Lipid nanoparticles for gene delivery

Advances in Genetics

Volumn 88, Issue , 2014, Pages 13-36

  Zhao, Yi ^a   Huang, Leaf ^a  

^a UNC Hamner Institute for Drug Safety Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Gene delivery; Lipid nanoparticles

Indexed keywords

LIPID; NANOPARTICLE;

ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); GENE THERAPY; GENE TRANSFER; GENE VECTOR; GENETICS; HUMAN; LIVER DISEASES; NEOPLASMS; PHARMACOKINETICS; PROCEDURES; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES; GENETIC THERAPY; GENETIC VECTORS; HUMANS; LIPIDS; LIVER DISEASES; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84910007116     PISSN: 00652660     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800148-6.00002-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (95)

1. Adrian J.E., Poelstra K., Scherphof G.L., Meijer D.K., van Loenen-Weemaes A.M., Reker-Smit C., et al. Effects of a new bioactive lipid-based drug carrier on cultured hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis in bile duct-ligated rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007, 321(2):536-543. 10.1124/jpet.106.117945.
2. Akinc A., Goldberg M., Qin J., Dorkin J.R., Gamba-Vitalo C., Maier M., et al. Development of lipidoid-siRNA formulations for systemic delivery to the liver. Molecular Therapy 2009, 17(5):872-879. 10.1038/mt.2009.36.
3. Akinc A., Zumbuehl A., Goldberg M., Leshchiner E.S., Busini V., Hossain N., et al. A combinatorial library of lipid-like materials for delivery of RNAi therapeutics. Nature Biotechnology 2008, 26(5):561-569. 10.1038/Nbt1402.
4. Alabi C.A., Love K.T., Sahay G., Yin H., Luly K.M., Langer R., et al. Multiparametric approach for the evaluation of lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013, 110(32):12881-12886. 10.1073/Pnas.1306529110.
5. Behlke M.A. Chemical modification of siRNAs for invivo use. Oligonucleotides 2008, 18(4):305-319. 10.1089/oli.2008.0164.
6. Brunner S., Sauer T., Carotta S., Cotten M., Saltik M., Wagner E. Cell cycle dependence of gene transfer by lipoplex polyplex and recombinant adenovirus. Gene Therapy 2000, 7(5):401-407. 10.1038/Sj.Gt.3301102.
7. Chen D., Love K.T., Chen Y., Eltoukhy A.A., Kastrup C., Sahay G., et al. Rapid discovery of potent siRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles enabled by controlled microfluidic formulation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2012, 134(16):6948-6951. 10.1021/ja301621z.
8. Chillemi R., Greco V., Nicoletti V.G., Sciuto S. Oligonucleotides conjugated to natural lipids: synthesis of phosphatidyl-anchored antisense oligonucleotides. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2013, 24(4):648-657. 10.1021/bc300602g.
9. Christensen J., Litherland K., Faller T., van de Kerkhof E., Natt F., Hunziker J., Swart P. Metabolism studies of unformulated internally [3H]-labeled short interfering RNAs in mice. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2013, 41(6):1211-1219. 10.1124/dmd.112.050666.
10. Cullis P.R., Hope M.J., Tilcock C.P. Lipid polymorphism and the roles of lipids in membranes. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 1986, 40(2-4):127-144.
11. Czauderna F., Fechtner M., Dames S., Aygun H., Klippel A., Pronk G.J., et al. Structural variations and stabilising modifications of synthetic siRNAs in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Research 2003, 31(11):2705-2716.
12. Damen J., Regts J., Scherphof G. Transfer and exchange of phospholipid between small unilamellar liposomes and rat plasma high density lipoproteins. Dependence on cholesterol content and phospholipid composition. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1981, 665(3):538-545.
13. Dams E.T., Laverman P., Oyen W.J., Storm G., Scherphof G.L., van Der Meer J.W., et al. Accelerated blood clearance and altered biodistribution of repeated injections of sterically stabilized liposomes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2000, 292(3):1071-1079.
14. Dean D.A., Strong D.D., Zimmer W.E. Nuclear entry of nonviral vectors. Gene Therapy 2005, 12(11):881-890. 10.1038/Sj.Gt.3302534.
15. Domvri K., Zarogoulidis P., Porpodis K., Koffa M., Lambropoulou M., Kakolyris S., et al. Gene therapy in liver diseases: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Current Gene Therapy 2012, 12(6):463-483.
16. Dong Y., Love K.T., Dorkin J.R., Sirirungruang S., Zhang Y., Chen D., et al. Lipopeptide nanoparticles for potent and selective siRNA delivery in rodents and nonhuman primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2014, 111(11):3955-3960. 10.1073/pnas.1322937111.
17. Du S.L., Pan H., Lu W.Y., Wang J., Wu J., Wang J.Y. Cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide-labeled liposomes for targeting drug therapy of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007, 322(2):560-568. 10.1124/jpet.107.122481.
18. Fehring V., Schaeper U., Ahrens K., Santel A., Keil O., Eisermann M., et al. Delivery of therapeutic siRNA to the lung endothelium via novel Lipoplex formulation DACC. Molecular Therapy 2014, 22(4):811-820. 10.1038/mt.2013.291.
19. Fitzgerald K., Frank-Kamenetsky M., Shulga-Morskaya S., Liebow A., Bettencourt B.R., Sutherland J.E., et al. Effect of an RNA interference drug on the synthesis of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and the concentration of serum LDL cholesterol in healthy volunteers: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet 2014, 383(9911):60-68. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61914-5.
20. Friedmann T., Roblin R. Gene therapy for human genetic disease?. Science 1972, 175(4025):949-955.
21. Fujii H., Matkar P., Liao C., Rudenko D., Lee P.J., Kuliszewski M.A., et al. Optimization of ultrasound-mediated anti-angiogenic Cancer gene therapy. Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids 2013, 2:e94. 10.1038/mtna.2013.20.
22. Giacca M. Gene therapy 2010, Springer.
23. Gomes-da-Silva L.C., Fonseca N.A., Moura V., Pedroso de Lima M.C., Simoes S., Moreira J.N. Lipid-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy: paradigms and challenges. Accounts of Chemical Research 2012, 45(7):1163-1171. 10.1021/ar300048p.
24. Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G., Prieto J. Gene therapy of liver diseases: a 2011 perspective. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 2011, 35(11):699-708. 10.1016/J.Clinre.2011.05.016.
25. Guo S., Huang L. Nanoparticles escaping RES and endosome: challenges for siRNA delivery for Cancer therapy. Journal of Nanomaterials 2011, 2011:12. 10.1155/2011/742895.
26. Hafez I.M., Maurer N., Cullis P.R. On the mechanism whereby cationic lipids promote intracellular delivery of polynucleic acids. Gene Therapy 2001, 8(15):1188-1196. 10.1038/sj.gt.3301506.
27. Hama S., Akita H., Ito R., Mizuguchi H., Hayakawa T., Harashima H. Quantitative comparison of intracellular trafficking and nuclear transcription between adenoviral and lipoplex systems. Molecular Therapy 2006, 13(4):786-794. 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2005.10.007.
28. Han H.D., Mangala L.S., Lee J.W., Shahzad M.M., Kim H.S., Shen D., et al. Targeted gene silencing using RGD-labeled chitosan nanoparticles. Clinical Cancer Research 2010, 16(15):3910-3922. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0005.
29. Heyes J., Palmer L., Bremner K., MacLachlan I. Cationic lipid saturation influences intracellular delivery of encapsulated nucleic acids. Journal of Controlled Release 2005, 107(2):276-287. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.06.014.
30. Huang L., Liu Y. Invivo delivery of RNAi with lipid-based nanoparticles. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2011, 13:507-530. 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124709.
31. Huang X., Schwind S., Yu B., Santhanam R., Wang H., Hoellerbauer P., et al. Targeted delivery of microRNA-29b by transferrin-conjugated anionic lipopolyplex nanoparticles: a novel therapeutic strategy in acute myeloid leukemia. Clinical Cancer Research 2013, 19(9):2355-2367. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3191.
32. Hu S.H., Hsieh T.Y., Chiang C.S., Chen P.J., Chen Y.Y., Chiu T.L., et al. Surfactant-free, lipo-polymersomes stabilized by iron oxide nanoparticles/polymer interlayer for synergistically targeted and magnetically guided gene delivery. Advanced Healthcare Materials 2014, 3(2):273-282. 10.1002/adhm.201300122.
33. Immordino M.L., Dosio F., Cattel L. Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2006, 1(3):297-315.
34. Ishida T., Ichihara M., Wang X., Yamamoto K., Kimura J., Majima E., et al. Injection of PEGylated liposomes in rats elicits PEG-specific IgM, which is responsible for rapid elimination of a second dose of PEGylated liposomes. Journal of Controlled Release 2006, 112(1):15-25. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.01.005.
35. Ishiwata H., Suzuki N., Ando S., Kikuchi H., Kitagawa T. Characteristics and biodistribution of cationic liposomes and their DNA complexes. Journal of Controlled Release 2000, 69(1):139-148. 10.1016/S0168-3659(00)00293-5.
36. Jayaraman M., Ansell S.M., Mui B.L., Tam Y.K., Chen J., Du X., et al. Maximizing the potency of siRNA lipid nanoparticles for hepatic gene silencing invivo. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012, 51(34):8529-8533. 10.1002/anie.201203263.
37. Jiang S., Eltoukhy A.A., Love K.T., Langer R., Anderson D.G. Lipidoid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient DNA and siRNA delivery. Nano Letters 2013, 13(3):1059-1064. 10.1021/nl304287a.
38. Jokerst J.V., Lobovkina T., Zare R.N., Gambhir S.S. Nanoparticle PEGylation for imaging and therapy. Nanomedicine (London) 2011, 6(4):715-728. 10.2217/nnm.11.19.
39. Judge A.D., Bola G., Lee A.C., MacLachlan I. Design of noninflammatory synthetic siRNA mediating potent gene silencing invivo. Molecular Therapy 2006, 13(3):494-505. 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.11.002.
40. Kawabata K., Takakura Y., Hashida M. The fate of plasmid DNA after intravenous injection in mice: involvement of scavenger receptors in its hepatic uptake. Pharmaceutical Research 1995, 12(6):825-830.
41. Kenny G.D., Villegas-Llerena C., Tagalakis A.D., Campbell F., Welser K., Botta M., et al. Multifunctional receptor-targeted nanocomplexes for magnetic resonance imaging and transfection of tumours. Biomaterials 2012, 33(29):7241-7250. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.042.
42. Koppelhus U., Shiraishi T., Zachar V., Pankratova S., Nielsen P.E. Improved cellular activity of antisense peptide nucleic acids by conjugation to a cationic peptide-lipid (CatLip) domain. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2008, 19(8):1526-1534. 10.1021/bc800068h.
43. Koynova R., Tenchov B. Recent patents in cationic lipid carriers for delivery of nucleic acids. Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences 2011, 5(1):8-27.
44. Kubo T., Yanagihara K., Sato Y., Nishimura Y., Kondo S., Seyama T. Gene-silencing potency of symmetric and asymmetric lipid-conjugated siRNAs and its correlation with dicer recognition. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2013, 24(12):2045-2057. 10.1021/bc400391n.
45. Levine R.M., Pearce T.R., Adil M., Kokkoli E. Preparation and characterization of liposome-encapsulated plasmid DNA for gene delivery. Langmuir 2013, 29(29):9208-9215. 10.1021/la400859e.
46. Li S.D., Chono S., Huang L. Efficient oncogene silencing and metastasis inhibition via systemic delivery of siRNA. Molecular Therapy 2008, 16(5):942-946. 10.1038/mt.2008.51.
47. Li S.D., Huang L. Nanoparticles evading the reticuloendothelial system: role of the supported bilayer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2009, 1788(10):2259-2266. 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.06.022.
48. Li S.D., Huang L. Stealth nanoparticles: high density but sheddable PEG is a key for tumor targeting. Journal of Controlled Release 2010, 145(3):178-181. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.016.
49. Liu Y., Hu Y., Huang L. Influence of polyethylene glycol density and surface lipid on pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of lipid-calcium-phosphate nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014, 35(9):3027-3034. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.022.
50. Liu Y., Tseng Y.C., Huang L. Biodistribution studies of nanoparticles using fluorescence imaging: a qualitative or quantitative method?. Pharmaceutical Research 2012, 29(12):3273-3277. 10.1007/S11095-012-0818-1.
51. Lorenz C., Hadwiger P., John M., Vornlocher H.P., Unverzagt C. Steroid and lipid conjugates of siRNAs to enhance cellular uptake and gene silencing in liver cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2004, 14(19):4975-4977. 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.018.
52. Love K.T., Mahon K.P., Levins C.G., Whitehead K.A., Querbes W., Dorkin J.R., et al. Lipid-like materials for low-dose, invivo gene silencing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107(5):1864-1869. 10.1073/pnas.0910603106.
53. Maeda H. Macromolecular therapeutics in cancer treatment: the EPR effect and beyond. Journal of Controlled Release 2012, 164(2):138-144. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.038.
54. Maeda H., Nakamura H., Fang J. The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging invivo. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2013, 65(1):71-79. 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.002.
55. Mahato R.I., Anwer K., Tagliaferri F., Meaney C., Leonard P., Wadhwa M.S., et al. Biodistribution and gene expression of lipid/plasmid complexes after systemic administration. Human Gene Therapy 1998, 9(14):2083-2099. 10.1089/hum.1998.9.14-2083.
56. Majzoub R.N., Chan C.L., Ewert K.K., Silva B.F.B., Liang K.S., Jacovetty E.L., et al. Uptake and transfection efficiency of PEGylated cationic liposome-DNA complexes with and without RGD-tagging. Biomaterials 2014, 35(18):4996-5005. 10.1016/J.Biomaterials.2014.03.007.
57. Malone R.W., Felgner P.L., Verma I.M. Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1989, 86(16):6077-6081.
58. Mandal A.K., Das S., Basu M.K., Chakrabarti R.N., Das N. Hepatoprotective activity of liposomal flavonoid against arsenite-induced liver fibrosis. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007, 320(3):994-1001. 10.1124/jpet.106.114215.
59. Mark H.F. Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology. Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries 2003, 41(2):316. 3rd ed. (Book).
60. Mastrobattista E., van der Aa M.A., Hennink W.E., Crommelin D.J. Artificial viruses: a nanotechnological approach to gene delivery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2006, 5(2):115-121. 10.1038/nrd1960.
61. Matsumura Y., Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Research 1986, 46(12 Pt 1):6387-6392.
62. McBain S.C., Yiu H.H.P., Dobson J. Magnetic nanoparticles for gene and drug delivery. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2008, 3(2):169-180.
63. Namiki Y., Namiki T., Yoshida H., Ishii Y., Tsubota A., Koido S., et al. A novel magnetic crystal-lipid nanostructure for magnetically guided invivo gene delivery. Nature Nanotechnology 2009, 4(9):598-606. 10.1038/nnano.2009.202.
64. Nishina K., Unno T., Uno Y., Kubodera T., Kanouchi T., Mizusawa H., et al. Efficient invivo delivery of siRNA to the liver by conjugation of alpha-tocopherol. Molecular Therapy 2008, 16(4):734-740. 10.1038/mt.2008.14.
65. Omidi Y., Barar J., Akhtar S. Toxicogenomics of cationic lipid-based vectors for gene therapy: impact of microarray technology. Current Drug Delivery 2005, 2(4):429-441.
66. Omidi Y., Barar J., Heidari H.R., Ahmadian S., Yazdi H.A., Akhtar S. Microarray analysis of the toxicogenomics and the genotoxic potential of a cationic lipid-based gene delivery nanosystem in human alveolar epithelial a549 cells. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 2008, 18(4):369-378. 10.1080/15376510801891286.
67. Prabhakar U., Maeda H., Jain R.K., Sevick-Muraca E.M., Zamboni W., Farokhzad O.C., et al. Challenges and key considerations of the enhanced permeability and retention effect for nanomedicine drug delivery in oncology. Cancer Research 2013, 73(8):2412-2417. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4561.
68. Prieto J., Qian C., Hernandez-Alcoceba R., Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G., Mazzolini G., Sangro B., et al. Gene therapy of liver diseases. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2004, 4(7):1073-1091. 10.1517/14712598.4.7.1073.
69. Ranjan S., Kinnunen P. Liposome nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, gene delivery and magnetic imaging. FEBS Journal 2012, 279:111.
70. Romberg B., Hennink W.E., Storm G. Sheddable coatings for long-circulating nanoparticles. Pharmaceutical Research 2008, 25(1):55-71. 10.1007/s11095-007-9348-7.
71. Ross P.C., Hui S.W. Lipoplex size is a major determinant of invitro lipofection efficiency. Gene Therapy 1999, 6(4):651-659. 10.1038/Sj.Gt.3300863.
72. Sato Y., Hatakeyama H., Sakurai Y., Hyodo M., Akita H., Harashima H. A pH-sensitive cationic lipid facilitates the delivery of liposomal siRNA and gene silencing activity invitro and invivo. Journal of Controlled Release 2012, 163(3):267-276. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.09.009.
73. Sato Y., Murase K., Kato J., Kobune M., Sato T., Kawano Y., et al. Resolution of liver cirrhosis using vitamin A-coupled liposomes to deliver siRNA against a collagen-specific chaperone. Nature Biotechnology 2008, 26(4):431-442. 10.1038/nbt1396.
74. Schroeder A., Levins C.G., Cortez C., Langer R., Anderson D.G. Lipid-based nanotherapeutics for siRNA delivery. Journal of Internal Medicine 2010, 267(1):9-21. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02189.x.
75. Semple S.C., Akinc A., Chen J., Sandhu A.P., Mui B.L., Cho C.K., et al. Rational design of cationic lipids for siRNA delivery. Nature Biotechnology 2010, 28(2):172-176. 10.1038/nbt.1602.
76. Semple S.C., Chonn A., Cullis P.R. Influence of cholesterol on the association of plasma proteins with liposomes. Biochemistry 1996, 35(8):2521-2525. 10.1021/bi950414i.
77. Senior J.H. Fate and behavior of liposomes invivo: a review of controlling factors. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 1987, 3(2):123-193.
78. Soenen S.J., Brisson A.R., De Cuyper M. Addressing the problem of cationic lipid-mediated toxicity: the magnetoliposome model. Biomaterials 2009, 30(22):3691-3701. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.040.
79. Song S., Shen Z., Chen L., Brayman A.A., Miao C.H. Explorations of high-intensity therapeutic ultrasound and microbubble-mediated gene delivery in mouse liver. Gene Therapy 2011, 18(10):1006-1014. 10.1038/gt.2011.34.
80. Soutschek J., Akinc A., Bramlage B., Charisse K., Constien R., Donoghue M., et al. Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs. Nature 2004, 432(7014):173-178. 10.1038/nature03121.
81. Sun S., Wang M., Knupp S.A., Soto-Feliciano Y., Hu X., Kaplan D.L., et al. Combinatorial library of lipidoids for invitro DNA delivery. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2012, 23(1):135-140. 10.1021/bc200572w.
82. Tabernero J., Shapiro G.I., LoRusso P.M., Cervantes A., Schwartz G.K., Weiss G.J., et al. First-in-humans trial of an RNA interference therapeutic targeting VEGF and KSP in cancer patients with liver involvement. Cancer Discovery 2013, 3(4):406-417. 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0429.
83. Tam Y.Y., Chen S., Cullis P.R. Advances in lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. Pharmaceutics 2013, 5(3):498-507. 10.3390/pharmaceutics5030498.
84. Thierry A.R., Rabinovich P., Peng B., Mahan L.C., Bryant J.L., Gallo R.C. Characterization of liposome-mediated gene delivery: expression, stability and pharmacokinetics of plasmid DNA. Gene Therapy 1997, 4(3):226-237. 10.1038/sj.gt.3300350.
85. Vangasseri D.P., Cui Z., Chen W., Hokey D.A., Falo L.D., Huang L. Immunostimulation of dendritic cells by cationic liposomes. Molecular Membrane Biology 2006, 23(5):385-395. 10.1080/09687860600790537.
86. van de Water F.M., Boerman O.C., Wouterse A.C., Peters J.G., Russel F.G., Masereeuw R. Intravenously administered short interfering RNA accumulates in the kidney and selectively suppresses gene function in renal proximal tubules. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2006, 34(8):1393-1397. 10.1124/dmd.106.009555.
87. Whitehead K.A., Dorkin J.R., Vegas A.J., Chang P.H., Veiseh O., Matthews J., et al. Degradable lipid nanoparticles with predictable invivo siRNA delivery activity. Nature Communications 2014, 5:4277. 10.1038/ncomms5277.
88. Wolfrum C., Shi S., Jayaprakash K.N., Jayaraman M., Wang G., Pandey R.K., et al. Mechanisms and optimization of invivo delivery of lipophilic siRNAs. Nature Biotechnology 2007, 25(10):1149-1157. 10.1038/nbt1339.
89. Writer M.J., Kyrtatos P.G., Bienemann A.S., Pugh J.A., Lowe A.S., Villegas-Llerena C., et al. Lipid peptide nanocomplexes for gene delivery and magnetic resonance imaging in the brain. Journal of Controlled Release 2012, 162(2):340-348. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.002.
90. Xiang B., Dong D.W., Shi N.Q., Gao W., Yang Z.Z., Cui Y., et al. PSA-responsive and PSMA-mediated multifunctional liposomes for targeted therapy of prostate cancer. Biomaterials 2013, 34(28):6976-6991. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.055.
91. Xu Y., Szoka F.C. Mechanism of DNA release from cationic liposome/DNA complexes used in cell transfection. Biochemistry 1996, 35(18):5616-5623. 10.1021/bi9602019.
92. Yew N.S., Scheule R.K. Toxicity of cationic lipid-DNA complexes. Advances in Genetics 2005, 53PA:189-214. 10.1016/S0065-2660(05)53007-4.
93. Zelphati O., Szoka F.C. Mechanism of oligonucleotide release from cationic liposomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93(21):11493-11498.
94. Zhang Y., Schwerbrock N.M., Rogers A.B., Kim W.Y., Huang L. Codelivery of VEGF siRNA and gemcitabine monophosphate in a single nanoparticle formulation for effective treatment of NSCLC. Molecular Therapy 2013, 21(8):1559-1569. 10.1038/mt.2013.120.
95. Zhi D., Zhang S., Cui S., Zhao Y., Wang Y., Zhao D. The headgroup evolution of cationic lipids for gene delivery. Bioconjugate Chemistry 2013, 24(4):487-519. 10.1021/bc300381s.