Natural antisense transcripts

Human Molecular Genetics

Volumn 23, Issue R1, 2014, Pages

  Khorkova, Olga ^a   Myers, Amanda J ^b   Hsiao, Jane ^a   Wahlestedt, Claes ^b  

^a OPKO Health Inc   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENTARY RNA; UNTRANSLATED RNA;

GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETICS; GENOME; HUMAN;

GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENOME; HUMANS; RNA, ANTISENSE; RNA, UNTRANSLATED; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 84906839674     PISSN: 09646906     EISSN: 14602083     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu207     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Amaral, P.P., Dinger, M.E., Mercer, T.R. and Mattick, J.S. (2008) The eukaryotic genome as an RNA machine. Science, 319, 1787-1789.
2. Katayama, S., Tomaru, Y., Kasukawa, T., Waki, K., Nakanishi, M., Nakamura, M., Nishida, H., Yap, C.C., Suzuki, M., Kawai, J. et al. (2005) Antisense transcription in the mammalian transcriptome. Science, 309, 1564-1566.
3. Derrien, T., Johnson, R., Bussotti, G., Tanzer, A., Djebali, S., Tilgner, H., Guernec, G., Martin, D., Merkel, A., Knowles, D.G. et al. (2012) The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Res., 22, 1775-1789.
4. Carninci, P., Kasukawa, T., Katayama, S., Gough, J., Frith, M.C., Maeda, N., Oyama, R., Ravasi, T., Lenhard, B., Wells, C. et al. (2005) The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science, 309, 1559-1563.
5. Djebali, S., Davis, C.A., Merkel, A., Dobin, A., Lassmann, T., Mortazavi, A., Tanzer, A., Lagarde, J., Lin, W., Schlesinger, F. et al. (2012) Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature, 489, 101-108.
6. ENCODE Project ConsortiumBernstein, B.E., Birney, E., Dunham, I., Green, E.D., Gunter, C. and Snyder, M. (2012) An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature, 489, 57-74.
7. Rinn, J.L. and Chang, H.Y. (2012) Genome regulation by long noncoding RNAs. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 81, 145-166.
8. Candeias, M.M., Malbert-Colas, L., Powell, D.J., Daskalogianni, C., Maslon, M.M., Naski, N., Bourougaa, K., Calvo, F. and Fa°hraeus, R. (2008) P53 mRNA controls p53 activity by managing Mdm2 functions. Nat. Cell Biol., 10, 1098-1105.
9. Leygue, E. (2007) Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer. Nucl. Recept. Signal., 5, e006.
10. Khalil, A.M. and Wahlestedt, C. (2008) Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation during mammalian spermatogenesis. Epigenetics, 3, 21-28.
11. Lee, J.T. (2011) Gracefully ageing at 50, X-chromosome inactivation becomes a paradigm for RNA and chromatin control. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol., 12, 815-826.
12. Wahlestedt, C. (2013) Targeting long non-coding RNA to therapeutically upregulate gene expression. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 6, 433-446.
13. Johnsson, P., Lipovich, L., Grandér, D. and Morris, K.V. (2014) Evolutionary conservation of long non-coding RNAs; sequence, structure, function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1840, 1063-1071.
14. Khaitovich, P., Kelso, J., Franz, H., Visagie, J., Giger, T., Joerchel, S., Petzold, E., Green, R.E., Lachmann,M. and Pääbo, S. (2006) Functionality of intergenic transcription: an evolutionary comparison. PLoS Genet., 2, e171.
15. Mondal, T., Rasmussen, M., Pandey, G.K., Isaksson, A. and Kanduri, C. (2010) Characterization of theRNAcontent of chromatin. Genome Res., 20, 899-907.
16. Gosenca, D., Gabriel, U., Steidler, A., Mayer, J., Diem, O., Erben, P., Fabarius, A., Leib-Mösch, C., Hofmann, W.K. and Seifarth,W. (2012) HERV-E-mediated modulation of PLA2G4A transcription in urothelial carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 7, e49341.
17. Conley, A.B., Miller, W.J. and Jordan, I.K. (2008) Human cis natural antisense transcripts initiated by transposable elements. Trends Genet., 24, 53-56.
18. Dai, Y., Li, S., Dong, X., Sun, H., Li, C., Liu, Z., Ying, B., Ding, G. and Li, Y. (2013) The de novo sequence origin of two long non-coding genes from an inter-genic region. BMC Genomics, 8, S6.
19. Carrieri, C., Cimatti, L., Biagioli, M., Beugnet, A., Zucchelli, S., Fedele, S., Pesce, E., Ferrer, I., Collavin, L., Santoro, C et al. (2012) Long non-coding antisense RNA controls Uchl1 translation through an embedded SINEB2 repeat. Nature, 491, 454-457.
20. Fan, J. and Papadopoulos, V. (2012) Transcriptional regulation of translocator protein (Tspo) via a SINE B2-mediated natural antisense transcript in MA-10 Leydig cells. Biol. Reprod., 86, 1-15.
21. Roberts, T.C. and Morris, K.V. (2013) Not so pseudo anymore: pseudogenes as therapeutic targets. Pharmacogenomics, 4, 2023-2034.
22. Batagov, A.O., Yarmishyn, A.A., Jenjaroenpun, P., Tan, J.Z., Nishida, Y. and Kurochkin, I.V. (2013) Role of genomic architecture in the expression dynamics of long noncoding RNAs during differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells. BMC Syst. Biol., 7, S11.
23. Uesaka, M., Nishimura, O., Go, Y., Nakashima, K., Agata, K. and Imamura, T. (2014) Bidirectional promoters are the major source of gene activation-associated non-coding RNAs in mammals. BMC Genomics, 15, 35.
24. Lepoivre, C., Belhocine, M., Bergon, A., Griffon, A., Yammine, M., Vanhille, L., Zacarias-Cabeza, J., Garibal, M.A., Koch, F., Maqbool, M.A. et al. (2013) Divergent transcription is associated with promoters of transcriptional regulators. BMC Genomics, 14, 914.
25. Su, W.Y., Li, J.T., Cui, Y., Hong, J., Du, W., Wang, Y.C., Lin, Y.W., Xiong, H., Wang, J.L., Kong, X. et al. (2012) Bidirectional regulation between WDR83 and its natural antisense transcript DHPS in gastric cancer. Cell Res., 22, 1374-1389.
26. Sigova, A.A., Mullen, A.C., Molinie, B., Gupta, S., Orlando, D.A., Guenther, M.G., Almada, A.E., Lin, C., Sharp, P.A., Giallourakis, C.C. et al. (2013) Divergent transcription of long noncoding RNA/mRNA gene pairs in embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 2876-2881.
27. Tan-Wong, S.M., Zaugg, J.B., Camblong, J., Xu, Z., Zhang, D.W., Mischo, H.E., Ansari, A.Z., Luscombe, N.M., Steinmetz, L.M. and Proudfoot, N.J. (2012) Gene loops enhance transcriptional directionality. Science, 338, 671-675.
28. Pulakanti, K., Pinello, L., Stelloh, C., Blinka, S., Allred, J., Milanovich, S., Kiblawi, S., Peterson, J., Wang, A., Yuan, G.C. et al. (2013) Enhancer transcribed RNAs arise from hypomethylated, Tet-occupied genomic regions. Epigenetics, 8, 1303-1320.
29. Huang, J., Zhou, N., Watabe, K., Lu, Z., Wu, F., Xu, M. and Mo, Y.Y. (2014) Long non-codingRNAUCA1promotes breast tumor growth by suppression of p27 (Kip1). Cell Death Dis., 5, e1008.
30. Wang, K., Liu, F., Zhou, L.Y., Long, B., Yuan, S.M., Wang, Y., Liu, C.Y., Sun, T., Zhang, X.J. and Li, P.F. (2014) The long noncoding RNA, CHRF regulates cardiac hypertrophy by targeting miR-489. Circ. Res., 114, 1377-1388.
31. Modarresi, F., Faghihi, M.A., Lopez-Toledano, M.A., Fatemi, R.P., Magistri, M., Brothers, S.P., van der Brug, M.P. and Wahlestedt, C. (2012) Inhibition of natural antisense transcripts in vivo results in gene-specific transcriptional upregulation. Nat. Biotechnol., 30, 453-459.
32. Polikepahad, S. and Corry, D.B. (2013) Profiling of T helper cell-derived small RNAs reveals unique antisense transcripts and differential association of miRNAs with argonaute proteins 1 and 2. Nucleic Acids Res., 41, 1164-1177.
33. Werner, A., Cockell, S., Falconer, J., Carlile, M., Alnumeir, S. and Robinson, J. (2014) Contribution of natural antisense transcription to an endogenous siRNA signature in human cells. BMC Genomics, 15, 19.
34. Froberg, J.E., Yang, L. and Lee, J.T. (2013) Guided byRNAs:X-inactivation as a model for lncRNA function. J. Mol. Biol., 425, 3698-3706.
35. Margueron, R. and Reinberg, D. (2011) The polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life. Nature, 469, 343-349.
36. Davidovich, C., Zheng, L., Goodrich, K.J. and Cech, T.R. (2013) Promiscuous RNA binding by polycomb repressive complex 2. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20, 1250-1257.
37. Kaneko, S., Bonasio, R., Saldaña-Meyer, R., Yoshida, T., Son, J., Nishino, K., Umezawa, A. and Reinberg, D. (2014) Interactions between JARID2 and noncoding RNAs regulate PRC2 recruitment to chromatin. Mol. Cell, 53, 290-300.
38. Kaneko, S., Son, J., Shen, S.S., Reinberg, D. and Bonasio, R. (2013) PRC2 binds active promoters and contacts nascent RNAs in embryonic stem cells. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20, 1258-1264.
39. van Heeringen, S.J., Akkers, R.C., van Kruijsbergen, I., Arif, M.A., Hanssen, L.L., Sharifi, N. and Veenstra, G.J. (2014) Principles of nucleation ofH3K27 methylation during embryonic development. Genome Res., 24, 401-410.
40. Cerase, A., Smeets, D., Tang, Y.A., Gdula, M., Kraus, F., Spivakov, M., Moindrot, B., Leleu, M., Tattermusch, A., Demmerle, J. et al. (2014) Spatial separation of Xist RNA and polycomb proteins revealed by superresolution microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 2235-2540.
41. Halley, P., Kadakkuzha, B.M., Faghihi, M.A., Magistri, M., Zeier, Z., Khorkova, O., Coito, C., Hsiao, J., Lawrence, M. and Wahlestedt, C. (2014) Regulation of the apolipoprotein gene cluster by a long noncodingRNA.Cell Rep., 6, 222-230.
42. Modarresi, F., Faghihi, M.A., Patel, N.S., Sahagan, B.G., Wahlestedt, C. and Lopez-Toledano, M.A. (2011) Knockdown of BACE1-AS nonprotein-coding transcript modulates beta-amyloid-related hippocampal neurogenesis. Int. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2011, 929042.
43. Faghihi, M.A., Modarresi, F., Khalil, A.M., Wood, D.E., Sahagan, B.G., Morgan, T.E., Finch, C.E., St Laurent, G. III, Kenny, P.J. and Wahlestedt, C. (2008) Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase. Nat. Med., 14, 723-730.
44. Faghihi, M.A., Zhang, M., Huang, J., Modarresi, F., Van der Brug, M.P., Nalls, M.A., Cookson, M.R., St-Laurent, G. III and Wahlestedt, C. (2010) Evidence for natural antisense transcript-mediated inhibition of microRNA function. Genome Biol., 11, R56.
45. Kotake, Y., Nakagawa, T., Kitagawa, K., Suzuki, S., Liu, N., Kitagawa, M. and Xiong, Y. (2011) Long non-coding RNA ANRIL is required for the PRC2 recruitment to and silencing of p15(INK4B) tumor suppressor gene. Oncogene, 30, 1956-1962.
46. Yu, W., Gius, D., Onyango, P., Muldoon-Jacobs, K., Karp, J., Feinberg, A.P. and Cui, H. (2011) Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor gene p15 by its antisense RNA. Nature, 451, 202-206.
47. Li, Q., Su, Z., Xu, X., Liu, G., Song, X., Wang, R., Sui, X., Liu, T., Chang, X. and Huang, D. (2012) AS1DHRS4, a head-to-head natural antisense transcript, silences theDHRS4gene cluster in cis and trans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 14110-14115.
48. Wu, Z., Zhao, A.N., Zhu, L.Y., Yin, B. and Zhang, J. (2013) Role of Dlx1 natural antisense transcript in mice brain development. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao, 35, 607-610.
49. Bond, A.M., Vangompel, M.J., Sametsky, E.A., Clark, M.F., Savage, J.C., Disterhoft, J.F. and Kohtz, J.D. (2009) Balanced gene regulation by an embryonic brain ncRNA is critical for adult hippocampal GABA circuitry. Nat. Neurosci., 12, 1020-1027.
50. Velmeshev, D., Magistri, M. and Faghihi, M.A. (2013) Expression of non-protein-coding antisense RNAs in genomic regions related to autism spectrum disorders. Mol. Autism, 4, 32.
51. Kino, T., Hurt, D.E., Ichijo, T., Nader, N. and Chrousos, G.P. (2010) Noncoding RNA gas5 is a growth arrest- and starvation-associated repressor of the glucocorticoid receptor. Sci. Signal., 3, ra8.
52. Thrash-Bingham, C.A. and Tartof, K.D. (1999) aHIF: a natural antisense transcript overexpressed in human renal cancer and during hypoxia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 91, 143-151.
53. Morris, K.V., Santoso, S., Turner, A.M., Pastori, C. and Hawkins, P.G. (2008) Bidirectional transcription directs both transcriptional gene activation and suppression in human cells. PLoS Genet., 4, e1000258.
54. Lu, J., Wu, X., Hong, M., Tobias, P. and Han, J. (2013) A potential suppressive effect of natural antisense IL-1b RNA on lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1b expression. J. Immunol., 190, 6570-6578.
55. Roberts, T.C., Andaloussi, S.E., Morris, K.V., McClorey,G. and Wood,M.J. (2012) Small RNA-mediated epigenetic myostatin silencing. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 1, e23.
56. Pandorf, C.E., Jiang, W., Qin, A.X., Bodell, P.W., Baldwin, K.M. and Haddad, F. (2012) Regulation of an antisense RNA with the transition of neonatal to IIb myosin heavy chain during postnatal development and hypothyroidism in rat skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 302, R854-R867.
57. Pandorf, C.E., Haddad, F., Roy, R.R., Qin, A.X., Edgerton, V.R. and Baldwin, K.M. (2006) Dynamics of myosin heavy chain gene regulation in slow skeletal muscle: role of natural antisense RNA. J. Biol. Chem., 281, 38330-38342.
58. Rinaldi, C., Haddad, F., Bodell, P.W., Qin, A.X., Jiang, W. and Baldwin, K.M. (2008) Intergenic bidirectional promoter and cooperative regulation of the IIx and IIb MHC genes in fast skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 295, R208-R218.
59. Yoshigai, E., Hara, T., Araki, Y., Tanaka, Y., Oishi, M., Tokuhara, K., Kaibori, M., Okumura, T., Kwon, A.H. and Nishizawa, M. (2013) Natural antisense transcript-targeted regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels. Nitric Oxide, 30, 9-16.
60. Scheele, C., Petrovic, N., Faghihi, M.A., Lassmann, T., Fredriksson, K., Rooyackers, O., Wahlestedt, C., Good, L. and Timmons, J.A. (2007) The human PINK1 locus is regulated in vivo by a non-coding natural antisense RNA during modulation of mitochondrial function. BMC Genomics, 8, 74.
61. Noor, A., Whibley, A., Marshall, C.R., Gianakopoulos, P.J., Piton, A., Carson, A.R., Orlic-Milacic, M., Lionel, A.C., Sato, D., Pinto, D. et al. (2010) Disruption at the PTCHD1 Locus on Xp22.11 in Autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Sci. Transl. Med., 2, 49ra68.
62. Beckedorff, F.C., Ayupe, A.C., Crocci-Souza, R., Amaral, M.S., Nakaya, H.I., Soltys, D.T., Menck, C.F., Reis, E.M. and Verjovski-Almeida, S. (2013) The intronic long noncoding RNA ANRASSF1 recruits PRC2 to the RASSF1A promoter, reducing the expression of RASSF1A and increasing cell proliferation. PLoS Genet., 9, e1003705.
63. Ebralidze, A.K., Guibal, F.C., Steidl, U., Zhang, P., Lee, S., Bartholdy, B., Jorda, M.A., Petkova, V., Rosenbauer, F., Huang, G. et al. (2008) PU.1 expression is modulated by the balance of functional sense and antisense RNAs regulated by a shared cis-regulatory element. Genes Dev., 22, 2085-2092.
64. Castillo, A.F., Fan, J., Papadopoulos, V. and Podestá, E.J. (2011) Hormone-dependent expression of a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein natural antisense transcript in MA-10mouse tumor Leydig cells. PLoSONE, 6, e22822.
65. Cruickshanks, H.A., Vafadar-Isfahani, N., Dunican, D.S., Lee, A., Sproul, D., Lund, J.N., Meehan, R.R. and Tufarelli, C. (2013) Expression of a large LINE-1-driven antisense RNA is linked to epigenetic silencing of the metastasis suppressor gene TFPI-2 in cancer. Nucleic Acids Res., 41, 6857-6869.
66. Coker, R.K., Laurent, G.J., Dabbagh, K., Dawson, J. and McAnulty, R.J. (1998) A novel transforming growth factor beta2 antisense transcript in mammalian lung. Biochem. J., 332, 297-301.
67. Yoshigai, E., Hara, T., Inaba, H., Hashimoto, I., Tanaka, Y., Kaibori, M., Kimura, T., Okumura, T., Kwon, A.H. and Nishizawa, M. (2013) Interleukin-1b induces tumor necrosis factor-a secretion from rat hepatocytes. Hepatol. Res., 44, 571-583.
68. Faghihi, M.A.and Wahlestedt, C. (2006) RNAinterference is not involved in natural antisense mediated regulation of gene expression in mammals. Genome Biol., 7, R38.
69. van Heesch, S., van Iterson, M., Jacobi, J., Boymans, S., Essers, P.B., de Bruijn, E., Hao, W., Macinnes, A.W., Cuppen, E. and Simonis, M. (2014) Extensive localization of long noncodingRNAsto the cytosoland mono-and polyribosomal complexes. Genome Biol., 15, R6.
70. Choi, N.M. and Feeney, A.J. (2014) CTCF and ncRNA regulate the three-dimensional structure of antigen receptor loci to facilitate V(D) J recombination. Front. Immunol., 5, 49.
71. Petazzi, P., Sandoval, J., Szczesna, K., Jorge, O.C., Roa, L., Sayols, S., Gomez, A., Huertas, D. and Esteller, M. (2013) Dysregulation of the long non-codingRNAtranscriptomein a Rett syndromemousemodel.RNABiol., 10, 1197-1203.
72. Sopher, B.L., Ladd, P.D., Pineda, V.V., Libby, R.T., Sunkin, S.M., Hurley, J.B., Thienes, C.P., Gaasterland, T., Filippova, G.N. and La Spada, A.R. (2011) CTCF regulates ataxin-7 expression through promotion of a convergently transcribed, antisense noncoding RNA. Neuron, 70, 1071-1084.
73. Chen, I.C., Lin, H.Y., Hsiao, Y.C., Chen, C.M.,Wu, Y.R., Shiau, H.C., Shen, Y.F., Huang, K.S., Su, M.T., Hsieh-Li, H.M. et al. (2013) Internal ribosome entry segment activity of ATXN8 opposite strand RNA. PLoS ONE, 8, e73885.
74. Khalil, A.M., Faghihi, M.A., Modarresi, F., Brothers, S.P. and Wahlestedt, C. (2008) A novel RNA transcript with antiapoptotic function is silenced in fragile X syndrome. PLoS ONE, 3, e1486.
75. Pastori, C., Peschansky, V.J., Barbouth, D., Mehta, A., Silva, J.P. and Wahlestedt, C. (2014) Comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional landscape of the human FMR1 gene reveals two new long noncoding RNAs differentially expressed in Fragile X syndrome and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Hum. Genet., 133, 59-67.
76. Chung, D.W., Rudnicki, D.D., Yu, L. and Margolis, R.L. (2011) A natural antisense transcript at the Huntington's disease repeat locus regulates HTT expression. Hum. Mol. Genet., 20, 3467-3477.
77. Nemes, J.P., Benzow, K.A., Moseley, M.L., Ranum, L.P. and Koob, M.D. (2000) TheSCA8transcript is an antisenseRNAto a brain-specific transcript encoding a novel actin-binding protein (KLHL1). Hum. Mol. Genet., 9, 1543-1551.
78. Jong, M.T., Gray, T.A., Ji, Y., Glenn, C.C., Saitoh, S., Driscoll, D.J. and Nicholls, R.D. (1999) Anovel imprinted gene, encoding a RING zinc-finger protein, and overlapping antisense transcript in the Prader-Willi syndrome critical region. Hum. Mol. Genet., 8, 783-793.
79. Koob, M.D., Moseley, M.L., Schut, L.J., Benzow, K.A., Bird, T.D., Day, J.W. and Ranum, L.P. (1999) AnuntranslatedCTGexpansion causes a novel form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA8). Nat. Genet., 21, 379-384.
80. Johnstone, K.A., DuBose, A.J., Futtner, C.R., Elmore, M.D., Brannan, C.I. and Resnick, J.L. (2006) Ahumanimprinting centre demonstrates conserved acquisition but diverged maintenance of imprinting in a mouse model for Angelman syndrome imprinting defects. Hum. Mol. Genet., 15, 393-404.
81. Wahlestedt, C. (2006) Natural antisense and noncoding RNA transcripts as potential drug targets. Drug Disc. Today, 11, 503-508.
82. Schwartz, J.C., Younger, S.T., Nguyen, N.B., Hardy, D.B., Monia, B.P., Corey, D.R. and Janowski, B.A. (2008) Antisense transcripts are targets for activating small RNAs. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 15, 842-848.
83. Morris, K.V. (2009) Long antisense non-coding RNAs function to direct epigenetic complexes that regulate transcription inhumancells. Epigenetics, 4, 296-301.
84. Halley, P., Khorkova, O. and Wahlestedt, C. (2013) Natural antisense transcripts as therapeutic targets. DrugDisc. Today: Ther. Strateg., 10, 1016.
85. Zhao, J., Ohsumi, T.K., Kung, J.T., Ogawa, Y., Grau, D.J., Sarma, K., Song, J.J., Kingston, R.E., Borowsky, M. and Lee, J.T. (2010) Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq. Mol. Cell, 40, 939-953.
86. Ackley, A., Lenox, A., Stapleton, K., Knowling, S., Lu, T., Sabir, K.S., Vogt, P.K. and Morris, K.V. (2013) An algorithm for generating small RNAs capable of epigenetically modulating transcriptional gene silencing and activation in human cells. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 2, e104.
87. Li, C.H. and Chen, Y. (2013) Targeting long non-coding RNAs in cancers: progress and prospects. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 45, 1895-1910.
88. Clarke, J., Penas, C., Pastori, C., Komotar, R.J., Bregy, A., Shah, A.H., Wahlestedt, C. and Ayad, N.G. (2013) Epigenetic pathways and glioblastoma treatment. Epigenetics, 8, 785-795.
89. Tufarelli, C., Cruickshanks, H.A. and Meehan, R.R. (2013) LINE-1 activation and epigenetic silencing of suppressor genes in cancer: causally related events? Mob. Genet. Elements, 3, e26832.
90. van Devondervoort, I.I., Gordebeke, P.M., Khoshab, N., Tiesinga, P.H., Buitelaar, J.K., Kozicz, T., Aschrafi, A. and Glennon, J.C. (2013) Long non-coding RNAs in neurodevelopmental disorders. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 6, 53.