Cell Biology of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Retina: Fourth Edition

Volumn 1-3, Issue , 2005, Pages 137-152

  Thumann, Gabriele ^a   Hoffmann, Stephan ^b   Hinton, David R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84917378623     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-02598-0.50013-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (315)

1. Martinez-Morales JR, Rodrigo I, Bovolenta P Eye development: a view from the retina pigmented epithelium. BioEssays 2004, 26:766-777.
2. Stroeva OG, Mitashov VI Retinal pigment epithelium: proliferation and differentiation during development and regeneration. Int Rev Cytol 1983, 83:221-293.
3. Laurence MS, Azar DT Myopia and models and mechanisms of refractive error control. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2002, 15:127-133.
4. Panda-Jonas S, Jonas JB, Jakobczyk-Zmija M Retinal pigment epithelial cell count, distribution and correlations in normal human eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1996, 121:181-189.
5. Schmidt SY, Peisch RD Melanin concentration in normal human retinal pigment epithelium. Regional variation and age-related reduction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986, 27:1063-1067.
6. Weiter JJ, Delori FC, Wing GL, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin and melanin and choroidal melanin in human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986, 27:145-152.
7. Young RW The renewal of rod and cone outer segments in the Rhesus monkey. J Cell Biol 1971, 49:303-318.
8. Marshall J The aging retina: physiology or pathology. Eye 1987, 1:282-295.
9. Korte GE, Perlman JI, Pollack A Regeneration of mammalian retinal pigment epithelium. Int Rev Cytol 1994, 152:223-263.
10. Zinn KM, Marmor MF The retinal pigment epithelium 1979, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
11. Finnemann SC, Bonilha VL, Marmorstein AD, et al. Phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells requires alpha (v) beta5 integrin for binding but not for internalization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:12932-12937.
12. Tarnowski BI, Shepherd VL, McLaughlin BJ Mannose 6-phosphate receptors on the plasma membrane of rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 29:291-297.
13. Tarnowski BI, Shepherd VL, McLaughlin BJ Expression of mannose receptors for pinocytosis and phagocytosis on rat retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 29:742-748.
14. Bok D Autoradiographic studies on the polarity of plasma membrane receptors in the retinal pigment epithelial cells. The structure of the eye 1982, Elsevier Biomedical, New York. J.G. Hollyfield (Ed.).
15. Bok D The retinal pigment epithelium: a versatile partner in vision. J Cell Sci Suppl 1993, 17:189-195.
16. Gundersen D, Orlowski J, Rodriguez-Boulan E Apical polarity of Na,K-ATPase in retinal pigment epithelium is linked to a reversal of the ankyrin-fodrin submembrane cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 1991, 112:863-872.
17. Kenyon E, Maminishkis A, Joseph DP, et al. Apical and basolateral membrane mechanisms that regulate pH in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:C456-C472.
18. +-ATPase in the retinal pigment epithelium from chicken embryo is polarized in vivo but not in primary cell culture. Exp Eye Res 1990, 51:435-446.
19. Steinberg RH, Miller S Aspects of the electrolyte transport in frog pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1973, 16:365-372.
20. Fine BS Limiting membranes of the sensory retina and pigment epithelium: an electron microscopic study. Arch Ophthalmol 1961, 66:847-860.
21. Pisam M, Ripoche P Redistribution of surface macromolecules in dissociated epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 1976, 71:907-920.
22. Rodriguez-Boulan E Genesis of polarity in renal tubular cells. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1986, 12:20-24.
23. Caldwell RB, McLaughlin BJ Permeability of retinal pigment epithelial cell junctions in the dystrophic rat retina. Exp Eye Res 1983, 36:415-427.
24. Caldwell RB, McLaughlin BJ, Boykins LG Intramembrane changes in retinal pigment epithelial cell junctions of the dystrophic rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982, 23:305-318.
25. Caldwell RB Blood-retinal barrier changes in the retinal pigment epithelium of RCS rats with inherited retinal degeneration. Degenerative retinal disorders: clinical and laboratory investigations 1987, Alan R Liss, New York. J.G. Hollyfield, R.E. Anderson, M.M. LaVail (Eds.).
26. Crawford BJ Development of the junctional complex during differentiation of chick pigmented epithelial cells in clonal culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980, 19:223-237.
27. Hudspeth AJ, Yee AG The intercellular junctional complexes in retinal pigment epithelia. Invest Ophthalmol 1973, 12:354-365.
28. Kalnins VI, Sandig M, Hergott GJ, et al. Microfilament organization and wound repair in retinal pigment epithelium. Biochem Cell Biol 1995, 73:709-722.
29. Sandig M, Kalnins VI Subunits in zonulae adhaerentes and striations in the associated circumferential microfilament bundles in chicken retinal pigment epithelial cells in situ. Exp Cell Res 1988, 175:1-14.
30. Docherty RJ, Edwards JG, Garrod DR, et al. Chick embryonic pigmented retina is one of the group of epithelioid tissues that lack cytokeratins and desmosomes and have intermediate filaments composed of vimentin. J Cell Sci 1984, 71:61-74.
31. Opas M, Kalnins VI Light-microscopical analysis of focal adhesions of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986, 27:1622-1633.
32. Owaribe K, Kartenbeck J, Rungger-Brandle E, et al. Cytoskeletons of retinal pigment epithelial cells: interspecies differences of expression patterns indicate independence of cell function from the specific complement of cytoskeletal proteins. Cell Tissue Res 1988, 254:301-315.
33. Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Müller HG, Wirtz PM, et al. Desmosomal-mitochondrial complexes in human nonpigmented ciliary and retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31:664-669.
34. Carlier MF Actin: protein structure and filament dynamics. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:1-4.
35. Hunt RC Intermediate filaments and other cytoskeletal structures in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Prog Retin Eye Res 1994, 13:125-145.
36. Luduena RF, Banerjee A, Khan IA Tubulin structure and biochemistry. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1992, 4:53-57.
37. Wang Y Dynamics of the cytoskeleton in live cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1991, 3:27-32.
38. Allan VJ, Kreis TE A microtubule-binding protein associated with membranes of the Golgi apparatus. J Cell Biol 1986, 103:2229-2239.
39. Allen RD, Weiss DG, Hayden JH, et al. Gliding movement of and bidirectional transport along single native microtubules from squid axoplasm: evidence for an active role of microtubules in cytoplasmic transport. J Cell Biol 1985, 100:1739-1752.
40. Dabora SL, Sheetz MP The microtubule-dependent formation of a tubulovesicular network with characteristics of the ER from cultured cell extracts. Cell 1988, 54:27-35.
41. Isaacs WB, Cook RK, Van Atta JC, et al. Assembly of vimentin in cultured cells varies with cell type. J Biol Chem 1989, 264:17953-17960.
42. Rieder CL The formation, structure and composition of the mammalian kinetochore and kinetochore fiber. Int Rev Cytol 1982, 79:1-58.
43. Burridge K, Fath K, Kelly T, et al. Focal adhesions: transmembrane junctions between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1988, 4:487-525.
44. Nguyen-Legros J Fine structure of the pigment epithelium in the vertebrate retina. Int Rev Cytol Suppl 1978, 7:287-328.
45. Philp NJ, Nachmias VT Components of the cytoskeleton in the retinal pigmented epithelium of the chick. J Cell Biol 1985, 101:358-362.
46. Turksen K, Kalnins VI The cytoskeleton of chick retinal pigment epithelial cells in situ. Cell Tissue Res 1987, 248:95-101.
47. Osborne M, Franke W, Weber K Direct demonstration of the presence of two immunologically distinct intermediate-sized filament systems in the same cell by double immunofluorescence microscopy. Vimentin and cytokeratin fibers in cultured epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 1980, 125:37-46.
48. Schmid E, Schiller DL, Grund C, et al. Tissue-type specific expression of intermediate filament proteins in a cultured epithelial cell line from bovine mammary gland. J Cell Biol 1983, 96:37-50.
49. Franke WW, Schmid E, Winter S, et al. Widespread occurrence of intermediate-sized filaments of the vimentin-type in cultured cells from diverse vertebrates. Exp Cell Res 1979, 123:25-46.
50. Lazarides E Intermediate filaments: a chemically heterogeneous, developmentally regulated class of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 1982, 51:219-250.
51. Fuchs U, Kivela T, Tarkkanen A Cytoskeleton in normal and reactive human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991, 32:3178-3186.
52. Hunt RC, Davis AA Altered expression of keratin and vimentin in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Physiol 1990, 145:187-199.
53. Kasper M, Moll R, Stosiek P, et al. Patterns of cytokeratin and vimentin expression in the human eye. Histochemistry 1988, 89:369-377.
54. Grierson I, Hiscott P, Hogg P, et al. Development, repair and regeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye 1994, 8:255-262.
55. Robey HL, Hiscott PS, Grierson I Cytokeratins and retinal epithelial cell behaviour. J Cell Sci 1992, 102:329-340.
56. Georgatos SD, Blobel G Lamin B constitutes an intermediate filament attachment site at the nuclear envelope. J Cell Biol 1988, 105:117-125.
57. Gerace L, Blum A, Blobel G Immunocytochemical localization of the major polypeptides of the nuclear pore complex-lamina fraction. J Cell Biol 1978, 79:546-566.
58. Hewitt AT Extracellular matrix molecules: their importance in the structure and function of the retina. The retina: a model for cell biology 1986, Academic Press, New York. R. Adler, D. Farber (Eds.).
59. Stramm LE, Haskins ME, Aguirre GD Retinal pigment epithelial glycosaminoglycan metabolism: intracellular vs. extracellular pathways. In vitro studies in normal and diseased cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30:2118-2131.
60. Hewitt AT, Nakazawa K, Newsome DA Analysis of newly synthesized Bruch's membrane proteoglycans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30:478-486.
61. Pino RM, Essner E, Pino LC Location and chemical composition of anionic sites in Bruch's membrane of the rat. J Histochem Cytochem 1982, 30:245-252.
62. Berman ER The biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins in pigment epithelial cells of bovine retina. Biochem Biophys Acta 1964, 83:371-373.
63. Berman ER, Bach G The acid mucopolysaccharides of cattle retina. Biochem J 1968, 108:75-88.
64. Tesoriere G, Vento R, Magistro D, et al. Biosynthesis of UDP N-acetylhexosamine in bovine retina. Eur J Biochem 1971, 19:289-293.
65. Young RW The role of the Golgi complex in sulfate metabolism. J Cell Biol 1973, 57:175-189.
66. Chader GJ Retinoids in ocular tissues: binding proteins, transport, and mechanisms of action. Cell biology of the eye 1982, Academic Press, New York. D.S. McDevitt (Ed.).
67. Chader GJ Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP): a model protein for molecular biological and clinically relevant studies. Friedenwald Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30:7-22.
68. Chader GJ, Wiggert B, Lai Y-L, et al. Interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein: a possible role in retinoid transport to the retina. Prog Retinal Res 1983, 2:354-366.
69. Jaworowski A, Fang Z, Khong TF, et al. Protein synthesis and secretion by cultured retinal pigment epithelia. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995, 1245:121-129.
70. Adler AJ, Evans CD Proteins of the bovine interphotoreceptor matrix: retinoid binding and other functions. The interphotoreceptor matrix in health and disease 1985, Alan R Liss, New York. C.D. Bridges, A.J. Adler (Eds.).
71. Hewitt AT, Lindsey JD, Carbott D, et al. Photoreceptor survival-promoting activity in interphotoreceptor matrix preparations: characterization and partial purification. Exp Eye Res 1990, 50:79-88.
72. Hunter DD, Murphy MD, Olsson CV, et al. S-laminin expression in adult and developing retinae: a potential cue for photoreceptor morphogenesis. Neuron 1992, 8:399-413.
73. Lin WL, Essner E, McCarthy KJ, et al. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in Bruch's membrane of the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992, 33:2072-2075.
74. Hay ED Role of cell-matrix contacts in cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Cell Differ Dev 1990, 32:367-375.
75. Ruoslahti E Integrins. J Clin Invest 1991, 87:1-5.
76. Springer TA Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 1990, 346:425-434.
77. Matrisian LM The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Bioessays 1992, 14:455-463.
78. Padgett LC, Lui GM, Werb Z, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in the retinal pigment epithelium and interphotoreceptor matrix: vectorial secretion and regulation. Exp Eye Res 1997, 64:927-938.
79. Alexander JP, Bradley JMB, Gabourel JD, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inhibitor by human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31:2520-2528.
80. Della NG, Campochiaro PA, Zack DJ Localization of TIMP-3 mRNA expression to the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:1921-1924.
81. Ruiz A, Brett P, Bok D TIMP-3 is expressed in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996, 226:467-474.
82. Smine A, Plantner JJ Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase in human ocular tissues. Curr Eye Res 1997, 16:925-929.
83. Jomary C, Neal MJ, Iwata K, et al. Localization of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 in neurodegenerative retinal disease. Neuroreport 1997, 8:2169-2172.
84. Jacobson SG, Cideciyan AV, Regunath G, et al. Night blindness in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy reversed by vitamin A. Nat Genet 1995, 11:27-32.
85. Peters AL, Greenberg J Sorsby's fundus dystrophy. A South African family with a point mutation on the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 gene on chromosome 22. Retina 1995, 15:480-485.
86. Vranka JA, Johnson E, Zhu X, et al. Discrete expression and distribution pattern of TIMP-3 in the human retina and choroid. Curr Eye Res 1997, 16:102-110.
87. Weber BH, Vogt G, Pruett RC, et al. Mutations in the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) in patients with Sorsby's fundus dystrophy. Nat Genet 1994, 8:352-356.
88. Kamei M, Hollyfield JG TIMP-3 in Bruch's membrane: changes during aging and in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999, 40:2367-2375.
89. Burke JM, Skumatz CMB, Irving PE, et al. Phenotypic heterogeneity of retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro and in situ. Exp Eye Res 1996, 62:63-73.
90. McKay BS, Burke JM Separation of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 1994, 213:85-92.
91. Ts'o MOM, Friedman E The retinal pigment epithelium. I. Comparative histology. Arch Ophthalmol 1967, 78:641-649.
92. Burke JM, Soref C Topographical variation in growth in cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 29:1784-1788.
93. McLaren MJ Kinetics of rod outer segment phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells: relationship to cell morphology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:1213-1224.
94. Barreau E, Brossas JY, Courtois Y, et al. Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deletions in human retina during aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:384-391.
95. Cabral L, Unger W, Boulton M, et al. Regional distribution of lysosomal enzymes in the canine retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31:670-676.
96. Gao H, Hollyfield JG Aging of the human retina. Differential loss of neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992, 33:1-17.
97. Gülcan HG, Alvarez RA, Maude MB, et al. Lipids of human retina, retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane/choroid: comparison of macular and peripheral regions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:3187-3193.
98. Fatt I, Shantinath K Flow conductivity of retina and its role in retinal adhesion. Exp Eye Res 1971, 12:218-226.
99. Foulds WS Do we need a retinal pigment epithelium (or choroid) for the maintenance of retinal apposition?. Br J Ophthalmol 1985, 69:237-239.
100. Marmor MF, Abdul-Rahims AS, Cohen DS The effect of metabolic inhibitors on retinal adhesion and subretinal fluid resorption. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1980, 19:893-903.
101. Negi A, Marmor MF The resorption of subretinal fluid after diffuse damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983, 24:1475-1479.
102. Frambach DA, Weiter JJ, Adler AJ A photogrammetic method to measure fluid movement across isolated frog retinal pigment epithelium. Biophys J 1985, 47:547-552.
103. Hughes BA, Miller SS, Machen TE Effects of cyclic AMP on fluid absorption and ion transport across frog retinal pigment epithelium. Measurements in the open-circuit state. J Gen Physiol 1984, 83:875-899.
104. Marmor MF Control of subretinal fluid: experimental and clinical studies. Eye 1990, 4:340-344.
105. Tsuboi S Measurement of the volume flow and hydraulic conductivity across the isolated dog retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987, 28:1776-1782.
106. Steinberg RH, Wood I The relation of the retinal pigment epithelium to photoreceptor outer segments in human retina. The retinal pigment epithelium 1979, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. K.M. Zinn, M.F. Marmor (Eds.).
107. Gundersen D, Powell SK, Rodriguez-Bolan E Apical polarization of N-CAM in retinal pigment epithelium is dependent on contact with the neural retina. J Cell Biol 1993, 121:335-343.
108. Stossel TP Phagocytosis (second of three parts). N Engl J Med 1974, 290:774-780.
109. Mayerson PL, Hall MO Rat retinal pigment epithelial cells show specificity of phagocytosis in vitro. J Cell Biol 1986, 103:299-308.
110. Bok D, Young RW Phagocytic properties of the retinal pigment epithelium. The retinal pigment epithelium 1979, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. M.F. Marmor, K.M. Zinn (Eds.).
111. Gregory CY, Hall MO The phagocytosis of ROS by RPE cells is inhibited by an antiserum to rat RPE cell plasma membranes. Exp Eye Res 1992, 54:843-851.
112. Heth CA, Bernstein MH Mannose-sensitive HRP endocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1991, 52:75-82.
113. Lutz DA, Guo Y, McLaughlin BJ Natural, high-mannose glycoproteins inhibit ROS binding and ingestion by RPE cell cultures. Exp Eye Res 1995, 61:487-493.
114. McLaughlin BJ, Cooper NGF, Shepherd VL How good is the evidence to suggest that phagocytosis of ROS by RPE is receptor mediated?. Prog Retin Eye Res 1994, 13:147-164.
115. Lerner AB Designation of a provisional gene symbol for a new mouse mutant. Mouse News Lett 1986, 74:125.
116. Nir I, Ransom N, Smith SB Ultrastructural features of retinal dystrophy in mutant vitiligo mice. Exp Eye Res 1995, 61:363-377.
117. Sidman RL. Vitiligo, a new inherited disease affecting retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells in mice. In: LaVail MM, Anderson RE, Hollyfield JG, eds. International Symposium on Inherited Retinal Degenerations, San Francisco, 1988.
118. Sidman RL, Kosaras B, Tang M Pigment epithelial and retinal phenotypes in the vitiligo mivit, mutant mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:1097-1115.
119. Smith SB C57BL/6J-vit/vit mouse model of retinal degeneration: light microscopic analysis and evaluation of rhodopsin levels. Exp Eye Res 1992, 55:903-910.
120. Kosaras B, Sidman RL Phagosome number and distribution in retinal pigment epithelial cells of vitiligo mutant mice. Exp Eye Res 1996, 63:151-158.
121. Smith SB, Cope BK, McCoy JR, et al. Reduction of phagosomes in the vitiligo (C57BL/6J-mivit/mivit) mouse model of retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994, 35:3625-3632.
122. Laird DW, Molday RS Evidence against the role of rhodopsin in rod outer segment binding to RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988, 29:419-428.
123. Philp NJ, Nachmias VT, Lee D, et al. Is rhodopsin the ligand for receptor-mediated phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium?. Exp Eye Res 1988, 46:21-28.
124. Boyle DL, Tien L, Cooper NGF, et al. A mannose receptor is involved in retinal phagocytosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991, 32:1464-1470.
125. Shepherd V, Tarnowski BI, McLaughlin BJ Isolation and characterization of a mannose receptor from human pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991, 32:1779-1784.
126. Finneman SC, Rodriguez-Bolan E Macrophage and retinal pigment epithelial cell phagocytosis: apoptotic cells and photoreceptors compete for αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, and protein kinase C regulates αvβ5 binding and cytoskeletal linkage. J Exp Med 1999, 190:861-874.
127. Miceli MV, Newsome DA, Tate DJ Vitronectin is responsible for serum-stimulated uptake of rod outer segments by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:1588-1597.
128. Finneman SC Focal adhesion kinase signaling promotes phagocytosis of integrin-bound photoreceptors. EMBO J 2003, 22:4143-4152.
129. Hall MO, Prieto AL, Obin MS, et al. Outer segment phagocytosis by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells require Gas6. Exp Eye Res 2001, 73:509-520.
130. Hall MO, Abrams TA, Burgess BL Integrin αvβ5 is not required for the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2003, 77:281-286.
131. Vollrath D, Feng W, Duncan JL, et al. Correction in the retinal dystrophy phenotype of the RCS rat by viral gene transfer of Mertk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:12584-12589.
132. Chaitin MH, Hall MO The distribution of actin in cultured normal and dystrophic rat pigment epithelial cells during the phagocytosis of rod outer segments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983, 24:821-831.
133. Hall MO, Abrams T, Mittag TW ROS ingestion by RPE cells is turned off by increased protein kinase C activity and by increased calcium. Exp Eye Res 1991, 52:591-598.
134. 2+ and is required for OS phagocytosis by RPE cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 2002, 75:391-400.
135. Besharse JC, Dunis DA Rod photoreceptor disc shedding in vitro: inhibition by cytochalasins and activation by colchicine. The structure of the eye 1982, Elsevier Biomedical, New York. J.G. Hollyfield (Ed.).
136. Herman KG, Steinberg RH Phagosome movement and the diurnal pattern of phagocytosis in the tapetal retinal pigment epithelium of the opossum. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982, 23:277-290.
137. Gibbs D, Kitamoto J, Williams DS Abnormal phagocytosis by retinal pigmented epithelium that lack myosin VIIa, the Usher syndrome 1B protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:6481-64860.
138. Hayashi A, Nakae K, Naka H, et al. Cytokine effects on phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells of normal and dystrophic rats. Curr Eye Res 1996, 15:487-499.
139. Bosch E, Horwitz J, Bok D Phagocytosis of outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium: phagosome-lysosome interaction. J Histochem Cytochem 1993, 41:253-263.
140. Rakoczy PE, Baines M, Kennedy CJ, et al. Correlation between autofluorescent debris accumulation and the presence of partially processed forms of cathepsin D in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells challenged with rod outer segments. Exp Eye Res 1996, 63:159-167.
141. Regan CM, De Grip WJ, Daemen FJM, et al. Degradation of rhodopsin by a lysosomal fraction of retinal pigment epithelium: biochemical aspects of the visual process, XLI. Exp Eye Res 1980, 30:183-191.
142. Zimmerman WF, Godchaux W, Belkin M The relative proportions of lysosomal enzyme activities in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1983, 36:151-158.
143. Rakoczy PE, Mann K, Cavaney DM, et al. Detection and possible functions of a cysteine protease involved in digestion of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994, 35:4100-4108.
144. Feeney L, Mixon RL An in vitro model of phagocytosis in bovine and human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1976, 22:533-548.
145. Feeney-Burns L, Hilderbrand ES, Eldridge S Aging human RPE: morphometric analysis of macular, equatorial, and peripheral cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984, 25:195-200.
146. Tate DL, Miceli MV, Newsome DA Phagocytosis and H202 induce catalase and metallothionein gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995, 36:1271-1279.
147. Anderson JM, Van Itallie CM Tight junctions and the molecular basis for regulation of paracellular permeability. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:G467-G478.
148. Rizzolo LJ Polarity and the development of the outer blood-retinal barrier. Histol Histopathol 1997, 12:1057-1067.
149. Rodriguez-Boulan E, Nelson WJ Morphogenesis of the polarized epithelial cell phenotype. Science 1989, 245:718-725.
150. Balda MS, Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Contreras RG, et al. Assembly and sealing of tight junctions: possible participation of G-proteins, phospholipase C, protein kinase C and calmodulin. J Membr Biol 1991, 122:193-202.
151. Gonzales-Mariscal L The relationship between structure and function of tight junctions. Tight junctions 1992, CRC Press, Boca Raton, . M. Cereijido (Ed.).
152. Jin M, Barron E, He S, et al. Regulation of RPE intercellular junction integrity and function by hepatocyte growth factor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43:2782-2790.
153. Peng S, Rahner C, et al. Apical and basal regulation of the permeability of the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:808-817.
154. Drubin DG, Nelson WJ Origins of cell polarity. Cell 1996, 84:335-344.
155. Eaton S, Simons K Apical basal and lateral cues for epithelial polarization. Cell 1995, 82:5-8.
156. Philp NJ, Wang D, et al. Polarized expression of monocarboxylate transporters in human retinal pigment epithelium and ARPE-19 cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:1716-1721.
157. Kennedy BG, Mangini NJ P-glycoprotein expression in human retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis 2002, 8:422-430.
158. Gallapalli D, Maiti P, Rando RR RPE65 operates in the vertebrate visual cycle by stereospecifically binding all-trans-retinyl esters. Biochemistry 2003, 42:11824-11830.
159. Miller SS, Hughes BA, Machen TE Fluid transport across retinal pigment epithelium is inhibited by cyclic AMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982, 79:2111-2115.
160. Stamer WD, Bok D, et al. Aquaporin-1 channels in human retinal pigment epithelium: role in transepithelial water movement. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:2803-2808.
161. Ostwald TJ, Steinberg RH Transmembrane components of taurine flux across frog retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 1981, 1:437-443.
162. Vinores SA Assessment of blood-retinal barrier integrity. Histol Histopathol 1995, 10:141-154.
163. Gariano RF, Kalina RE, Hendrickson AE Normal and pathological mechanisms in retinal vascular development. Surv Ophthalmol 1996, 40:481-490.
164. Jin M, Chen Y, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor and its role in the pathogenesis of retinal detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:323-329.
165. Hubbard R, Wald G Cis-trans isomers of vitamin A and retinene in the rhodopsin system. J Gen Physiol 1952, 36:269-315.
166. Bok D Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Friedenwald Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985, 26:1659-1694.
167. Bok D Processing and transport of retinoids by the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye 1990, 4:326-332.
168. Bridges CD, Adler AJ The interphotoreceptor matrix in health and disease 1985, Alan R Liss, New York.
169. Das SR, Gouras P Retinoid metabolism in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Biochem J 1988, 250:459-465.
170. Heller J, Bok D Transport of retinol from the blood to the retina: involvement of high molecular weight lipoproteins as intracellular carriers. Exp Eye Res 1976, 22:403-410.
171. Chen C-C, Heller J Uptake of retinol and retinoic acid from serum retinol-binding protein by retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1977, 252:5216-5221.
172. Maraini G, Gozzoli G Binding of retinol to isolated retinal pigment epithelium in the presence and absence of retinol binding protein. Invest Ophthalmol 1975, 14:785-787.
173. Ottonello S, Petrucco S, Maraini G Vitamin A uptake from retinol-binding protein in a cell-free system from pigment epithelial cells of bovine retina. Retinol transfer from plasma retinol-binding protein to cytoplasmic retinol-binding protein with retinyl-ester formation as the intermediate step. J Biol Chem 1987, 262:3975-3981.
174. Saari JC, Bredberg L, Garwin GG Identification of the endogenous retinoids associated with three cellular retinoid-binding proteins from bovine retina and retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem 1982, 257:13329-13333.
175. Flannery JG, O'Day W, Pfeffer BA, et al. Uptake, processing and release of retinoids by cultured human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1990, 51:717-728.
176. Okajima TIL, Pepperberg DR, Ripps H, et al. Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein: role in delivery of retinol to the pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1989, 49:629-644.
177. Maw MA, Kennedy B, Knight A, et al. Mutation of the gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet 1997, 17:198-200.
178. Bavik CO, Levy F, Hellman U, et al. The retinal pigment epithelial membrane receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein. Isolation and cDNA cloning of the 63 kDa protein. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:20540-20546.
179. Hamel CP, Tsilou E, Pfeffer BA, et al. Molecular cloning and expression of RPE65, a novel retinal pigment epithelium-specific microsomal protein that is post-transcriptionally regulated in vitro. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:15751-15757.
180. Nicoletti A, Wong DJ, Kawase K, et al. Molecular characterization of the human gene encoding an abundant 61 kDa protein specific to the retinal pigment epithelium. Hum Mol Genet 1995, 4:641-649.
181. Tsilou E, Hamel CP, Yu S, et al. RPE65, the major retinal pigment epithelium microsomal membrane protein, associates with phospholipid liposomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997, 346:21-27.
182. Gu SM, Thompson DA, Srikumari CRS, et al. Mutations in RPE65 cause autosomal recessive childhood-onset severe retinal dystrophy. Nat Genet 1997, 17:194-197.
183. Marlhens F, Bareil C, Griffoin JM, et al. Mutations in RPE65 cause Leber's congenital amaurosis. Nat Genet 1997, 17:139-141.
184. Jahng WJ, David C, Nesnas N, et al. A cleavable affinity biotinylated agent reveals a retinoid binding role for RPE65. Biochemistry 2003, 42:6159-6168.
185. Taylor WOG Edridge Lecture. Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1978, 98:423-445.
186. Armstrong D, Connole E, Feeney L, et al. Peroxidases in the neural retina and pigment epithelium. J Neurochem 1978, 31:761-769.
187. Carr RE, Siegel IM The retinal pigment epithelium in ocular albinism. The retinal pigment epithelium 1979, Harvard University Press, Boston. K.M. Zinn, M.F. Marmor (Eds.).
188. Dorey CK, Torres K, Swart T Evidence of melanogenesis in porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Exp Eye Res 1990, 50:1-10.
189. Endo H, Hu F Pigment cell development in rhesus monkey eyes: an electron microscopic and histochemical study. Dev Biol 1973, 32:69-81.
190. Sarna T Properties and functions of the ocular melanin - a photobiophysical view. J Photochem Photobiol B 1992, 12:215-258.
191. Schraermeyer U Evidence for melanogenesis in the retinal pigment epithelium of adult cattle and golden hamster. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1992, 103:435-442.
192. Schraermeyer U Does melanin turnover occur in the eyes of adult vertebrates?. Pigment Cell Res 1993, 6:193-204.
193. Schraermeyer U The intracellular origin of the melanosome in pigment cells: a review of ultrastructural data. Histol Histopathol 1996, 11:445-462.
194. Schraermeyer U, Dohms M Evidence for synthesis of pigmentary organelles within phagosomes containing aged photosensory membranes of invertebrate and vertebrate photoreceptors. Synapse-Transmission-Modulation. Proceedings of the 19th Göttingen Neurobiology Conference 1991, Gearg Thime, Stuttgart. N. Elsner, H. Penzlin (Eds.).
195. Schraermeyer U, Stieve H A newly discovered pathway of melanin formation in cultured retinal pigment epithelium of cattle. Cell Tissue Res 1994, 276:273-279.
196. Pilas B, Sarna T Quantitative determination of melanin in pigmented cells by electron spin resonance. Proceedings of the 12th International Pigment Cell Conference 1985, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo. J. Bagnam, S.N. Klaus, E. Paul (Eds.).
197. Sarna T, Pilas B, Land EJ, et al. Interaction of radicals from water radiolysis with melanin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986, 883:162-167.
198. Nilsson SE, Sundelin SP, Wihlmark U, et al. Aging of cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells: oxidative reactions, lipofuscin formation and blue light damage. Doc Ophthalmol 2003, 106:13-16.
199. Atlasik B, Stepien K, Wilczok T Interaction of drugs with ocular melanin in vitro. Exp Eye Res 1980, 30:325-331.
200. Ings RMJ The melanin binding of drugs and its implications. Drug Metab Rev 1984, 15:1183-1212.
201. Larsson B, Tjälve H Studies on the mechanism of drug binding to melanin. Biochem Pharmacol 1979, 28:1181-1187.
202. Shimada K, Baweja R, Sokoloski T, et al. Binding characteristics to synthetic levodopa melanin. J Pharm Sci 1976, 65:1057-1060.
203. Persad S, Menon IA, Basu PK, et al. Phototoxicity of chlorpromazine on retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 1988, 7:1-9.
204. Kinnear PE, Jay B, Witkop CJ Albinism. Surv Ophthalmol 1985, 30:75-101.
205. Wilson HR, Mets MB, Nagy SE, et al. Albino spatial vision as an instance of arrested visual development. Vision Res 1988, 28:979-990.
206. Apkarian P A practical approach to albino diagnosis. VEP misrouting across the age span. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1992, 13:77-88.
207. Jeffery G, Schutz G, Montoliu L Correction of abnormal retinal pathways found with albinism by introduction of a functional tyrosinase gene in transgenic mice. Dev Biol 1994, 166:460-464.
208. Sippy BD, Hofman FM, Wright AD, et al. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are present in human vitreous and shed by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 1996, 63:311-317.
209. Wu GS, Rao NA A novel retinal pigment epithelial protein suppresses neutrophil superoxide generation. I. Characterization of the suppressive factor. Exp Eye Res 1996, 63:713-725.
210. Wu GS, Swiderek KM, Rao NA A novel retinal pigment epithelial protein suppresses neutrophil superoxide generation. I. Purification and microsequencing analysis. Exp Eye Res 1996, 63:727-737.
211. Gabrielian K, Osusky R, Sippy BD, et al. Effect of TGF-beta on interferon-gamma-induced HLA-DR expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994, 35:4253-4259.
212. Liversidge J, Dawson R, Hoey S, et al. CD59 and CD48 expressed by retinal pigment epithelial cells are major ligands for the CD2-mediated alternative pathway of T cell activation. J Immunol 1996, 156:3696-3703.
213. Elner VM, Schaffner T, Taylor K, et al. Immunophagocytic properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells. Science 1981, 211:74-76.
214. Fukuoka Y, Strainic M , Medof ME. Differential cytokine expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells in response to stimulation with C5a. Clin Exp Immunol 2003, 131:248-253.
215. Willermain F, Caspers-Velu L, Nowak B, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial cells phagocytosis of T lymphocytes: possible implication in the immune privilege of the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 2002, 86:1417-1421.
216. Zamiri P, Zhang Q, Streilein JW Vulnerability of allogeneic retinal pigment epithelium to immune T-cell-mediated damage in vivo and in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004, 45:177-184.
217. Ishida K, Panjwani N, Cao Z, et al. Participation of pigment epithelium in ocular immune privilege. 3. Epithelia cultured from iris, ciliary body, and retina suppress T-cell activation by partially non-overlapping mechanisms. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2003, 11:91-105.
218. Kaestel CG, Jorgensen A, Nielsen M, et al. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells inhibit proliferation and IL2R expression of activated T cells. Exp Eye Res 2002, 74:627-637.
219. Campochiaro PA, Hackett SF, Vinores SA, et al. Platelet derived growth factor is an autocrine growth stimulator in retinal pigmented epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 1994, 107:2459-2469.
220. Hanneken A, Baird A Immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor: dependence on antibody type and tissue fixation. Exp Eye Res 1992, 54:1011-1014.
221. Hanneken A, de Juan E, Lutty GA, et al. Altered distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor in diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1991, 9:1005-1011.
222. Ohuchi H, Koyama E, Myokai F, et al. Expression patterns of two fibroblast growth factor receptor genes during early chick eye development. Exp Eye Res 1994, 58:649-658.
223. Pfeffer BA, Flanders KC, Guerin CJ, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 2 is the predominant isoform in the neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium-choroid and vitreous of the monkey eye. Exp Eye Res 1994, 59:323-333.
224. Tcheng M, Fuhrmann G, Hartmann MP, et al. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of FGF receptor genes type 1 and 2 in the developing chick retina. Exp Eye Res 1994, 58:351-358.
225. Tcheng M, Oliver L, Courtois Y, et al. Effects of exogenous FGFs on growth, differentiation and survival of chick neural retinal cells. Exp Cell Res 1994, 212:30-35.
226. Waldbillig RJ, Schoen TJ, Chader GJ, et al. Monkey retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro synthesize, secrete, and degrade insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. J Cell Physiol 1992, 150:76-83.
227. Kishi H, Mishima HK, Yamashita U Growth regulation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro. Curr Eye Res 1994, 13:661-668.
228. Leschey KH, Hines J, Singer JH, et al. Inhibition of growth factor effects in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991, 32:1770-1778.
229. Tanihara H, Inatani M, Honda Y Growth factors and their receptors in the retina and pigment epithelium. Prog Retin Eye Res 1997, 16:271-301.
230. Tanihara H, Yoshida M, Matsumoto M, et al. Identification of transforming growth factor-beta expressed in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:413-419.
231. Faktorovich EG, Steinberg RH, Yasumura D, et al. Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Nature 1990, 347:83-86.
232. Faktorovich EG, Steinberg RH, Yasumura D, et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor and local injury protect photoreceptors from light damage in the rat. J Neurosci 1992, 12:3554-3567.
233. LaVail MM, Faktorovich EG, Hepler JM, et al. Basic fibroblast growth factor protects photoreceptors from light induced degeneration in albino rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991, 638:341-347.
234. LaVail MM, Unoki K, Yasumura D, et al. Multiple growth factors, cytokines and neurotrophins rescue photoreceptors from the damaging effects of constant light. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:11249-11253.
235. Lamoreaux WJ, Fitzgerald MEC, Reiner A, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increases matrix metalloproteinase production by human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37(suppl):3647.
236. Shima DT, Adamis AP, Ferrara N, et al. Hypoxic induction of endothelial growth factors in retinal cells: identification and characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the mitogen. Mol Med 1995, 1:182-193.
237. Kishi H, Mishima HK, Sakamoto I, et al. Stimulation of retinal pigment epithelial cell growth by neuropeptides in vitro. Curr Eye Res 1996, 15:708-713.
238. Kishi H, Mishima HK, Yamashita U Cytokine- and neuropeptide-mediated differentiation in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Cell Biol Int 1997, 21:353-357.
239. Charteris DG Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: pathobiology, surgical management, and adjunctive treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 1995, 79:953-960.
240. Scheiffarth OF, Kampik A, Gunther H, et al. Proteins of the extracellular matrix in vitreoretinal membranes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1988, 226:357-361.
241. Hinton DR, He S, Graf K, et al. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation mediates PDGF-directed migration of RPE cells. Exp Cell Res 1998, 239:11-15.
242. Proulx S, Guerin SL, Salesse C Effect of quiescence on integrin alpha5beta1 expression in human retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis 2003, 9:473-481.
243. Osusky R, Soriano D, Ye J, et al. Cytokine effects on fibronectin release by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 1994, 13:569-574.
244. Adamis AP, Shima DT, Yeo KT, et al. Synthesis and secretion of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993, 193:631-638.
245. Feldman EL, Randolph AE Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein synthesis and secretion in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 1994, 158:198-204.
246. Ocrant I, Fay CT, Parmelee JT Expression of insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors and binding proteins by retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1991, 52:581-589.
247. Campochiaro PA, Glaser BM Platelet derived growth factor is chemotactic for human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Arch Ophthalmol 1985, 103:576-579.
248. de Juan E, Dickson JS, Hjelmeland L Serum is chemotactic for retinal-derived glial cells. Arch Ophthalmol 1988, 106:986-990.
249. Leschey KH, Hackett SF, Singer JH, et al. Growth factor responsiveness of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990, 31:839-846.
250. Uchihori Y, Puro DG Mitogenic and chemotactic effects of platelet-derived growth factor on human retinal glial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991, 32:2689-2695.
251. Lauffenburger DA, Horwitz AF Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell 1996, 84:359-369.
252. Schmitz G, Heimann K, Weller M, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta2 induces alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37(suppl):1785.
253. Liu NP, Roberts WL, Hale LP, et al. Expression of CD44 and variant isoforms in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:2027-2037.
254. Brown DJ, Bishop P, Hamdi H, et al. Cleavage of structural components of mammalian vitreous by endogenous matrix metalloproteinase-2. Curr Eye Res 1996, 15:439-445.
255. Brooks PC, Stromblad S, Sanders LC, et al. Localization of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the surface of invasive cells by interaction with integrin v beta 3. Cell 1996, 85:683-693.
256. Hunt RC, Fox A, Pakalnis VA, et al. Cytokines cause cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells to secrete metalloproteinases and to contract collagen gels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:3179-3186.
257. Buck M, Houglum K, Chojkier M Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits collagen alpha 1 (I) gene expression and wound healing in a murine model of cachexia. Am J Pathol 1996, 149:195-204.
258. Chou DHI, Lee W, McCulloch CAG TNF-alpha inactivation of collagen receptors: implications for fibroblast function and fibrosis. J Immunol 1996, 156:4354-4362.
259. Bora NS, Gobleman CL, Atkinson JP, et al. Differential expression of the complement regulatory proteins in the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:3579-3584.
260. Elner SG, Elner VM, Pavilack MA, et al. Modulation and function of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD 54) on human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Lab Invest 1992, 66:200-211.
261. Limb GA, Cole CJ, Earley O, et al. Expression of hematopoietic cell markers by retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 1997, 16:985-991.
262. Nagineni CN, Kutty RK, Detrick B, et al. Inflammatory cytokines induce intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA synthesis and protein secretion by human retinal pigment epithelial cell cultures. Cytokine 1996, 8:622-630.
263. Bian ZM, Elner SG, Strieter RM, et al. Glycated serum albumin induces chemokine gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 1996, 60:405-414.
264. Elner SG, Elner VM The integrin superfamily and the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996, 37:696-701.
265. Elner SG, Elner VM, Bian ZM, et al. Human retinal pigment epithelial cell interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 modulation by T-lymphocyte products. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:446-455.
266. Elner VM, Burnstine MA, Strieter RM, et al. Cell-associated human retinal pigment epithelium interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1: immunochemical and in-situ hybridization analyses. Exp Eye Res 1997, 65:781-789.
267. Elner VM, Elner SG, Standiford TJ, et al. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) induces retinal pigment epithelial cell MCP-1 and IL-8. Exp Eye Res 1996, 63:297-303.
268. Kurtz RM, Elner VM, Bian ZM, et al. Dexamethasone and cyclosporin A modulation of human retinal pigment epithelial cell monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:436-445.
269. Planck SR, Dang TT, Graves D, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial cells secrete interleukin-6 in response to interleukin-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992, 33:78-82.
270. Planck SR, Huang XN, Robertson JE, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial cells produce interleukin-1 beta and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in response to interleukin-1 alpha. Curr Eye Res 1993, 12:205-212.
271. Tanihara H, Yoshida M, Yoshimura N Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene is expressed in stimulated retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992, 187:1029-1034.
272. Harada S, Nagy JA, Sullivan KA, et al. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by prostaglandin E2 and E1 in osteoblasts. J Clin Invest 1994, 93:2490-2496.
273. Li J, Perrella MA, Tsai JC, et al. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression by interleukin-1 beta in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:308-312.
274. Kurosaka D, Muraki Y, Inove M, et al. TGF-beta 2 increases alpha-smooth muscle actin expression on bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 1996, 15:1144-1147.
275. Alge CS, Suppmann S, Priglinger SG, et al. Comparative proteome analysis of native differentiated and cultured dedifferentiated human RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:3629-3641.
276. Buraczynska M, Mears AJ, Zareparsi S, et al. Gene expression profile of native human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43:603-607.
277. Sharma S, Chang JT, Della NG, et al. Identification of novel bovine RPE and retinal genes by subtractive hybridization. Mol Vis 2002, 8:251-258.
278. Sharon D, Blackshaw S, Cepko CL, et al. Profile of the genes expressed in the human peripheral retina, macula, and retinal pigment epithelium determined through serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:315-320.
279. Wistow G, Bernstein SL, Wyatt MK, et al. Expressed sequence tag analysis of human RPE/choroid for the NEIBank Project: over 6000 non-redundant transcripts, novel genes and splice variants. Mol Vis 2002, 8:205-220.
280. Del Priore LV, Kuo YH, Tezel TH Age-related changes in human RPE cell density and apoptosis proportion in situ. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002, 43:3312-3318.
281. Burns RP, Feeney-Burns L Clinico-morphologic correlations of drusen of Bruch's membrane. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1980, 78:206-225.
282. Friedman E, Ts'o MOM The retinal pigment epithelium. II. Histologic changes associated with age. Arch Ophthalmol 1968, 79:315-320.
283. Harman AM, Fleming PA, Hoskins RV, et al. Development and aging of cell topography in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:2016-2026.
284. Ishibashi T, Patterson R, Ohnishi Y, et al. Formation of drusen in the human eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1986, 101:342-353.
285. Newsome DA, Hewitt AT, Huh W, et al. Detection of specific extracellular matrix molecules in drusen, Bruch's membrane, and ciliary body. Am J Ophthalmol 1987, 104:373-381.
286. Sarks SH, Van Driel D, Maxwell L, et al. Softening of drusen and subretinal neovascularization. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1980, 100:414-422.
287. Feeney-Burns L, Berman ER, Rothman H Lipofuscin of the human retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1980, 90:783-791.
288. Feeney-Burns L, Eldred GE The fate of the phagosome: conversion to age pigment an impact in human retinal pigment epithelium. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1983, 103:416-421.
289. Kilbride PE, Hutman LP, Fishman M, et al. Foveal cone pigment density difference in the aging human eye. Vision Res 1986, 26:321-325.
290. Boulton M, McKechnie NM, Breda J, et al. The formation of autofluorescent granules in cultured human RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30:82-89.
291. Katz ML Incomplete proteolysis may contribute to lipofuscin accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989, 266:109-116.
292. Kennedy CJ, Rakoczy PE, Constable IJ Lipofuscin of the retinal pigment epithelium: a review. Eye 1995, 9:763-771.
293. Boulton M, Marshall J Effects of increasing numbers of phagocytic inclusions on human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture: a model for aging. Br J Ophthalmol 1988, 70:808-815.
294. Boulton M, Moriaty P, Jarvis-Evans J, et al. Regional variation and age-related changes of lysosomal enzymes in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Br J Ophthalmol 1994, 78:125-129.
295. Mainster MA Light and macular degeneration: a biophysical and clinical perspective. Eye 1987, 1:304-310.
296. Young RW Pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 1987, 31:291-306.
297. Young RW Solar radiation and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 1988, 32:252-269.
298. Dorey CK, Wu G, Ebenstein D, et al. Cell loss in aging retina. Relationship to lipofuscin accumulation and macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989, 30:1691-1699.
299. Streeten BW The sudanophilic granules of the human retinal pigment epithelium. Arch Ophthalmol 1961, 66:391-398.
300. Wing GL, Blanchard GC, Weiter JJ The topography and age relationship of lipofuscin concentration in the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978, 17:601-607.
301. Hogan MJ Role of the retinal pigment epithelium in macular disease. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1972, 76:64-80.
302. Sparrow JR, Cai B, Fishkin N, et al. A2E, a fluorophore of RPE lipofuscin: can it cause RPE degeneration?. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003, 533:205-211.
303. Verdugo ME, Ray J Age-related increase in activity of specific lysosomal enzymes in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1997, 65:231-240.
304. Cingle KA, Kalski RS, Bruner WE, et al. Age-related changes in glycosidases in human retinal pigment epithelium. Curr Eye Res 1996, 15:433-438.
305. Rakoczy PE, Zhang D, Robertson T, et al. Progressive age-related changes similar to age-related macular degeneration in a transgenic mouse model. Am J Pathol 2002, 161:1515-1524.
306. Ho TC, DelPriore LV Reattachment of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium to extracellular matrix and human Bruch's membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997, 38:1110-1118.
307. Okubo A, Rosa RH, Bunce CV, et al. The relationships of age changes in retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999, 40:443-449.
308. Nagai H, Kalnins VI Normally occurring loss of single cells and repair of resulting defects in retinal pigment epithelium in situ. Exp Eye Res 1996, 62:55-61.
309. Esser P, Heimann K, Abts H, et al. CD 95 (Fas/APO-1) antibody-mediated apoptosis of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Com 1995, 213:1026-1034.
310. Esser P, Heimann K, Bartz-Schmidt KU, et al. Proliferative vitreoretinal disorders: possible involvement of TGF-beta-induced RPE cell apoptosis. Exp Eye Res 1997, 65:365-378.
311. Harris MS, Sakamoto T, Kimura H, et al. Hypericin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells: possible involvement of protein kinase C. Curr Eye Res 1996, 13:255-262.
312. Wood JP, Osborne NN Induction of apoptosis in cultured human retinal pigmented epithelial cells: the effect of protein kinase C activation and inhibition. Neurochem Int 1997, 31:261-273.
313. Rawes V, Kipling D, Kill IR, et al. The kinetics of senescence in retinal pigmented epithelial cells: a test for the telomerase hypothesis of ageing?. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1997, 62:1291-1295.
314. Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, et al. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 1998, 279:349-352.
315. Gupta SK, Jollimore CA, McLaren MJ, et al. Mammalian retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro respond to neurokines ciliary neurotrophic factor and leukemia inhibitory factor. Biochem Cell Biol 1997, 75:119-125.