A 12%-efficient upgraded metallurgical grade silicon - Organic heterojunction solar cell achieved by a self-purifying process

ACS Nano

Volumn 8, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 11369-11376

  Zhang, Jie ^a   Song, Tao ^a   Shen, Xinlei ^b   Yu, Xuegong ^b   Lee, Shuit Tong ^a   Sun, Baoquan ^a  

^a SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Charge recombination; Organic inorganic heterojunction; Solar cell; Surface modification; Upgraded metallurgical grade silicon

Indexed keywords

CHARGE CARRIERS; CONDUCTING POLYMERS; CONJUGATED POLYMERS; COST EFFECTIVENESS; ETCHING; HETEROJUNCTIONS; METALLURGY; METALS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS; ORGANIC-INORGANIC MATERIALS; SOLAR ABSORBERS; SOLAR CELLS; SUBSTRATES; SURFACE TREATMENT; TEMPERATURE;

CHARGE RECOMBINATIONS; METAL-ASSISTED CHEMICAL ETCHING; MINORITY CARRIER LIFETIMES; ORGANIC-INORGANIC HETEROJUNCTIONS; ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID; PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE; POLY(3 ,4-ETHYLENEDIOXYTHIOPHENE):POLY(STYRENESULFONATE); UPGRADED METALLURGICAL-GRADE SILICONS;

SILICON SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 84912536040     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn504279d     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Pizzini, S.; Acciarri, M.; Binetti, S. From Electronic Grade to Solar Grade Silicon: Chances and Challenges in Photovoltaics. Phys. Status Solidi A 2005, 202, 2928-2942.
2. Woditsch, P.; Koch, W. Solar Grade Silicon Feedstock Supply for PV Industry. Sol. Ener. Mater. Sol. Cells 2002, 72, 11-26.
3. Yuge, N.; Abe, M.; Hanazawa, K.; Baba, H.; Nakamura, N.; Kato, Y.; Sakaguchi, Y.; Hiwasa, S.; Aratani, F. Purification of Metallurgical-Grade Silicon up to Solar Grade. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2001, 9, 203-209.
4. Goodrich, A. C.; Powell, D. M.; James, T. L.; Woodhouse, M.; Buonassisi, T. Assessing the Drivers of Regional Trends in Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 2811-2821.
5. Zhao, J.; Wang, A.; Green, M. A.; Ferrazza, F. 19.8% Efficient "Honeycomb" Textured Multicrystalline and 24.4% Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 1991.
6. Del Canizo, C.; Del Coso, G.; Sinke, W. Crystalline Silicon Solar Module Technology: Towards the 1 per Watt-Peak Goal. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2009, 17, 199-209.
7. Khattak, C. P.; Joyce, D. B.; Schmid, F. A Simple Process to Remove Boron from Metallurgical Grade Silicon. Sol. Ener. Mater. Sol. Cells 2002, 74, 77-89.
8. Kwon, J. Y.; Lee, D. H.; Chitambar, M.; Maldonado, S.; Tuteja, A.; Boukai, A. High Efficiency Thin Upgraded Metallurgical-Grade Silicon Solar Cells on Flexible Substrates. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5143-5147.
9. Lee, D. H.; Kwon, J. Y.; Maldonado, S.; Tuteja, A.; Boukai, A. Extreme Light Absorption by Multiple Plasmonic Layers on Upgraded Metallurgical Grade Silicon Solar Cells. Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1961-1967.
10. Shuttle, C. G.; O'Regan, B.; Ballantyne, A. M.; Nelson, J.; Bradley, D. D. C.; de Mello, J.; Durrant, J. R. Experimental Determination of the Rate Law for Charge Carrier Decay in A Polythiophene: Fullerene Solar Cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 093311.
11. Kayes, B. M.; Atwater, H. A.; Lewis, N. S. Comparison of the Device Physics Principles of Planar and Radial PN Junction Nanorod Solar Cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 97, 114302.
12. Li, X.; Xiao, Y.; Bang, J. H.; Lausch, D.; Meyer, S.; Miclea, P.; Jung, J.; Schweizer, S. L.; Lee, J.; Wehrspohn, R. B. Upgraded Silicon Nanowires by Metal-Assisted Etching of Metallurgical Silicon: A New Route to Nanostructured Solar-Grade Silicon. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 3187-3191.
13. Coletti, G.; Bronsveld, P. C.; Hahn, G.; Warta, W.; Macdonald, D.; Ceccaroli, B.; Wambach, K.; Le Quang, N.; Fernandez, J. M. Impact of Metal Contamination in Silicon Solar Cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21, 879-890.
14. Sze, S. M. Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology; Wiley: New York, 2008.
15. Wang, S.; Weil, B. D.; Li, Y.; Wang, K. X.; Garnett, E.; Fan, S.; Cui, Y. Large-Area Free-Standing Ultrathin Single-Crystal Silicon as Processable Materials. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4393-4398.
16. Peng, K. Q.; Xu, Y.; Wu, Y.; Yan, Y.; Lee, S.; Zhu, J. Aligned Single-Crystalline Si Nanowire Arrays for Photovoltaic Applications. Small 2005, 1, 1062-1067.
17. Oh, J.; Yuan, H.; M. Branz, H. An 18.2%-Efficient Black-Silicon Solar Cell Achieved through Control of Carrier Recombination in Nanostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 743-748.
18. Peng, K.; Wu, Y.; Fang, H.; Zhong, X.; Xu, Y.; Zhu, J. Uniform, Axial-Orientation Alignment of One-Dimensional Single-Crystal Silicon Nanostructure Arrays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 2737-2742.
19. Ma, X.; Zhang, J.; Wang, T.; Li, T. Hydrometallurgical Purification of Metallurgical Grade Silicon. Rare Met. (Beijing, China) 2009, 28, 221-225.
20. Zhong, X.; Qu, Y.; Lin, Y. C.; Liao, L.; Duan, X. Unveiling the Formation Pathway of Single Crystalline Porous Silicon Nanowires. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 261-270.
21. 3 System at Room Temperature. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 196-203.
22. Li, X.; Xiao, Y.; Yan, C.; Zhou, K.; Miclea, P.; Meyer, S.; Schweizer, S. L.; Sprafke, A.; Lee, J.; Wehrspohn, R. B. Self-Purification Model for Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Metallurgical Silicon. Electrochim. Acta 2014, 138, 476-480.
23. 3-Si-Cyclooctatetraene: Conducting-Polymer Solar Cells and Layered Structures. Science 1990, 249, 1146-1149.
24. Shiu, S.; Chao, J.; Hung, S.; Yeh, C.; Lin, C. Morphology Dependence of Silicon Nanowire/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly(styrenesulfonate) Heterojunction Solar Cells. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 3108-3113.
25. Avasthi, S.; Lee, S.; Loo, Y. L.; Sturm, J. C. Role of Majority and Minority Carrier Barriers Silicon/Organic Hybrid Heterojunction Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 5762-5766.
26. Shen, X.; Sun, B.; Liu, D.; Lee, S. Hybrid Heterojunction Solar Cell Based on Organic-Inorganic Silicon Nanowire Array Architecture. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 19408-19415.
27. Zhang, F.; Sun, B.; Song, T.; Zhu, X.; Lee, S. Air Stable, Efficient Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Silicon Nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 2084-2090.
28. Chen, T. G.; Huang, B. Y.; Liu, H. W.; Huang, Y. Y.; Pan, H. T.; Meng, H. F.; Yu, P. Flexible Silver Nanowire Meshes for High-Efficiency Microtextured Organic-Silicon Hybrid Photovoltaics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 6857-6864.
29. Chen, T.; Huang, B.; Chen, E.; Yu, P.; Meng, H. Micro-Textured Conductive Polymer/Silicon Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices with High Efficiency. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101, 033301.
30. Liu, Q.; Ono, M.; Tang, Z.; Ishikawa, R.; Ueno, K.; Shirai, H. Highly Efficient Crystalline Silicon/Zonyl Fluorosurfactant-Treated Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 183901.
31. Jeong, S.; McGehee, M. D.; Cui, Y. All-Back-Contact Ultra-Thin Silicon Nanocone Solar Cells with 13.7% Power Conversion Efficiency. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2950-2956.
32. Pietsch, M.; Bashouti, M. Y.; Christiansen, S. The Role of Hole Transport in Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Silicon/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Heterojunction Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 9049-9055.
33. Wei, W. R.; Tsai, M. L.; Ho, S. T.; Tai, S. H.; Ho, C. R.; Tsai, S. H.; Liu, C. W.; Chung, R. J.; He, J. H. Above-11%-Efficiency Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells with Omnidirectional Harvesting Characteristics by Employing Hierarchical Photon-Trapping Structures. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3658-3663.
34. Erickson, A. S.; Zohar, A.; Cahen, D. n-Si-Organic Inversion Layer Interfaces: A Low Temperature Deposition Method for Forming a p-n Homojunction in n-Si. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, DOI: 10.1002/ aenm.201301724.
35. Yu, P.; Tsai, C.; Chang, J.; Lai, C.; Chen, P.; Lai, Y.; Tsai, P.; Li, M.; Pan, H.; Huang, Y.; et al. 13% Efficiency Hybrid Organic/Silicon Nanowire Heterojunction Solar Cell via Interface Engineering. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 10780-10787.
36. Price, M. J.; Foley, J. M.; May, R. A.; Maldonado, S. Comparison of Majority Carrier Charge Transfer Velocities at Si/Polymer and Si/Metal Photovoltaic Heterojunctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97, 083503.
37. Kim, J.; Yoon, S. Y.; Choi, K. Effects of Phosphorus Diffusion Gettering on Minority Carrier Lifetimes of Single-Crystalline, Multi-Crystalline and UMG Silicon Wafer. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2013, 13, 2103-2108.
38. Yella, A.; Lee, H. W.; Tsao, H. N.; Yi, C.; Chandiran, A. K.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Diau, E. W. G.; Yeh, C. Y.; Zakeeruddin, S. M.; Gratzel, M. Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)-Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12% Efficiency. Science 2011, 334, 629-634.
39. Ehrler, B.; Musselman, K. P.; Böhm, M. L.; Morgenstern, F. S.; Vaynzof, Y.; Walker, B. J.; MacManus-Driscoll, J. L.; Greenham, N. C.; Musselman, K. P.; Böhm, M. L.; et al. Preventing Interfacial Recombination in Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells by Doping the Metal Oxide. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 4210-4220.