Diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 33, 2014, Pages 11684-11699

  Torruellas, Cara ^a   French, Samuel W ^b   Medici, Valentina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol screening; Alcoholic liver disease; Diagnosis; Histology; Mallory Denk bodies; Prognosis

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AMINOTRANSFERASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; FERRITIN; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; SERUM ALBUMIN; TRANSFERRIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ALCOHOL USE DISORDER; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY STUDY; HEPATOGRAPHY; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; LIVER BIOPSY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; ADVERSE EFFECTS; BIOPSY; BLOOD; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; ENZYME ASSAY; ENZYMOLOGY; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; PATHOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROCEDURES; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR;

ALANINE TRANSAMINASE; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIOPSY; CLINICAL ENZYME TESTS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES, ALCOHOLIC; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84909592708     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11684     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. O'Shea RS, Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ. Alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 51: 307-328 [PMID: 20034030 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23258]
2. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 399-420 [PMID: 22633836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.004]
3. Warren KR, Murray MM. Alcoholic liver disease and pancreatitis: global health problems being addressed by the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1: 4-6 [PMID: 23855288 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12246]
4. Trimble G, Zheng L, Mishra A, Kalwaney S, Mir HM, Younossi ZM. Mortality associated with alcohol-related liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 596-602 [PMID: 23889765 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12432]
5. Blachier M, Leleu H, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Valla DC, Roudot-Thoraval F. The burden of liver disease in Europe: a review of available epidemiological data. J Hepatol 2013; 58: 593-608 [PMID: 23419824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.005]
6. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, Atkinson C, Bacchus LJ, Bahalim AN, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Barker-Collo S, Baxter A, Bell ML, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bonner C, Borges G, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Brauer M, Brooks P, Bruce NG, Brunekreef B, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Bull F, Burnett RT, Byers TE, Calabria B, Carapetis J, Carnahan E, Chafe Z, Charlson F, Chen H, Chen JS, Cheng AT, Child JC, Cohen A, Colson KE, Cowie BC, Darby S, Darling S, Davis A, Degenhardt L, Dentener F, Des Jarlais DC, Devries K, Dherani M, Ding EL, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Edmond K, Ali SE, Engell RE, Erwin PJ, Fahimi S, Falder G, Farzadfar F, Ferrari A, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Fowkes FG, Freedman G, Freeman MK, Gakidou E, Ghosh S, Giovannucci E, Gmel G, Graham K, Grainger R, Grant B, Gunnell D, Gutierrez HR, Hall W, Hoek HW, Hogan A, Hosgood HD, Hoy D, Hu H, Hubbell BJ, Hutchings SJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacklyn GL, Jasrasaria R, Jonas JB, Kan H, Kanis JA, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Khang YH, Khatibzadeh S, Khoo JP, Kok C, Laden F, Lalloo R, Lan Q, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Leigh J, Li Y, Lin JK, Lipshultz SE, London S, Lozano R, Lu Y, Mak J, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Marcenes W, March L, Marks R, Martin R, McGale P, McGrath J, Mehta S, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Micha R, Michaud C, Mishra V, Mohd Hanafiah K, Mokdad AA, Morawska L, Mozaffarian D, Murphy T, Naghavi M, Neal B, Nelson PK, Nolla JM, Norman R, Olives C, Omer SB, Orchard J, Osborne R, Ostro B, Page A, Pandey KD, Parry CD, Passmore E, Patra J, Pearce N, Pelizzari PM, Petzold M, Phillips MR, Pope D, Pope CA, Powles J, Rao M, Razavi H, Rehfuess EA, Rehm JT, Ritz B, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Robinson C, Rodriguez-Portales JA, Romieu I, Room R, Rosenfeld LC, Roy A, Rushton L, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Sapkota A, Seedat S, Shi P, Shield K, Shivakoti R, Singh GM, Sleet DA, Smith E, Smith KR, Stapelberg NJ, Steenland K, Stöckl H, Stovner LJ, Straif K, Straney L, Thurston GD, Tran JH, Van Dingenen R, van Donkelaar A, Veerman JL, Vijayakumar L, Weintraub R, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams W, Wilson N, Woolf AD, Yip P, Zielinski JM, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2224-2260 [PMID: 23245609 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8]
7. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2011. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/substance-abuse/publications/global-alcohol-report/en
8. Grant BF, Dawson DA, Stinson FS, Chou SP, Dufour MC, Pickering RP. The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSMIV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74: 223-234 [PMID: 15194200]
9. US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA 2013; 310: 591-608 [PMID: 23842577 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.13805]
10. Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the U.S., 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41: 516-524 [PMID: 22011424 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.045]
11. Rehm J, Samokhvalov AV, Shield KD. Global burden of alcoholic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 160-168 [PMID: 23511777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.007]
12. Fleischmann A, Fuhr D, Poznyak V, Rekve D. World Health Organization Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2011. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/substance-abuse/publications/global-alcohol-report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf
13. Yoon YH, Yi HY. Liver cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1970-2009. Surveillance Report 93. Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Arlington, VA. August 2012. Available from: URL: http://www.pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Surveillance93/Cirr09.htm
14. Crabb DW. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease: newer mechanisms of injury. Keio J Med 1999; 48: 184-188 [PMID: 10638142]
15. Becker U, Deis A, Sørensen TI, Grønbaek M, Borch-Johnsen K, Müller CF, Schnohr P, Jensen G. Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex, and age: a prospective population study. Hepatology 1996; 23: 1025-1029 [PMID: 8621128]
16. Altamirano J, Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new targets for therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8: 491-501 [PMID: 21826088 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.134]
17. Teli MR, Day CP, Burt AD, Bennett MK, James OF. Determinants of progression to cirrhosis or fibrosis in pure alcoholic fatty liver. Lancet 1995; 346: 987-990 [PMID: 7475591]
18. Deleuran T, Grønbaek H, Vilstrup H, Jepsen P. Cirrhosis and mortality risks of biopsy-verified alcoholic pure steatosis and steatohepatitis: a nationwide registry-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 1336-1342 [PMID: 22490057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05091.x]
19. Xie YD, Feng B, Gao Y, Wei L. Effect of abstinence from alcohol on survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Res 2013; Epub ahead of print [PMID: 23607793 DOI: 10.111/hepr.12131]
20. Bertola A, Park O, Gao B. Chronic plus binge ethanol feeding synergistically induces neutrophil infiltration and liver injury in mice: a critical role for E-selectin. Hepatology 2013; 58: 1814-1823 [PMID: 23532958 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26419]
21. Anstee QM, Daly AK, Day CP. Genetics of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2011; 31: 128-146 [PMID: 21538280 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1276643]
22. Altamirano J, Bataller R. Cigarette smoking and chronic liver diseases. Gut 2010; 59: 1159-1162 [PMID: 20650922 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.162453]
23. Hatton J, Burton A, Nash H, Munn E, Burgoyne L, Sheron N. Drinking patterns, dependency and life-time drinking history in alcohol-related liver disease. Addiction 2009; 104: 587-592 [PMID: 19215600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02493.x]
24. Clouston AD, Jonsson JR, Powell EE. Steatosis as a cofactor in other liver diseases: hepatitis C virus, alcohol, hemochromatosis, and others. Clin Liver Dis 2007; 11: 173-189, x [PMID: 17544978]
25. Bataller R, North KE, Brenner DA. Genetic polymorphisms and the progression of liver fibrosis: a critical appraisal. Hepatology 2003; 37: 493-503 [PMID: 12601343]
26. Stewart SH. Racial and ethnic differences in alcohol-associated aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase elevation. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2236-2239 [PMID: 12390068]
27. Naveau S, Giraud V, Borotto E, Aubert A, Capron F, Chaput JC. Excess weight risk factor for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1997; 25: 108-111 [PMID: 8985274]
28. Diehl AM. Liver disease in alcohol abusers: clinical perspective. Alcohol 2002; 27: 7-11 [PMID: 12062630]
29. Moussavian SN, Becker RC, Piepmeyer JL, Mezey E, Bozian RC. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and chronic alcoholism. Influence of alcohol ingestion and liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1985; 30: 211-214 [PMID: 2857631]
30. Dawson DA, Grant BF, Li TK. Quantifying the risks associated with exceeding recommended drinking limits. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29: 902-908 [PMID: 15897737]
31. Funk M, Wutzke S, Kaner E, Anderson P, Pas L, McCormick R, Gual A, Barfod S, Saunders J. A multicountry controlled trial of strategies to promote dissemination and implementation of brief alcohol intervention in primary health care: findings of a World Health Organization collaborative study. J Stud Alcohol 2005; 66: 379-388 [PMID: 16047527]
32. Saunders JB, Lee NK. Hazardous alcohol use: its delineation as a subthreshold disorder, and approaches to its diagnosis and management. Compr Psychiatry 2000; 41: 95-103 [PMID: 10746911]
33. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases. 10th revision. WHO, 1992. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/ICD10Volume2-en-2010.pdf
34. O'brien CP, Crowley TJ. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. In: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA, United States: American Psychiatric Association, 2013: 481-589
35. Friedmann PD. Alcohol use in adults. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1655-1656 [PMID: 23614598 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1302445]
36. Stickel F, Seitz HK. Update on the management of alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2013; 22: 189-197 [PMID: 23799218]
37. Mathurin P, Lucey MR. Management of alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2012; 56 Suppl 1: S39-S45 [PMID: 22300464 DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(12)60005-1]
38. Hamberg KJ, Carstensen B, Sørensen TI, Eghøje K. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of cirrhosis among alcohol-abusing men. J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49: 1295-1301 [PMID: 8892498]
39. Angeli P, Albino G, Carraro P, Dalla Pria M, Merkel C, Caregaro L, De Bei E, Bortoluzzi A, Plebani M, Gatta A. Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship. Hepatology 1996; 23: 264-273 [PMID: 8591851]
40. Burra P, Germani G, Masier A, De Martin E, Gambato M, Salonia A, Bo P, Vitale A, Cillo U, Russo FP, Senzolo M. Sexual dysfunction in chronic liver disease: is liver transplantation an effective cure? Transplantation 2010; 89: 1425-1429 [PMID: 20463637 DOI: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181e1f1f6]
41. Grant BF. Barriers to alcoholism treatment: reasons for not seeking treatment in a general population sample. J Stud Alcohol 1997; 58: 365-371 [PMID: 9203117]
42. Lapham GT, Rubinsky AD, Heagerty PJ, Williams EC, Hawkins EJ, Maynard C, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA. Annual rescreening for alcohol misuse: diminishing returns for some patient subgroups. Med Care 2013; 51: 914-921 [PMID: 23969582 DOI: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182a3e549]
43. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 554-556 [PMID: 15068984]
44. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Helping patients who drink too much: a clinician's guide. Rockville, MD: Department of health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 2007. Available from: URL: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Practitioner/ClinicianGuide2005/clinicians-guide.htm
45. Moyer VA. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 210-218 [PMID: 23698791 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00652]
46. Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. The alcohol use disorders identification test: guidelines for use in primary care. 2nd Ed. World Health Organization: Switzerland, 2001. Available from: URL: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/who-msd-msb-01.6a.pdf
47. Johnson JA, Lee A, Vinson D, Seale JP. Use of AUDIT-based measures to identify unhealthy alcohol use and alcohol dependence in primary care: a validation study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37 Suppl 1: E253-E259 [PMID: 22834916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01898.x]
48. Bradley KA, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ, Williams EC, Frank D, Kivlahan DR. AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31: 1208-1217 [PMID: 17451397]
49. Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA 1984; 252: 1905-1907 [PMID: 6471323]
50. Rubinsky AD, Kivlahan DR, Volk RJ, Maynard C, Bradley KA. Estimating risk of alcohol dependence using alcohol screening scores. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 108: 29-36 [PMID: 20042299 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.009]
51. Bradley KA, Bush KR, Epler AJ, Dobie DJ, Davis TM, Sporleder JL, Maynard C, Burman ML, Kivlahan DR. Two brief alcohol-screening tests From the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation in a female Veterans Affairs patient population. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 821-829 [PMID: 12695273]
52. Rubinsky AD, Dawson DA, Williams EC, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA. AUDIT-C scores as a scaled marker of mean daily drinking, alcohol use disorder severity, and probability of alcohol dependence in a U.S. general population sample of drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37: 1380-1390 [PMID: 23906469 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12092]
53. Smith PC, Schmidt SM, Allensworth-Davies D, Saitz R. Primary care validation of a single-question alcohol screening test. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24: 783-788 [PMID: 19247718 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-009-0928-6]
54. Friedmann PD, Saitz R, Gogineni A, Zhang JX, Stein MD. Validation of the screening strategy in the NIAAA "Physicians' Guide to Helping Patients with Alcohol Problems". J Stud Alcohol 2001; 62: 234-238 [PMID: 11332444]
55. Hoeksema HL, de Bock GH. The value of laboratory tests for the screening and recognition of alcohol abuse in primary care patients. J Fam Pract 1993; 37: 268-276 [PMID: 8105021]
56. Alte D, Luedemann J, Rose HJ, John U. Laboratory markers carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume are not useful as screening tools for high-risk drinking in the general population: results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28: 931-940 [PMID: 15201636]
57. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. The role of biomarkers in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Substance abuse treatment advisory 2006; 5: 1. Available from: URL: http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA12-4686/SMA12-4686.pdf
58. Baraona E, Leo MA, Borowsky SA, Lieber CS. Alcoholic hepatomegaly: accumulation of protein in the liver. Science 1975; 190: 794-795 [PMID: 1198096]
59. Akriviadis E, Botla R, Briggs W, Han S, Reynolds T, Shakil O. Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 1637-1648 [PMID: 11113085]
60. Mendenhall CL, Anderson S, Weesner RE, Goldberg SJ, Crolic KA. Protein-calorie malnutrition associated with alcoholic hepatitis. Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Alcoholic Hepatitis. Am J Med 1984; 76: 211-222 [PMID: 6421159]
61. Pirovino M, Linder R, Boss C, Köchli HP, Mahler F. Cutaneous spider nevi in liver cirrhosis: capillary microscopical and hormonal investigations. Klin Wochenschr 1988; 66: 298-302 [PMID: 3131572]
62. Dutta SK, Dukehart M, Narang A, Latham PS. Functional and structural changes in parotid glands of alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 510-518 [PMID: 2910764]
63. Van Thiel DH, Gavaler JS, Schade RR. Liver disease and the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. Semin Liver Dis 1985; 5: 35-45 [PMID: 3983651]
64. Erlinger S, Benhamou J. Cirrhosis: clinical aspects. In: Mcintyre N, Benhamou J, Rizzetto M, editors. Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology. Oxford: University Press, 1991: 380
65. Groszman R, Franchis R. Portal hypertension. In: Schiff E, Sorrell M, Maddrey W, editors. Diseases of the liver. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkens, 1999: 415
66. Epstein O, Dick R, Sherlock S. Prospective study of periostitis and finger clubbing in primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms of chronic liver disease. Gut 1981; 22: 203-206 [PMID: 7227854]
67. Attali P, Ink O, Pelletier G, Vernier C, Jean F, Moulton L, Etienne JP. Dupuytren's contracture, alcohol consumption, and chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1065-1067 [PMID: 3592873]
68. Lieber CS. ALCOHOL: its metabolism and interaction with nutrients. Annu Rev Nutr 2000; 20: 395-430 [PMID: 10940340]
69. Klatsky AL, Chartier D, Udaltsova N, Gronningen S, Brar S, Friedman GD, Lundstrom RJ. Alcohol drinking and risk of hospitalization for heart failure with and without associated coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 346-351 [PMID: 16054455]
70. Kazemi-Shirazi L, Veloso MP, Frommlet F, Steindl-Munda P, Wrba F, Zehetmayer S, Marsik C, Ferenci P. Differentiation of nonalcoholic from alcoholic steatohepatitis: are routine laboratory markers useful? Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008; 120: 25-30 [PMID: 18239988 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-007-0921-1]
71. Das SK, Mukherjee S, Vasudevan DM, Balakrishnan V. Comparison of haematological parameters in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease. Singapore Med J 2011; 52: 175-181 [PMID: 21451926]
72. Niemelä O. Biomarkers in alcoholism. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 377: 39-49 [PMID: 17045579]
73. Goldberg DM, Hahn SE, Parkes JG. Beyond alcohol: beverage consumption and cardiovascular mortality. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 237: 155-187 [PMID: 7664473]
74. Lucas DL, Brown RA, Wassef M, Giles TD. Alcohol and the cardiovascular system: research challenges and opportunities. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1916-1924 [PMID: 15963387]
75. Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Heath AC, Powell And LW, Martin NG. Effects of alcohol consumption on indices of iron stores and of iron stores on alcohol intake markers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25: 1037-1045 [PMID: 11505030]
76. Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet 2004; 363: 1277-1281 [PMID: 15094272]
77. Tyulina OV, Prokopieva VD, Boldyrev AA, Johnson P. Erythrocyte and plasma protein modification in alcoholism: a possible role of acetaldehyde. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1762: 558-563 [PMID: 16630710]
78. Cylwik B, Chrostek L, Szmitkowski M. [The effect of alcohol on iron metabolism]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2008; 24: 561-564 [PMID: 18702344]
79. Chapman RW, Morgan MY, Laulicht M, Hoffbrand AV, Sherlock S. Hepatic iron stores and markers of iron overload in alcoholics and patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 909-916 [PMID: 7117074]
80. Fletcher LM, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Interrelationships of alcohol and iron in liver disease with particular reference to the iron-binding proteins, ferritin and transferrin. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 202-214 [PMID: 10197487]
81. Harrison-Findik DD. Role of alcohol in the regulation of iron metabolism. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 4925-4930 [PMID: 17854133]
82. Yersin B, Nicolet JF, Dercrey H, Burnier M, van Melle G, Pécoud A. Screening for excessive alcohol drinking. Comparative value of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gammaglutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1907-1911 [PMID: 7677558]
83. Conigrave KM, Degenhardt LJ, Whitfield JB, Saunders JB, Helander A, Tabakoff B. CDT, GGT, and AST as markers of alcohol use: the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002; 26: 332-339 [PMID: 11923585]
84. Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Tagliaro F. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse: a critical review of the literature 2001-2005. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841: 96-109 [PMID: 16725384]
85. Rosman AS, Lieber CS. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in alcoholic liver disease. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1641-1651 [PMID: 8045023]
86. Salaspuro M. Conventional and coming laboratory markers of alcoholism and heavy drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1986; 10: 5S-12S [PMID: 2880523]
87. Latvala J, Hietala J, Koivisto H, Järvi K, Anttila P, Niemelä O. Immune Responses to Ethanol Metabolites and Cytokine Profiles Differentiate Alcoholics with or without Liver Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1303-1310 [PMID: 15929761]
88. Hietala J, Koivisto H, Latvala J, Anttila P, Niemelä O. IgAs against acetaldehyde-modified red cell protein as a marker of ethanol consumption in male alcoholic subjects, moderate drinkers, and abstainers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30: 1693-1698 [PMID: 17010136]
89. Worrall S, de Jersey J, Wilce PA, Seppä K, Hurme L, Sillanaukee P. Relationship between alcohol intake and immunoglobulin a immunoreactivity with acetaldehyde-modified bovine serum albumin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 836-840 [PMID: 8865957]
90. Conigrave KM, Davies P, Haber P, Whitfield JB. Traditional markers of excessive alcohol use. Addiction 2003; 98 Suppl 2: 31-43 [PMID: 14984240]
91. Hietala J, Puukka K, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Niemelä O. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase in alcoholics, moderate drinkers and abstainers: effect on gt reference intervals at population level. Alcohol Alcohol 2005; 40: 511-514 [PMID: 16131497]
92. Sillanaukee P, Massot N, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Sundvall J, Olsson U, Poikolainen K, Pönniö M, Allen JP, Alho H. Dose response of laboratory markers to alcohol consumption in a general population. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 747-751 [PMID: 11052552]
93. Reynaud M, Schellenberg F, Loisequx-Meunier MN, Schwan R, Maradeix B, Planche F, Gillet C. Objective diagnosis of alcohol abuse: compared values of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 1414-1419 [PMID: 11003208]
94. Daeppen JB, Smith TL, Schuckit MA. Influence of age and body mass index on gamma-glutamyltransferase activity: a 15-year follow-up evaluation in a community sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22: 941-944 [PMID: 9660326]
95. Puukka K, Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Bloigu R, Niemelä O. Age-related changes on serum ggt activity and the assessment of ethanol intake. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41: 522-527 [PMID: 16855003]
96. Puukka K, Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Bloigu R, Niemelä O. Additive effects of moderate drinking and obesity on serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 1351-1354; quiz 1448-1449 [PMID: 16789344]
97. Helander A. Biological markers in alcoholism. J Neural Transm Suppl 2003; (66): 15-32 [PMID: 14582801]
98. Bisson JI, Milford-Ward A. A comparison of carbohydrate deficient transferrin with other markers of alcohol misuse in male soldiers under the age of thirty. Alcohol Alcohol 1994; 29: 315-321 [PMID: 7945572]
99. Stibler H. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in serum: a new marker of potentially harmful alcohol consumption reviewed. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 2029-2037 [PMID: 1764777]
100. Mundle G, Munkes J, Ackermann K, Mann K. Sex differences of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume in alcoholdependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 1400-1405 [PMID: 11003206]
101. Anton RF, Moak DH. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase as markers of heavy alcohol consumption: gender differences. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18: 747-754 [PMID: 7943686]
102. Berlakovich GA, Soliman T, Freundorfer E, Windhager T, Bodingbauer M, Wamser P, Hetz H, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Muehlbacher F. Pretransplant screening of sobriety with carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in patients suffering from alcoholic cirrhosis. Transpl Int 2004; 17: 617-621 [PMID: 15517171]
103. Kapur A, Wild G, Milford-Ward A, Triger DR. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin: a marker for alcohol abuse. BMJ 1989; 299: 427-431 [PMID: 2571374]
104. Chen J, Conigrave KM, Macaskill P, Whitfield JB, Irwig L. Combining carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase to increase diagnostic accuracy for problem drinking. Alcohol Alcohol 2003; 38: 574-582 [PMID: 14633645]
105. Madhubala V, Subhashree AR, Shanthi B. Serum carbohydrate deficient transferrin as a sensitive marker in diagnosing alcohol abuse: a case - control study. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7: 197-200 [PMID: 23542570 DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2013/5137.2726]
106. Hock B, Schwarz M, Domke I, Grunert VP, Wuertemberger M, Schiemann U, Horster S, Limmer C, Stecker G, Soyka M. Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction 2005; 100: 1477-1486 [PMID: 16185209]
107. Hietala J, Koivisto H, Anttila P, Niemelä O. Comparison of the combined marker GGT-CDT and the conventional laboratory markers of alcohol abuse in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41: 528-533 [PMID: 16799164]
108. Kapoor A, Kraemer KL, Smith KJ, Roberts MS, Saitz R. Cost-effectiveness of screening for unhealthy alcohol use with % carbohydrate deficient transferrin: results from a literature-based decision analytic computer model. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33: 1440-1449 [PMID: 19426168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00974.x]
109. Walsham NE, Sherwood RA. Ethyl glucuronide. Ann Clin Biochem 2012; 49: 110-117 [PMID: 22113954 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2011.011115]
110. Skipper GE, Thon N, Dupont RL, Baxter L, Wurst FM. Phosphatidylethanol: the potential role in further evaluating low positive urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate results. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37: 1582-1586 [PMID: 23731162 DOI: 10.111/acer.12121]
111. Helander A, Péter O, Zheng Y. Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47: 552-557 [PMID: 22691387 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/ags065]
112. Nalesso A, Viel G, Cecchetto G, Mioni D, Pessa G, Favretto D, Ferrara SD. Quantitative profiling of phosphatidylethanol molecular species in human blood by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218: 8423-8431 [PMID: 21999914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.068]
113. Stewart SH, Reuben A, Brzezinski WA, Koch DG, Basile J, Randall PK, Miller PM. Preliminary evaluation of phosphatidylethanol and alcohol consumption in patients with liver disease and hypertension. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44: 464-467 [PMID: 19535495 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agp039]
114. Stewart S, Prince M, Bassendine M, Hudson M, James O, Jones D, Record C, Day CP. A randomized trial of antioxidant therapy alone or with corticosteroids in acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 277-283 [PMID: 17532088]
115. Lucey MR, Mathurin P, Morgan TR. Alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2758-2769 [PMID: 19553649 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0805786]
116. Cervoni JP, Thévenot T, Weil D, Muel E, Barbot O, Sheppard F, Monnet E, Di Martino V. C-reactive protein predicts shortterm mortality in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 1299-1304 [PMID: 22314431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.030]
117. Feldstein AE, Wieckowska A, Lopez AR, Liu YC, Zein NN, McCullough AJ. Cytokeratin-18 fragment levels as noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicenter validation study. Hepatology 2009; 50: 1072-1078 [PMID: 19585618]
118. Younossi ZM, Jarrar M, Nugent C, Randhawa M, Afendy M, Stepanova M, Rafiq N, Goodman Z, Chandhoke V, Baranova A. A novel diagnostic biomarker panel for obesity-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obes Surg 2008; 18: 1430-1437 [PMID: 18500507]
119. Shen J, Chan HL, Wong GL, Choi PC, Chan AW, Chan HY, Chim AM, Yeung DK, Chan FK, Woo J, Yu J, Chu WC, Wong VW. Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by combined serum biomarkers. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 1363-1370 [PMID: 22314419]
120. Vilgrain V. Ultrasound of diffuse liver disease and portal hypertension. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 1563-1577 [PMID: 11511876]
121. Valls C, Iannacconne R, Alba E, Murakami T, Hori M, Passariello R, Vilgrain V. Fat in the liver: diagnosis and characterization. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 2292-2308 [PMID: 16477402 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-006-0146-0]
122. Palmentieri B, de Sio I, La Mura V, Masarone M, Vecchione R, Bruno S, Torella R, Persico M. The role of bright liver echo pattern on ultrasound B-mode examination in the diagnosis of liver steatosis. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38: 485-489 [PMID: 16716779]
123. Mortele KJ, Ros PR. Imaging of diffuse liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2001; 21: 195-212 [PMID: 11436572]
124. Piekarski J, Goldberg HI, Royal SA, Axel L, Moss AA. Difference between liver and spleen CT numbers in the normal adult: its usefulness in predicting the presence of diffuse liver disease. Radiology 1980; 137: 727-729 [PMID: 6934563]
125. Limanond P, Raman SS, Lassman C, Sayre J, Ghobrial RM, Busuttil RW, Saab S, Lu DS. Macrovesicular hepatic steatosis in living related liver donors: correlation between CT and histologic findings. Radiology 2004; 230: 276-280 [PMID: 14695401]
126. Borra RJ, Salo S, Dean K, Lautamäki R, Nuutila P, Komu M, Parkkola R. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: rapid evaluation of liver fat content with in-phase and out-of-phase MR imaging. Radiology 2009; 250: 130-136 [PMID: 19017926 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2501071934]
127. Sasso M, Beaugrand M, de Ledinghen V, Douvin C, Marcellin P, Poupon R, Sandrin L, Miette V. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP): a novel VCTE™ guided ultrasonic attenuation measurement for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: preliminary study and validation in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease from various causes. Ultrasound Med Biol 2010; 36: 1825-1835 [PMID: 20870345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.07.005]
128. de Lédinghen V, Vergniol J, Foucher J, Merrouche W, le Bail B. Non-invasive diagnosis of liver steatosis using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and transient elastography. Liver Int 2012; 32: 911-918 [PMID: 22672642 DOI: 10.111/j.1478-3231.2012.02820.x]
129. Saverymuttu SH, Joseph AE, Maxwell JD. Ultrasound scanning in the detection of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292: 13-15 [PMID: 3080046]
130. Rofsky NM, Fleishaker H. CT and MRI of diffuse liver disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1995; 16: 16-33 [PMID: 7718279]
131. Okazaki H, Ito K, Fujita T, Koike S, Takano K, Matsunaga N. Discrimination of alcoholic from virus-induced cirrhosis on MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 1677-1681 [PMID: 11090403]
132. Awaya H, Mitchell DG, Kamishima T, Holland G, Ito K, Matsumoto T. Cirrhosis: modified caudate-right lobe ratio. Radiology 2002; 224: 769-774 [PMID: 12202712]
133. Piscaglia F, Marinelli S, Bota S, Serra C, Venerandi L, Leoni S, Salvatore V. The role of ultrasound elastographic techniques in chronic liver disease: current status and future perspectives. Eur J Radiol 2014; 83: 450-455 [PMID: 23891139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.06.009]
134. Crespo G, Fernández-Varo G, Mariño Z, Casals G, Miquel R, Martínez SM, Gilabert R, Forns X, Jiménez W, Navasa M. ARFI, FibroScan, ELF, and their combinations in the assessment of liver fibrosis: a prospective study. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 281-287 [PMID: 22521355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.016]
135. Van Ness MM, Diehl AM. Is liver biopsy useful in the evaluation of patients with chronically elevated liver enzymes? Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 473-478 [PMID: 2774372]
136. Levin DM, Baker AL, Riddell RH, Rochman H, Boyer JL. Nonalcoholic liver disease. Overlooked causes of liver injury in patients with heavy alcohol consumption. Am J Med 1979; 66: 429-434 [PMID: 433949]
137. Mookerjee RP, Lackner C, Stauber R, Stadlbauer V, Deheragoda M, Aigelsreiter A, Jalan R. The role of liver biopsy in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with acute deterioration of alcoholic cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 1103-1111 [PMID: 21376092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.021]
138. Phillips MG, Preedy VR, Hughes RD. Assessment of prognosis in alcoholic liver disease: can serum hyaluronate replace liver biopsy? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15: 941-944 [PMID: 12923364]
139. Bianchi L. Liver biopsy in elevated liver functions tests? An old question revisited. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 290-294 [PMID: 11580154]
140. Lefkowitch JH. Morphology of alcoholic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2005; 9: 37-53 [PMID: 15763228]
141. Rubin E, Lieber CS. Alcohol-induced hepatic injury in nonalcoholic volunteers. N Engl J Med 1968; 278: 869-876 [PMID: 5641156]
142. Fromenty B, Grimbert S, Mansouri A, Beaugrand M, Erlinger S, Rötig A, Pessayre D. Hepatic mitochondrial DNA deletion in alcoholics: association with microvesicular steatosis. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 193-200 [PMID: 7806041]
143. Chedid A, Mendenhall CL, Tosch T, Chen T, Rabin L, Garcia-Pont P, Goldberg SJ, Kiernan T, Seeff LB, Sorrell M. Significance of megamitochondria in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1858-1864 [PMID: 3699404]
144. Uchida T, Kronborg I, Peters RL. Giant mitochondria in the alcoholic liver diseases - their identification, frequency and pathologic significance. Liver 1984; 4: 29-38 [PMID: 6700382]
145. Sohail U, Satapathy SK. Diagnosis and management of alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2012; 16: 717-736 [PMID: 23101979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.005]
146. Gao B, Bataller R. Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1572-1585 [PMID: 21920463 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.002]
147. Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Zatloukal K, Denk H. In vitro production of Mallory bodies and intracellular hyaline bodies: the central role of sequestosome 1/p62. Hepatology 2007; 46: 851-860 [PMID: 17685470]
148. Zatloukal K, French SW, Stumptner C, Strnad P, Harada M, Toivola DM, Cadrin M, Omary MB. From Mallory to Mallory-Denk bodies: what, how and why? Exp Cell Res 2007; 313: 2033-2049 [PMID: 17531973]
149. Burt AD, Mutton A, Day CP. Diagnosis and interpretation of steatosis and steatohepatitis. Semin Diagn Pathol 1998; 15: 246-258 [PMID: 9845426]
150. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1103-1109 [PMID: 7523217]
151. Zatloukal K, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Janig E, Denk H. Intermediate filament protein inclusions. Methods Cell Biol 2004; 78: 205-228 [PMID: 15646620]
152. Zatloukal K, Stumptner C, Fuchsbichler A, Fickert P, Lackner C, Trauner M, Denk H. The keratin cytoskeleton in liver diseases. J Pathol 2004; 204: 367-376 [PMID: 15495250]
153. Anthony PP, Ishak KG, Nayak NC, Poulsen HE, Scheuer PJ, Sobin LH. The morphology of cirrhosis. Recommendations on definition, nomenclature, and classification by a working group sponsored by the World Health Organization. J Clin Pathol 1978; 31: 395-414 [PMID: 649765]
154. Fauerholdt L, Schlichting P, Christensen E, Poulsen H, Tygstrup N, Juhl E. Conversion of micronodular cirrhosis into macronodular cirrhosis. Hepatology 1983; 3: 928-931 [PMID: 6629323]
155. Van Eyken P, Sciot R, Desmet VJ. A cytokeratin immunohistochemical study of alcoholic liver disease: evidence that hepatocytes can express 'bile duct-type' cytokeratins. Histopathology 1988; 13: 605-617 [PMID: 2466751]
156. Parés A, Caballería J, Bruguera M, Torres M, Rodés J. Histological course of alcoholic hepatitis. Influence of abstinence, sex and extent of hepatic damage. J Hepatol 1986; 2: 33-42 [PMID: 3950362]
157. Borowsky SA, Strome S, Lott E. Continued heavy drinking and survival in alcoholic cirrhotics. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 1405-1409 [PMID: 6971772]
158. Saunders JB, Davis M, Williams R. Do women develop alcoholic liver disease more readily than men? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 1140-1143 [PMID: 6786474]
159. Barrio E, Tomé S, Rodríguez I, Gude F, Sánchez-Leira J, Pérez-Becerra E, González-Quintela A. Liver disease in heavy drinkers with and without alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28: 131-136 [PMID: 14745311]
160. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Costa G, Tiribelli C, Manenti F, Sodde M, Saveria Crocè L, Sasso F, Pozzato G, Cristianini G, Brandi G. Drinking habits as cofactors of risk for alcohol induced liver damage. The Dionysos Study Group. Gut 1997; 41: 845-850 [PMID: 9462221]
161. Poynard T, Mathurin P, Lai CL, Guyader D, Poupon R, Tainturier MH, Myers RP, Muntenau M, Ratziu V, Manns M, Vogel A, Capron F, Chedid A, Bedossa P. A comparison of fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2003; 38: 257-265 [PMID: 12586290]
162. Raynard B, Balian A, Fallik D, Capron F, Bedossa P, Chaput JC, Naveau S. Risk factors of fibrosis in alcohol-induced liver disease. Hepatology 2002; 35: 635-638 [PMID: 11870378]
163. Pessione F, Ramond MJ, Peters L, Pham BN, Batel P, Rueff B, Valla DC. Five-year survival predictive factors in patients with excessive alcohol intake and cirrhosis. Effect of alcoholic hepatitis, smoking and abstinence. Liver Int 2003; 23: 45-53 [PMID: 12640727]
164. Jepsen P, Ott P, Andersen PK, Sørensen HT, Vilstrup H. Clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1675-1682 [PMID: 20186844]
165. Orrego H, Israel Y, Blake JE, Medline A. Assessment of prognostic factors in alcoholic liver disease: toward a global quantitative expression of severity. Hepatology 1983; 3: 896-905 [PMID: 6629318]
166. Mendenhall C, Roselle GA, Gartside P, Moritz T. Relationship of protein calorie malnutrition to alcoholic liver disease: a reexamination of data from two Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 635-641 [PMID: 7573786]
167. Trépo E, Ouziel R, Pradat P, Momozawa Y, Quertinmont E, Gervy C, Gustot T, Degré D, Vercruysse V, Deltenre P, Verset L, Gulbis B, Franchimont D, Devière J, Lemmers A, Moreno C. Marked 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with poor prognosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 344-350 [PMID: 23557869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.024]
168. Alvarez MA, Cirera I, Solà R, Bargalló A, Morillas RM, Planas R. Long-term clinical course of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis: a prospective study of 165 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 906-911 [PMID: 21814145 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182284e13]
169. Olivera-Martinez M, Sayles H, Vivekanandan R, D' Souza S, Florescu MC. Hepatorenal syndrome: are we missing some prognostic factors? Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57: 210-214 [PMID: 21850494 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1861-1]
170. Mendenhall CL, Tosch T, Weesner RE, Garcia-Pont P, Goldberg SJ, Kiernan T, Seeff LB, Sorell M, Tamburro C, Zetterman R. VA cooperative study on alcoholic hepatitis. II: Prognostic significance of protein-calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 213-218 [PMID: 3080866]
171. Ginès A, Escorsell A, Ginès P, Saló J, Jiménez W, Inglada L, Navasa M, Clària J, Rimola A, Arroyo V. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 229-236 [PMID: 8514039]
172. Medici V, Peerson JM, Stabler SP, French SW, Gregory JF, Virata MC, Albanese A, Bowlus CL, Devaraj S, Panacek EA, Rahim N, Richards JR, Rossaro L, Halsted CH. Impaired homocysteine transsulfuration is an indicator of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 551-557 [PMID: 20561703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.029]
173. Chedid A, Mendenhall CL, Gartside P, French SW, Chen T, Rabin L. Prognostic factors in alcoholic liver disease. VA Cooperative Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 210-216 [PMID: 1992635]
174. French SW, Nash J, Shitabata P, Kachi K, Hara C, Chedid A, Mendenhall CL. Pathology of alcoholic liver disease. VA Cooperative Study Group 119. Semin Liver Dis 1993; 13: 154-169 [PMID: 8393214]
175. Rakoski MO, Brown MB, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Brunt EM, Goodman ZD, Lok AS, Omary MB. Mallory-Denk bodies are associated with outcomes and histologic features in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 902-909.e1 [PMID: 21782771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.07.006]
176. Maher JJ. Hepatic fibrosis caused by alcohol. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10: 66-74 [PMID: 2186489]
177. Nasrallah SM, Nassar VH, Galambos JT. Importance of terminal hepatic venule thickening. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1980; 104: 84-86 [PMID: 6892554]
178. Mathurin P, Beuzin F, Louvet A, Carrié-Ganne N, Balian A, Trinchet JC, Dalsoglio D, Prevot S, Naveau S. Fibrosis progression occurs in a subgroup of heavy drinkers with typical histological features. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25: 1047-1054 [PMID: 17439505]
179. Sandahl TD, Jepsen P, Thomsen KL, Vilstrup H. Incidence and mortality of alcoholic hepatitis in Denmark 1999-2008: a nationwide population based cohort study. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 760-764 [PMID: 21126790]
180. Spahr L, Rubbia-Brandt L, Genevay M, Hadengue A, Giostra E. Early liver biopsy, intraparenchymal cholestasis, and prognosis in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11: 115 [PMID: 22035247 DOI: 10.1186/14 71-230X-11-115]
181. Maddrey WC, Boitnott JK, Bedine MS, Weber FL, Mezey E, White RI. Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1978; 75: 193-199 [PMID: 352788]
182. Carithers RL, Herlong HF, Diehl AM, Shaw EW, Combes B, Fallon HJ, Maddrey WC. Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 685-690 [PMID: 2648927]
183. Srikureja W, Kyulo NL, Runyon BA, Hu KQ. MELD score is a better prognostic model than Child-Turcotte-Pugh score or Discriminant Function score in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 700-706 [PMID: 15826720]
184. Sheth M, Riggs M, Patel T. Utility of the Mayo End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score in assessing prognosis of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2002; 2: 2 [PMID: 11835693]
185. Dunn W, Jamil LH, Brown LS, Wiesner RH, Kim WR, Menon KV, Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Shah V. MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2005; 41: 353-358 [PMID: 15660383]
186. Forrest EH, Evans CD, Stewart S, Phillips M, Oo YH, McAvoy NC, Fisher NC, Singhal S, Brind A, Haydon G, O'Grady J, Day CP, Hayes PC, Murray LS, Morris AJ. Analysis of factors predictive of mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and derivation and validation of the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score. Gut 2005; 54: 1174-1179 [PMID: 16009691]
187. Forrest EH, Morris AJ, Stewart S, Phillips M, Oo YH, Fisher NC, Haydon G, O'Grady J, Day CP. The Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score identifies patients who may benefit from corticosteroids. Gut 2007; 56: 1743-1746 [PMID: 17627961]
188. Louvet A, Naveau S, Abdelnour M, Ramond MJ, Diaz E, Fartoux L, Dharancy S, Texier F, Hollebecque A, Serfaty L, Boleslawski E, Deltenre P, Canva V, Pruvot FR, Mathurin P. The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids. Hepatology 2007; 45: 1348-1354 [PMID: 17518367]
189. Dominguez M, Rincón D, Abraldes JG, Miquel R, Colmenero J, Bellot P, García-Pagán JC, Fernández R, Moreno M, Bañares R, Arroyo V, Caballería J, Ginès P, Bataller R. A new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2747-2756 [PMID: 18721242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02104.x]
190. Palaniyappan N, Subramanian V, Ramappa V, Ryder SD, Kaye P, Aithal GP. The utility of scoring systems in predicting early and late mortality in alcoholic hepatitis: whose score is it anyway? Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012: 624675 [PMID: 22988517 DOI: 10.1155/2012/624675]