Laboratory markers carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, γ- glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume are not useful as screening tools for high-risk drinking in the general population: Results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 931-940

  Alte, Dietrich ^a   Luedemann, Jan ^a   Rose, Hans Joachim ^a   John, Ulrich ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

Author keywords

Alcohol screening; Biomarker; Carbohydrate deficient transferrin; Erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume; Gamma glutamyltransferase; General population; Receiver operating characteristic curve

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENT TRANSFERRIN; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; GERMANY; HEALTH SURVEY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LABORATORY TEST; MALE; MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME; MEDICAL EXAMINATION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; ROC CURVE; SCREENING TEST; SELF REPORT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SMOKING;

EID: 2942665883     PISSN: 01456008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000128383.34605.16     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Adams N, Hand D (2000a) An improved measure for comparing diagnostic tests. Comput Biol Med 30:89-96.
2. Adams N, Hand D (2000b) Improving the practice of classifier performance assessment. Neural Comput 12:305-311.
3. Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Ansoms S, Fevery J (2001) Screening properties of questionnaires and laboratory tests for the detection of alcohol abuse or dependence in a general practice population. Br J Gen Pract 51:206-217.
4. Alte D, Lüdemann J, Piek M, Adam C, Rose HJ, John U (2003) Distribution and dose response of laboratory markers to alcohol consumption in a general population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). J Stud Alcohol 64:75-82.
5. Altman DG (2002) Diagnostic Tests, in Statistics with Confidence (Altman DG, Machin D, Bryant TN, Gardner MJ eds), pp 105-119. BMJ Books: London.
6. Altman DG, Bland JM (1994) Statistics notes: diagnostic tests 2: predictive values. BMJ 309:102.
7. Anton R, Stout R, Roberts J, Allen J (1998) The effect of drinking intensity and frequency on serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels in outpatient alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:1456-1462.
8. Anton RF, Lieber C, Tabakoff B (2002) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase for the detection and monitoring of alcohol use: results from a multisite study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26:1215-1222.
9. Arndt T (2001) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of chronic alcohol abuse: a critical review of preanalysis, analysis, and interpretation. Clin Chem 47:13-27.
10. Biggerstaff B (2000) Comparing diagnostic tests: a simple graphic using likelihood ratios. Stat Med 19:649-663.
11. Bråthen G, Bjerve K, Brodtkorb E, Bovim G (2000) Validity of carbohydrate deficient transferrin and other markers as diagnostic aids in the detection of alcohol related seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:342-348.
12. Braveman PA, Tarimo E (1994) Screening in Primary Health Care-Setting Priorities With Limited Resources. World Health Organization, Geneva.
13. Brenner H, Gefeller O (1997) Variation of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values with disease prevalence. Stat Med 16:981-991.
14. Bühringer G, Augustin R, Bergmann E, Bloomfield K, Funk W, Junge B, Kraus L, Merfert-Diete C, Rumpf H-J, Simon R, Töppich J (2000) [Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Disorders in Germany], vol 128. Das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit Nomos, Baden-Baden.
15. Cadman D, Chambers L, Feldman W, Sackett D (1984) Assessing the effectiveness of community screening programs. JAMA 251:1580-1585.
16. Campbell G (1994) Advances in statistical methodology for the evaluation of diagnostic and laboratory tests. Stat Med 13:499-508.
17. Chan PC, Edwards A, Lafreniere R, Parsons HG (1998) Improved detection of familial hypercholesterolemia by determining low density lipoprotein receptor expression in mitogen-induced proliferating lymphocytes. J Lipid Res 39:2261-2270.
18. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, Arico S (1999) Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis. Addiction 94:1551-1573.
19. Corrao G, Rubbiati L, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, Poikolainen K (2000) Alcohol and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Addiction 95:1505-1523.
20. Dawson D (1998) Measuring alcohol consumption: limitations and prospects for improvement. Addiction 93:965-968; discussion 969-977.
21. Deeks J (2001) Systematic reviews in health care: systematic reviews of evaluations of diagnostic and screening tests. BMJ 323:157-162.
22. DeLong DM (2002) ROC-SAS Program for Nonparametric Comparison of Areas Under Correlated ROC Curves. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Available: http://ewe3.sas.com/techsup/download/stat/roc.sas.
23. DeLong E, DeLong D, Clarke-Pearson D (1988) Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 44:837-845.
24. Döring A, Filipiak B, Stieber J, Keil U (1993) Trends in alcohol intake in a southern German population from 1984-1985 to 1989-1990: results of the MONICA Project Augsburg. J Stud Alcohol 54:745-749.
25. Embree B, Whitehead P (1993) Validity and reliability of self-reported drinking behavior: dealing with the problem of response bias. J Stud Alcohol 54:334-344.
26. Fiellin D, Reid M, O'Connor P (2000) Screening for alcohol problems in primary care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 160:1977-1989.
27. Fischer JE, Bachmann LM, Jaeschke R (2003) A readers' guide to the interpretation of diagnostic test properties: clinical example of sepsis. Intensive Care Med 29:1043-1051.
28. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH (1996) Clinical Epidemiology: The Essentials. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
29. Gmel G (2001) Imputation of missing values in the case of a multiple item instrument measuring alcohol consumption. Stat Med 20:2369-2381.
30. Grønbæk M, Henriksen J, Becker U (1995) Carbohydrate- deficient transferrin-a valid marker of alcoholism in population studies? Results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:457-461.
31. Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, van Houwelingen H (2000) The (in)validity of sensitivity and specificity. Stat Med 19:1783-1792.
32. Hand D (1992) Statistical methods in diagnosis. Stat Methods Med Res 1:49-67.
33. Hanley J (1989) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methodology: the state of the art. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 29:307-335.
34. Hanley J, McNeil B (1983) A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology 148:839-843.
35. Hanley JA, McNeil BJ (1982) The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 143:29-36.
36. Harasymiw J, Bean P (2001a) The combined use of the early detection of alcohol consumption (EDAC) test and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin to identify heavy drinking behaviour in males. Alcohol Alcohol 36:349-353.
37. Harasymiw J, Bean P (2001b) Identification of heavy drinkers by using the early detection of alcohol consumption score. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25:228-235.
38. Helander A, Fors M, Zakrisson B (2001) Study of Axis-Shield new %CDT immunoassay for quantification of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum. Alcohol Alcohol 36:406-412.
39. Henderson A (1993) Assessing test accuracy and its clinical consequences: a primer for receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Ann Clin Biochem 30(Suppl):521-539.
40. Huseby N, Nilssen O, Erfurth A, Wetterling T, Kanitz R (1997a) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and alcohol dependency: variation in response to alcohol intake among different groups of patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21:201-205.
41. Huseby N, Nilssen O, Kanitz R (1997b) Evaluation of two biological markers combined as a parameter of alcohol dependency. Alcohol Alcohol 32:731-737.
42. Irwig L, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, Gatsonis C, Lijmer J (2002) Designing studies to ensure that estimates of test accuracy are transferable. BMJ 324:669-671.
43. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett D (1994) Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 271:703-707.
44. John U, Greiner B, Hensel E, Lüdemann J, Piek M, Sauer S, Adam C, Born G, Alte D, Greiser E, Haertel U, Hense H, Haerting J, Willich S, Kessler C (2001) Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a health examination survey in an east German region: objectives and design. Soz Praventivmed 46:186-194.
45. Kraus L, Augustin R (2001) [Population survey on the consumption of psychoactive substances in the German adult population]. Sucht 47: Sonderheft 1:S1-S87.
46. Krouwer J (1987) Cumulative distribution analysis graphs - an alternative to ROC curves. Clin Chem 33:2305-2306.
47. Lemmens P, Tan E, Knibbe R (1988) Bias due to non-response in a Dutch survey on alcohol consumption. Br J Addict 83:1069-1077.
48. Lemmens P, Tan E, Knibbe R (1992) Measuring quantity and frequency of drinking in a general population survey: a comparison of five indices. J Stud Alcohol 53:476-486.
49. Lemmens PHHM (1995) Individual risk and population distribution of alcohol consumption, in Alcohol and Public Policy: Evidence and Issues (Holder HD, Edwards G eds), pp 38-61. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
50. Linnet K (1988) A review on the methodology for assessing diagnostic tests. Clin Chem 34:1379-1386.
51. Luna-Herrera J, Martinez-Cabrera G, Parra-Maldonado R, Enciso-Moreno JA, Torres-Lopez J, Quesada-Pascual F, Delgadillo-Polanco R, Franzblau SG (2003) Use of receiver operating characteristic curves to assess the performance of a microdilution assay for determination of drug susceptibility of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22:21-27.
52. Meerkerk G-J, Njoo KH, Bongers IMB, Trienekens P, van Oers JAM (1998) The specificity of the CDT assay in general practice: the influence of common chronic diseases and medication of the serum CDT concentration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:908-913.
53. Mikkelsen I-M, Kanitz R-D, Nilssen O, Huseby N-E (1998) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin: markers of actual alcohol consumption or chronic alcohol misuse? Alcohol Alcohol 33:646-650.
54. Mundle G, Ackermann K, Munkes J, Steinle D, Mann K (1999) Influence of age, alcohol consumption and abstinence on the sensitivity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase and mean corpuscular volume. Alcohol Alcohol 34:760-766.
55. Mundle G, Munkes J, Ackermann K, Mann K (2000) Sex differences of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:1400-1405.
56. Newcombe RG, Altman DG (2002) Proportions and their differences, in Statistics with Confidence (Altman DG, Machin D, Bryant TN, Gardner MJ eds), pp 45-56. BMJ Books: London.
57. Nilssen O, Huseby NE, Hoyer G, Brenn T, Schirmer H, Forde OH (1992) New alcohol markers-how useful are they in population studies: the Svalbard Study 1988-89. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:82-86.
58. Nyström M, Peräsalo J, Salaspuro M (1992) Carbohydrate- deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum as a possible indicator of heavy drinking in young university students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:93-97.
59. Parmigiani G (2002) Modeling in Medical Decision Making: A Bayesian Approach. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK.
60. Remaley AT, Sampson ML, DeLeo JM, Remaley NA, Farsi BD, Zweig MH (1999) Prevalence-value-accuracy plots: a new method for comparing diagnostic tests based on misclassification costs. Clinical Chem 45:934-941.
61. Rumpf HJ, Hapke U, Hill A, John U (1997) Development of a screening questionnaire for the general hospital and general practices. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21:894-898.
62. Salaspuro M (1999) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as compared to other markers of alcoholism: a systematic review. Alcohol 19:261-271.
63. Schmitt UM, Stieber P, Jüngst D, Bilzer M, Wächtler M, Heberger S (1998) Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is not a useful marker for the detection of chronic alcohol abuse. Eur J Clin Invest 28:615-621.
64. Scouller K, Conigrave KM, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Whitfield JB (2000) Should we use carbohydrate-deficient transferrin instead of gamma- glutamyltransferase for detecting problem drinkers? A systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Chem 46:1894-1902.
65. Shapiro DE (1999) The interpretation of diagnostic tests. Stat Methods Med Res 8:113-134.
66. Shenassa ED (2002) Delivering the goods: the importance of screening accuracy for effective community intervention and prevention. J Community Psychol 30:197-210.
67. Sillanaukee P, Massot N, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Poikolainen K, Olsson U, Alho H (2000a) Enhanced clinical utility of gamma-CDT in a general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:1202-1206.
68. Sillanaukee P, Massot N, Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Sundvall J, Olsson U, Poikolainen K, Ponnio M, Allen JP, Alho H (2000b) Dose response of laboratory markers to alcohol consumption in a general population. Am J Epidemiol 152:747-751.
69. Sillanaukee P, Olsson U (2001) Improved diagnostic classification of alcohol abusers by combining carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Clin Chem 47:681-685.
70. Stokes ME, Davis CS, Koch GG (2000) Categorical Data Analysis using the SAS System. 2nd ed. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
71. Sukhatme S, Beam CA (1994) Stratification in nonparametric ROC studies. Biometrics 50:149-163.
72. Swets JA (1988) Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 240:1285-1293.
73. Tabakoff B, Helander A, Conigrave KM, Martinez L, Hoffman PL, Whitfield J, Degenhardt L, Saunders J, Baron A, Glanz J (2001) WHO/ISBRA study on state and trait markers in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25(Suppl):99S-103S.
74. Van Der Pol B, Martin DH, Schachter J, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA, Jones RB, Crotchfelt K, Moncada J, Jungkind D, Turner B, Peyton C, Kelly JF, Weiss JB, Rosenstraus M (2001) Enhancing the specificity of the COBAS AMPLICOR CT/NG test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by retesting specimens with equivocal results. J Clin Microbiol 39:3092-3098.
75. Whitfield JB, Fletcher LM, Murphy TL, Powell LW, Halliday J, Heath AC, Martin NG (1998) Smoking, obesity, and hypertension alter the dose-response curve and test sensitivity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker of alcohol intake. Clin Chem 44:2480-2489.
76. World Health Organization (2000) International Guide for Monitoring Alcohol Consumption and Related Harm. World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/ 2000/WHO_MSD_MSB_00/WHO_MSD_MSB_00.4.pdf
77. Zweig MH, Campbell G (1993) Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: a fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clinical Chem 39:561-577.