Nutritional requirements and use of macroalgae as ingredients in abalone feed

Reviews in Aquaculture

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 121-135

  Bansemer, Matthew S ^a,b   Qin, Jian G ^a   Harris, James O ^a,b   Howarth, Gordon S ^c   Stone, David A J ^a,b,c,d  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^d SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Abalone; Health; Macroalgae; Nutritional requirements; Product quality

Indexed keywords

EID: 84909617040     PISSN: 17535123     EISSN: 17535131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/raq.12085     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Allen VJ, Marsden ID, Ragg NLC, Gieseg S (2006) The effects of tactile stimulants on feeding, growth, behaviour, and meat quality of cultured Blackfoot abalone, Haliotis iris. Aquaculture 257: 294-308.
2. Baeverfjord G, Krogdahl Å (1996) Development and regression of soybean meal induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., distal intestine: a comparison with the intestines of fasted fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 19: 375-387.
3. Bansemer MS, Forder REA, Howarth GS, Suitor GM, Bowyer J, Stone DAJ (2014a) The effect of dietary soybean meal and soy protein concentrate on the intestinal mucus layer and the development of sub-acute enteritis in Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) at suboptimal water temperature. Aquaculture Nutrition. doi:10.1111/anu.12160.
4. Bansemer MS, Qin J, Harris JO, Howarth GS, Stone DAJ (2014b) Nutrient utilisation and growth of greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata fed nitrogen enriched macroalgae. Abstract at World Aquaculture Symposium, Adelaide, Australia.
5. Bautista-Teruel MN, Millamena OM (1999) Diet development and evaluation for juvenile abalone, Haliotis asinina: protein/energy levels. Aquaculture 178: 117-126.
6. Bautista-Teruel MN, Fermin AC, Koshio SS (2003) Diet development and evaluation for juvenile abalone, Haliotis asinina: animal and plant protein sources. Aquaculture 219: 645-653.
7. Bautista-Teruel MN, Koshio SS, Ishikawa M (2011) Diet development and evaluation for juvenile abalone, Haliotis asinina Linne: lipid and essential fatty acid levels. Aquaculture 312: 172-179.
8. Britz PJ (1996a) Effect of dietary protein level on growth performance of South African abalone, Haliotis midae, fed fishmeal-based semi-purified diets. Aquaculture 140: 55-61.
9. Britz PJ (1996b) The suitability of selected protein sources for inclusion in formulated diets for the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. Aquaculture 140: 63-73.
10. Britz PJ, Hecht T (1997) Effect of dietary protein and energy level on growth and body composition of South African abalone, Haliotis midae. Aquaculture 156: 195-210.
11. Britz PJ, Hecht T, Knauer J (1996) Gastric evacuation time and digestive enzyme activity in abalone Haliotis midae fed a formulated diet. South African Journal of Marine Sciences 17: 297-303.
12. Britz PJ, Hecht T, Mangold S (1997) Effect of temperature on growth, feed consumption and nutritional indices of Haliotis midae fed a formulated diet. Aquaculture 152: 191-203.
13. Brown MR, Sikes AL, Elliot NG, Tume RK (2008) Physicochemical factors of abalone quality: a review. Journal of Shellfish Research 27: 835-842.
14. Chao WR, Huang CY, Sheen SS (2010) Development of formulated diet for post-larval abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. Aquaculture 307: 89-94.
15. Chen J, Lee W (1999) Growth of Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta fed on Gracilaria tenuistipitata and artificial diet in a multiple-tier basket system. Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 627-635.
16. Chiou TK, Lai MM (2002) Comparison of taste components in cooked meats of small abalone fed different diets. Fisheries Science 68: 388-394.
17. Cho SH (2010) Effect of fishmeal substitution with various animal and/or plant protein sources in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Aquaculture Research 41: 587-593.
18. Chojnacka K, Saeid A, Witkowska Z, Tuhy L (2012) Biologically active compounds in seaweed extracts - the prospects for the application. The Open Conference Proceeding Journals 3: 20-28.
19. Chotigeat W, Tongsupa S, Supamataya K, Phongdara A (2004) Effect of fucoidan on disease resistance of black tiger shrimp. Aquaculture 233: 23-30.
20. Collins SA, Mansfield GS, Desai AR, Van Kessel AG, Hill JE, Drew MD (2013) Structural equation modeling of antinutrients in rainbow trout diets and their impact on feed intake and growth. Aquaculture 416-417: 219-227.
21. Cook PA, Gordon HR (2010) World abalone supply, markets, and pricing. Journal of Shellfish Research 29: 569-571.
22. Coote TA, Hone PW, Van Barneveld RJ, Maguire GB (2000) Optimal protein level in a semipurified diet for juvenile greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture Nutrition 6: 213-220.
23. Cornwall CE, Phillips NE, McNaught DC (2009) Feeding preferences of the abalone Haliotis iris in relation to macroalgal species, attachment, accessibility and water movement. Journal of Shellfish Research 28: 589-597.
24. Dang VT, Li Y, Speck P, Benkendorff K (2011a) Effects of micro and macroalgal diet supplementations on growth and immunity of greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata. Aquaculture 320: 91-98.
25. Dang VT, Speck P, Doroudi M, Smith B, Benkendorff K (2011b) Variation in the antiviral and antibacterial activity of abalone Haliotis laevigata, H. rubra and their hybrid in South Australia. Aquaculture 315: 242-249.
26. Daume S (2006) The roles of bacteria and micro and macro algae in abalone aquaculture: a review. Journal of Shellfish Research 25: 151-157.
27. Daume S, Davidson M, Ryan S, Parker F (2007) Comparisons of rearing systems based on algae or formulated feed for juvenile greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata). Journal of Shellfish Research 26: 729-735.
28. Dunstan GA (2010) A simple model for the determination of the relative utilization efficiency of protein by blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra Leach). Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 1-12.
29. Dunstan GA, Baillie HJ, Barrett SM, Volkman JK (1996) Effect of diet on the lipid composition of wild and cultured abalone. Aquaculture 140: 115-127.
30. Dunstan GA, Volkman JK, Maguire GB (2000) Optimisation of essential lipids in artificial feeds for Australian abalone. FRDC project 94/85. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, Australia.
31. Edwards S, Condon C (2001) Digestive protease characterization, localization and adaptation in blacklip abalone (Haliotis rubra Leach). Aquaculture Research 32: 95-102.
32. Enríquez A, Viana MT, Vásquez C, Shimada A (2001) Digestion of cellulose by stomach homogenates of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens). Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 297-300.
33. Erasmus JH, Cook PA, Coyne VE (1997) The role of bacteria in the digestion of seaweed by the abalone Haliotis midae. Aquaculture 155: 377-386.
34. Ergün S, Soyutürk M, Güroy B, Güroy D, Merrifield D (2009) Influence of Ulva meal on growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at two levels of dietary lipid. Aquaculture Industry 17: 355-361.
35. Evans LV (1989) Mucilaginous substances from macroalgae: an overview. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 43: 455-461.
36. FAO (2013) Fisheries and Aquaculture Software. FishStatJ - Software for Fishery Statistical Time Series [online]. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome. Updated 28 November 2013. [Cited 19 March 2014.] Available from URL: http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en
37. Fleming AE (1995a) Growth, intake, feed conversion efficiency and chemosensory preference of the Australian abalone, Haliotis rubra. Aquaculture 132: 297-311.
38. Fleming AE (1995b) Digestive efficiency of the Australian abalone Haliotis rubra in relation to growth and feed preference. Aquaculture 134: 279-293.
39. Fleming AE, Hone PW (1996) Abalone aquaculture. Aquaculture 140: 1-4.
40. Fleming AE, Van Bameveld RJ, Hone PW (1996) The development of artificial diets for abalone: a review and future directions. Aquaculture 140: 5-53.
41. Fleming AE, van Barneveld RJ, Hone PW, Vandepeer ME, Kruk JA (1998) Complementary additivity of feed ingredients fed to juvenile greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata). Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 641-647.
42. Flores-Aguilar RA, Gutiérrez A, Ellwanger A, Searcy-Bernal R (2007) Development and current status of abalone aquaculture in Chile. Journal of Shellfish Research 26: 705-711.
43. Fotedar R, Phillips B (2011) Recent Advances and New Species in Aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, UK.
44. Francis GH, Makkar PS, Becker K (2001) Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199: 197-227.
45. Friedman M (1996) Food browning and its prevention: an overview. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44: 631-653.
46. García-Carreño FL, Navarrete del Toro MA, Serviere-Zaragoza E (2003) Digestive enzymes in juvenile green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, fed natural food. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 134: 143-150.
47. Garcìa-Esquivel Z, Felbeck H (2009) Comparative performance of juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, reared in laboratory with fresh kelp and balanced diets. Aquaculture Nutrition 15: 209-217.
48. Gatlin DM, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gaylord TG, Hardy RW et al. (2007) Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquaculture Research 38: 551-579.
49. Gilroy A, Edwards SJ (1998) Optimum temperature for growth of Australian abalone: preferred temperature and critical thermal maximum for blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra (Leach), and greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata (Leach). Aquaculture Research 29: 481-485.
50. Gordon HR, Cook PA (2004) World abalone fisheries and aquaculture update: supply and market dynamics. Journal of Shellfish Research 23: 935-939.
51. Green AJ, Jones CLW, Britz PJ (2011) The protein and energy requirements of farmed South African abalone Haliotis midae L. cultured at optimal and elevated water temperatures. Aquaculture Research 42: 1653-1663.
52. Hahn K (1989) Nutrition and Growth of Abalone. In: Hahn K (ed.) Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods, pp. 135-180. CRC Press, Florida, USA.
53. Hannon C, Officer RA, Dorven JL (2013) Review of the technical challenges facing aquaculture of the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata in Ireland. Aquaculture International 21: 243-254.
54. Hardy RW, Tacon AGJ (2002) Fish meal: historical uses, production trends and future outlook for sustainable supplies. In: Stickney RR, McVey JP (eds) Responsible Marine Aquaculture, pp. 311-325. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
55. Harris JO, Burke CM, Maguire GB (1998a) Characterization of the digestive tract of greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata Donovan. I. Morphology and histology. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 979-988.
56. Harris JO, Burke CM, Maguire GB (1998b) Characterization of the digestive tract of greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata Donovan. II. Microenvironment and bacterial flora. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 989-994.
57. Hernández J, Uriarte I, Viana MT, Westermeier R, Farias A (2009) Growth performance of weaning red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) fed with Macrocystis pyrifera plantlets and Porphyra columbina compared with a formulated diet. Aquaculture Research 40: 1694-1702.
58. Hochachka PW, Somero GN (2002) Biochemical Adaptation: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution. Oxford University Press, USA.
59. Hooper C, Hardy-Smith P, Handlinger J (2007) Ganglioneuritis causing high mortalities in farmed Australian abalone (Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra). Australian Veterinary Journal 85: 188-193.
60. Hooper C, Day R, Slocombe R, Benkendorff K, Handlinger J (2011) Effect of movement stress on immune function in farmed Australian abalone (hybrid Haliotis laevigata and Haliotis rubra). Aquaculture 315: 348-354.
61. van den Ingh T, Krogdahl Å, Olli JJ, Hendriks H, Koninkx J (1991) Effects of soybean-containing diets on the proximal and distal intestine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): a morphological study. Aquaculture 94: 297-305.
62. Jan RQ, Shao KT, Chang KH (1981) Extract of sea lettuce Ulva reduces oxygen consumption of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta Lischke). Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 20: 83-85.
63. Kawamura T, Roberts RD, Takami H (1998) A review of the feeding and growth of postlarval abalone. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 615-625.
64. Kemp R (2001) The effect of diet on intestinal structure and function in the abalone (Haliotis laevigata). PhD thesis, pp. 184. Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia.
65. Kirkendale L, Robertson-Andersson DV, Winberg PC (2010) Review on the Use and Production of Algae and Manufactured Diets as Feed for Sea-Based Abalone Aquaculture in Victoria, pp. 198. Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Victoria, University of Wollongong and Shoalhaven Marine and Freshwater Centre.
66. Knauer J, Britz PJ, Hecht T (1996) Comparative growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of juvenile South African abalone, Haliotis midae, fed on diatoms and a practical diet. Aquaculture 140: 75-85.
67. Knoshaug EP, Shi B, Shannon TG, Mleziva MM, Pienkos PT (2013) The potential of photosynthetic aquatic species as sources of useful cellulose fibers - a review. Journal of Applied Phycology 25: 1123-1134.
68. Kut Güroy B, Cirik Ş, Güroy D, Sanvar F, Tekinay AA (2007) Effects of Ulva rigida and Cystoseira barbata meals as a feed additive on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 31: 91-97.
69. Lahaye M, Robic A (2007) Structure and functional properties of Ulvan, a polysaccharide from green seaweeds. American Chemical Society 8: 1765-1774.
70. Lange B, Currie KL, Howarth G, Stone DAJ (2014) Grape seed extract and dried macroalgae, Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, improve survival of greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata Donovan, at high water temperature. Aquaculture 433: 348-360.
71. Lee B (2008) Seaweed Potential as a Marine Vegetable and Other Opportunities. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia.
72. Luo D, Zhang Q, Wang H, Cui Y, Sun Z, Yang J et al. (2009) Fucoidan protects against dopaminergic neuron death in vivo and in vitro. European Journal of Pharmacology 617: 33-40.
73. Mai K, Mercer JP, Donlon J (1995) Comparative studies on the nutrition of two species of abalone, Haliotis tuberculata L. and Haliotis discus hannai Ino. IV. Optimum dietary protein level for growth. Aquaculture 136: 165-180.
74. McCandless EL (1981) Polysaccharides of the seaweeds. In: Lobban CS, Wynne MJ (eds) The Biology of Seaweeds, pp. 559-588. Blackwell Scientific, Melbourne, Australia.
75. Meade SJ, Reid EA, Gerrard JA (2005) The impact of processing on the nutritional quality of food proteins. Journal of AOAC International 88: 904-922.
76. Mulvaney WJ, Winberg PC, Adams L (2013) Comparison of macroalgal (Ulva and Grateloupia spp.) and formulated terrestrial feed on the growth and condition of juvenile abalone. Journal of Applied Phycology 25: 815-824.
77. Mustafa MD, Wakamatsu S, Takeda T, Umino T, Nakagawa H (1995) Effects of algae meal as feed additive on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition in Red Sea Bream. Fisheries Science 61: 25-28.
78. Naidoo K, Maneveldt G, Ruck K, Bolton J (2006) A comparison of various seaweed-based diets and formulated feed on growth rate of abalone in a land-based aquaculture system. Journal of Applied Phycology 18: 437-443.
79. Ng W-K, Romano N (2013) A review of the nutrition and feeding management of farmed tilapia throughout the culture cycle. Reviews in Aquaculture 5: 220-254.
80. Oakes FR, Ponte RD (1996) The abalone market: opportunities for cultured abalone. Aquaculture 140: 187-195.
81. O'Mahoney M, Rice O, Mouzakitis G, Burnell G (2014) Towards sustainable feeds for abalone culture: evaluating the use of mixed species seaweed meal in formulated feeds for the Japanese abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Aquaculture 430: 9-16.
82. Park CJ, Kim SY (2013) Abalone aquaculture in Korea. Journal of Shellfish Research 32: 17-19.
83. van Rooijen C, Bosch G, van der Poel AFB, Wierenga PA, Alexander L, Hendriks WH (2013) The Maillard reaction and pet food processing: effects on nutritive value and pet health. Nutrition Research Reviews 26: 130-148.
84. Sachindra NM, Sata E, Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Niwano Y, Kohno M et al. (2007) Radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 55: 8516-8522.
85. Sarker PK, Bureau DP, Hua K, Drew MD, Forster I, Were K et al. (2013) Sustainability issues related to feeding salmonids: a Canadian perspective. Reviews in Aquaculture 5: 199-219.
86. Satoh K, Nakagawa H, Kasahara S (1987) Effect of Ulva meal supplementation on disease resistance of red sea bream. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 53: 1115-1120.
87. Schaefer EN, Harris JO, Howarth GS, Bansemer MS, Stone DAJ (2013) Comparative histological changes in the Greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata gastrointestinal tract in response to water temperature, different dietary protein levels, and animal age. Journal of Shellfish Research 32: 131-141.
88. Schubert N, Garcia-Mendoza E, Pacheco-Ruiz I (2006) Carotenoid composition of marine red algae. Journal of Phycology 42: 1208-1216.
89. Seigler DS (1998) Carbohydrates. In: Plant Secondary Metabolism, pp. 247-272. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
90. Shepherd SA (1973) Studies on southern Australian abalone (Genus Haliotis) I. Ecology of five sympatric species. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 24: 217-257.
91. Shepherd SA, Steinberg PD (1992) Food preference of three Australian abalone species with a review of algal food of abalone. In: Shepherd SA, Tegner M, Guzman de Proo SA (eds) Abalone of the World. Biology Fisheries and Culture, pp. 169-181. Fishing News Books, UK.
92. Shibata T, Ishimaru K, Kawaguchi S, Yoshikawa H, Hama Y (2008) Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins isolated from Japanese Laminariaceae. Journal of Applied Phycology 20: 705-711.
93. Shipton TA, Britz PJ (2001) The partial and total replacement of fishmeal with selected plant protein sources in diets for the South African abalone, Haliotis midae L. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 637-645.
94. Shipton TA, Britz PJ, Walker RB (2002) An assessment of the efficacy of two lysine microencapsulation techniques to determine the quantitative lysine requirement of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae L. Aquaculture Nutrition 8: 221-227.
95. Shpigel M, Ragg NL, Lupatsch I, Neori A (1999) Protein content determines the nutritional value of the seaweed Ulva lactuca L. for the abalone Haliotis tuberculata L. and H. discus hannai Ino. Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 227-233.
96. Shuuluka D, Bolton JJ, Anderson RJ (2013) Protein content, amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors of Ulva rigida and Ulva capensis from natural populations and Ulva lactuca from an aquaculture system, in South Africa. Journal of Applied Phycology 25: 677-685.
97. Siddique MAM, Khan MSK, Bhuiyan MKA (2013) Nutritional composition and amino acid profile of a sub-tropical red seaweed Gelidium pusillum collected from St Martin's Island, Bangladesh. International Food Research Journal 20: 2287-2292.
98. Smit AJ, Robertson-Andersson DV, Peall S, Bolton JJ (2007) Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) accumulation in abalone Haliotis midae (Mollusca: Prosobranchia) after consumption of various diets, and consequences for aquaculture. Aquaculture 269: 377-389.
99. Smit AJ, Robertson-Andersson DV, Bolton JJ (2010) The effect of macroalgal and compound feeds on the sensory quality of cultivated South African abalone, Haliotis midae Linnaeus (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Aquaculture Nutrition 16: 590-603.
100. Steinberg PD (1989) Biogeographical variation in brown algal polyphenolics and other secondary metabolites: comparison between temperate Australasia and North America. Oecologia 78: 374-383.
101. Stone DAJ, Harris JO, Wang H, Mercer GJ, Schaefer EN, Bansemer MS (2013) Dietary protein level and water temperature interactions for greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata. Journal of Shellfish Research 32: 119-130.
102. Stone DAJ, Bansemer MS, Lange B, Schaefer EN, Howarth GS, Harris JO (2014) A dietary intervention temperature challenge model to investigate summer mortality in cultured greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata Donovan). Aquaculture 430: 230-240.
103. Tabarsa M, Rezaei M, Ramezanpour Z, Waaland JR (2011) Chemical composition of the marine algae Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) as a potential food source. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92: 2500-2506.
104. Taboada MC, Millán R, Miguez MI (2013) Nutritional value of the marine algae wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and nori (Porphyra purpurea) as food supplements. Journal of Applied Phycology 25: 1271-1276.
105. Takami H, Kawamura T, Yamashita Y (1998) Development of polysaccharide degradation activity in postlarval abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 723-727.
106. Travers MA, Basuyaux O, Goïc NL, Huchette S, Nicolas JL, Koken M et al. (2009) Influence of temperature and spawning effort on Haliotis tuberculata mortalities caused by Vibrio harveyi: an example of emerging vibriosis linked to global warming. Global Change Biology 15: 1365-1376.
107. Troell M, Robertson-Andersson D, Anderson RJ, Bolton JJ, Maneveldt G, Halling C et al. (2006) Abalone farming in South Africa: an overview with perspectives on kelp resources, abalone feed, potential for on-farm seaweed production and socio-economic importance. Aquaculture 256: 266-281.
108. Vandepeer ME (2002) An assessment of alternative protein sources and feeding strategies for juvenile greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata Donovan, PhD Thesis, pp. 211. Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.
109. Vandepeer ME (2006) Abalone Aquaculture Subprogram: Preventing summer mortality of abalone in aquaculture systems by understanding interactions between nutrition and water temperature, SARDI Publication Number RD02/0035-2. South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide, Australia.
110. Vandepeer ME, van Barneveld RJ (2003) A comparison of the digestive capacity of blacklip (Haliotis rubra) and greenlip (Haliotis laevigata) abalone. Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 171-175.
111. Vandepeer ME, Hone PW, Havenhand JN, Barneveld RJV (2002) The digestibility of whole and dehulled lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) fed to juvenile greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata. Journal of Shellfish Research 21: 799-803.
112. Viera MP, Courtois de Vicose G, Gómez-Pinchetti JL, Bilbao A, Fernandez-Palacios H, Izquierdo MS (2011) Comparative performances of juvenile abalone (Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve) fed enriched vs non-enriched macroalgae: effect on growth and body composition. Aquaculture 319: 423-429.
113. Viera MP, Courtois de Vicose G, Robaina G, Izquierdo MS (2012) Preliminary development of various seaweed-based diets and their suitability for abalone Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve. Poster presented at the 8th International Abalone Symposium, Hobart, Australia.
114. Wikfors GH, Ohno M (2001) Impact of algal research in aquaculture. Journal of Phycology 37: 968-974.
115. Yildirim Ö, Ergün S, Yaman S, Türker A (2009) Effects of two seaweeds (Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha linza) as a feed additive in diets on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 15: 455-460.