, Shanabrough M, Borok E, Argente J, Chowen JA, Perez-Tilve D, Pfluger PT, Brönneke HS, Levin BE, Diano S, Cowley MA, Tschöp MH. Synaptic input organization of the melanocortin system predicts diet-induced hypothalamic reactive gliosis and obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 14875-14880
48. Castañeda TR, Tong J, Datta R, Culler M, Tschöp MH. Ghrelin in the regulation of body weight and metabolism. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31: 44-60
49. Rubino F, Gagner M, Gentileschi P, Kini S, Fukuyama S, Feng J, Diamond E. The early effect of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on hormones involved in body weight regulation and glucose metabolism. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 236-242
50. Adrian TE, Ferri GL, Bacarese-Hamilton AJ, Fuessl HS, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1070-1077
51. Grandt D, Schimiczek M, Beglinger C, Layer P, Goebell H, Eysselein VE, Reeve JR. Two molecular forms of peptide YY (PYY) are abundant in human blood: characterization of a radioimmunoassay recognizing PYY 1-36 and PYY 3-36. Regul Pept 1994; 51: 151-159
52. Mentlein R, Gallwitz B, Schmidt WE. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV hydrolyses gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide, peptide histidine methionine and is responsible for their degradation in human serum. Eur J Biochem 1993; 214: 829-835
53. Taylor IL. Distribution and release of peptide YY in dog measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 731-737
54. Liu CD, Aloia T, Adrian TE, Newton TR, Bilchik AJ, Zinner MJ, Ashley SW, McFadden DW. Peptide YY: a potential proabsorptive hormone for the treatment of malabsorptive disorders. Am Surg 1996; 62: 232-236
55. Sainsbury A, Schwarzer C, Couzens M, Fetissov S, Furtinger S, Jenkins A, Cox HM, Sperk G, Hökfelt T, Herzog H. Important role of hypothalamic Y2 receptors in body weight regulation revealed in conditional knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 8938-8943
56. Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, Herzog H, Cohen MA, Dakin CL, Wren AM, Brynes AE, Low MJ, Ghatei MA, Cone RD, Bloom SR. Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 2002; 418: 650-654
57. Challis BG, Pinnock SB, Coll AP, Carter RN, Dickson SL, O' Rahilly S. Acute effects of PYY3-36 on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in the mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 311: 915-919
58. Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 941-948
59. Guo Y, Ma L, Enriori PJ, Koska J, Franks PW, Brookshire T, Cowley MA, Salbe AD, Delparigi A, Tataranni PA. Physiological evidence for the involvement of peptide YY in the regulation of energy homeostasis in humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 1562-1570
60. Andreelli F, Amouyal C, Magnan C, Mithieux G. What can bariatric surgery teach us about the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Metab 2009; 35: 499-507
61. Polak JM, Bloom SR, Rayford PL, Pearse AG, Buchan AM, Thompson JC. Identification of cholecystokinin-secreting cells. Lancet 1975; 2: 1016-1018
62. Moran TH, Kinzig KP. Gastrointestinal satiety signals II. Cholecystokinin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286: G183-G188
63. Liu S, Tang M, Tao S, Chen JD. Central expressions of ghrelin and cholecystokinin in rats with gastric electrical stimulation. Obes Surg 2008; 18: 109-114
64. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999; 402: 656-660
65. Moran TH. Gut peptide signaling in the controls of food intake. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14 Suppl 5: 250S-253S
66. Young AA, Jodka C, Pittner R, Parkes D, Gedulin BR. Doseresponse for inhibition by amylin of cholecystokinin-stimulated secretion of amylase and lipase in rats. Regul Pept 2005; 130: 19-26
67. Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Sawaguchi A, Mondal MS, Suganuma T, Matsukura S, Kangawa K, Nakazato M. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 4255-4261
68. Tschöp M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000; 407: 908-913
69. Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, Matsukura S. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 2001; 409: 194-198
70. Wren AM, Small CJ, Ward HL, Murphy KG, Dakin CL, Taheri S, Kennedy AR, Roberts GH, Morgan DG, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 4325-4328
71. Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, Yuzuriha H, Nagata T, Ueno N, Makino S, Fujimiya M, Niijima A, Fujino MA, Kasuga M. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 337-345
72. Cummings DE, Frayo RS, Marmonier C, Aubert R, Chapelot D. Plasma ghrelin levels and hunger scores in humans initiating meals voluntarily without time-and food-related cues. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287: E297-E304
73. Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1714-1719
74. Cigaina V, Hirschberg AL. Plasma ghrelin and gastric pacing in morbidly obese patients. Metabolism 2007; 56: 1017-1021
75. Burkhoff D, Shemer I, Felzen B, Shimizu J, Mika Y, Dickstein M, Prutchi D, Darvish N, Ben-Haim SA. Electric currents applied during the refractory period can modulate cardiac contractility in vitro and in vivo. Heart Fail Rev 2001; 6: 27-34
76. Greenway F, Zheng J. Electrical stimulation as treatment for obesity and diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2007; 1: 251-259
77. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Meengs JS. Reductions in portion size and energy density of foods are additive and lead to sustained decreases in energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 11-17
78. Phillips RJ, Powley TL. Gastric volume rather than nutrient content inhibits food intake. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: R766-R769
79. Jones KL, Doran SM, Hveem K, Bartholomeusz FD, Morley JE, Sun WM, Chatterton BE, Horowitz M. Relation between postprandial satiation and antral area in normal subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 127-132
80. Ladabaum U, Koshy SS, Woods ML, Hooper FG, Owyang C, Hasler WL. Differential symptomatic and electrogastrographic effects of distal and proximal human gastric distension. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: G418-G424
81. Abell TL, Kim CH, Malagelada JR. Idiopathic cyclic nausea and vomiting--a disorder of gastrointestinal motility? Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63: 1169-1175
82. Cigaina V. Long-term follow-up of gastric stimulation for obesity: the Mestre 8-year experience. Obes Surg 2004; 14 Suppl 1: S14-S22
83. Wang GJ, Yang J, Volkow ND, Telang F, Ma Y, Zhu W, Wong CT, Tomasi D, Thanos PK, Fowler JS. Gastric stimulation in obese subjects activates the hippocampus and other regions involved in brain reward circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 15641-15645
84. Chen J. Mechanisms of action of the implantable gastric stimulator for obesity. Obes Surg 2004; 14 Suppl 1: S28-S32
85. Favretti F, De Luca M, Segato G, Busetto L, Ceoloni A, Magon A, Enzi G. Treatment of morbid obesity with the Transcend Implantable Gastric Stimulator (IGS): a prospective survey. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 666-670
86. D'Argent J. Gastric electrical stimulation as therapy of morbid obesity: preliminary results from the French study. Obes Surg 2002; 12 Suppl 1: 21S-25S
87. Soffer E, Abell T, Lin Z, Lorincz A, McCallum R, Parkman H, Policker S, Ordog T. Review article: gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis--physiological foundations, technical aspects and clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 681-694
88. Neshev E, Onen D, Jalilian E, Mintchev MP. Pre-pyloric neural electrical stimulation produces cholinergically-mediated reverse peristalsis in the acute canine model of microprocessor-invoked gastric motility for the treatment of obesity. Obes Surg 2006; 16: 510-520
89. Ouyang H, Yin J, Chen JD. Gastric or intestinal electrical stimulation-induced increase in gastric volume is correlated with reduced food intake. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 1261-1266
90. Xing JH, Brody F, Brodsky J, Larive B, Ponsky J, Soffer E. Gastric electrical stimulation at proximal stomach induces gastric relaxation in dogs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003; 15: 15-23
91. Familoni BO, Abell TL, Gan Z, Voeller G. Driving gastric electrical activity with electrical stimulation. Ann Biomed Eng 2005; 33: 356-364
92. Yao SK, Ke MY, Wang ZF, Xu DB, Zhang YL. Visceral response to acute retrograde gastric electrical stimulation in healthy human. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 4541-4546
93. Liu J, Hou X, Song G, Cha H, Yang B, Chen JD. Gastric electrical stimulation using endoscopically placed mucosal electrodes reduces food intake in humans. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 798-803
94. Camilleri M, Toouli J, Herrera MF, Kow L, Pantoja JP, Billington CJ, Tweden KS, Wilson RR, Moody FG. Selection of electrical algorithms to treat obesity with intermittent vagal block using an implantable medical device. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2009; 5: 224-229; discussion 229-230
95. Sobocki J, Thor PJ, Uson J, Diaz-Guemes I, Lipinski M, Calles C, Pascual S. Microchip vagal pacing reduces food intake and body mass. Hepatogastroenterology 2001; 48: 1783-1787
96. Matyja A, Thor PJ, Sobocki J, Laskiewicz J, Kekus J, Tuz R, Koczanowski J, Zaraska W. Effects of vagal pacing on food intake and body mass in pigs. Folia Med Cracov 2004; 45: 55-62
97. Burneo JG, Faught E, Knowlton R, Morawetz R, Kuzniecky R. Weight loss associated with vagus nerve stimulation. Neurology 2002; 59: 463-464
98. Peles S, Petersen J, Aviv R, Policker S, Abu-Hatoum O, Ben-Haim SA, Gutterman DD, Sengupta JN. Enhancement of antral contractions and vagal afferent signaling with synchronized electrical stimulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285: G577-G585
99. Ding HG, Wang BE, Zhao CH, Jia JD, Xu YL, Tang SZ. [Effects on intracellular Ca2+ and expression of L-type voltageoperated calcium channel protein in activated hepatic stellate cells stimulated by Chinese herbal compound 861]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2005; 13: 922, 926
100. Bohdjalian A, Ludvik B, Guerci B, Bresler L, Renard E, Nocca D, Karnieli E, Assalia A, Prager R, Prager G. Improvement in glycemic control by gastric electrical stimulation (TANTALUS) in overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes. Surg Endosc 2009; 23: 1955-1960
101. Sanmiguel CP, Conklin JL, Cunneen SA, Barnett P, Phillips EH, Kipnes M, Pilcher J, Soffer EE. Gastric electrical stimulation with the TANTALUS System in obese type 2 diabetes patients: effect on weight and glycemic control. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2009; 3: 964-970
102. Bohdjalian A, Prager G, Aviv R, Policker S, Schindler K, Kretschmer S, Riener R, Zacherl J, Ludvik B. One-year experience with Tantalus: a new surgical approach to treat morbid obesity. Obes Surg 2006; 16: 627-634
103. Bohdjalian A, Prager G, Rosak C, Weiner R, Jung R, Schramm M, Aviv R, Schindler K, Haddad W, Rosenthal N, Ludvik B. Improvement in glycemic control in morbidly obese type 2 diabetic subjects by gastric stimulation. Obes Surg 2009; 19: 1221-1227
104. Yin J, Chen JD. Mechanisms and potential applications of intestinal electrical stimulation. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 1208-1220
105. Khawaled R, Blumen G, Fabricant G, Ben-Arie J, Shikora S. Intestinal electrical stimulation decreases postprandial blood glucose levels in rats. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2009; 5: 692-697
106. Zhang J, Zhu H, Chen JD. Central neuronal mechanisms of intestinal electrical stimulation: effects on duodenum distention-responsive (DD-R) neurons in the VMH of rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 457: 27-31
107. Xu X, Lei Y, Chen JD. Effects and mechanisms of electrical stimulation of the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon on gastric tone in dogs. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 895-901
108. Aelen P, Jurkov A, Aulanier A, Mintchev MP. Pilot acute study of feedback-controlled retrograde peristalsis invoked by neural gastric electrical stimulation. Physiol Meas 2009; 30: 309-322
109. Chen JD, Lin HC. Electrical pacing accelerates intestinal transit slowed by fat-induced ileal brake. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 251-256
110. Sun Y, Chen J. Intestinal electric stimulation decreases fat absorption in rats: therapeutic potential for obesity. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1235-1242
111. Gallagher TK, Geoghegan JG, Baird AW, Winter DC. Implications of altered gastrointestinal motility in obesity. Obes Surg 2007; 17: 1399-1407
112. Hasler WL. Methods of gastric electrical stimulation and pacing: a review of their benefits and mechanisms of action in gastroparesis and obesity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21: 229-243
113. Bray GA, Gallagher TF. Manifestations of hypothalamic obesity in man: a comprehensive investigation of eight patients and a reveiw of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975; 54: 301-330
114. Rogers PJ. Eating habits and appetite control: a psychobiological perspective. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 59-67
115. Hermann GE, Travagli RA, Rogers RC. Esophageal-gastric relaxation reflex in rat: dual control of peripheral nitrergic and cholinergic transmission. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290: R1570-R1576
116. Lei Y, Xing J, Chen JD. Effects and mechanisms of implantable gastric stimulation on gastric distention in conscious dogs. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 528-533
117. Zheng ZL, Rogers RC, Travagli RA. Selective gastric projections of nitric oxide synthase-containing vagal brainstem neurons. Neuroscience 1999; 90: 685-694
118. Ouyang H, Yin J, Chen JD. Therapeutic potential of gastric electrical stimulation for obesity and its possible mechanisms: a preliminary canine study. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48: 698-705
119. Greenstein RJ, Belachew M. Implantable gastric stimulation (IGS) as therapy for human morbid obesity: report from the 2001 IFSO symposium in Crete. Obes Surg 2002; 12 Suppl 1: 3S-5S
120. Wolff S, Pross M, Knippig C, Malfertheiner P, Lippert H. [Gastric pacing. A new method in obesity surgery]. Chirurg 2002; 73: 700-703
121. Miller KA. Implantable electrical gastric stimulation to treat morbid obesity in the human: operative technique. Obes Surg 2002; 12 Suppl 1: 17S-20S