Influence of stromal-epithelial interactions on androgen action

Endocrine-Related Cancer

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2014, Pages

  Nieto, Cera M ^a   Rider, Leah C ^a   Cramer, Scott D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Androgen receptor; Androgens; Breast; Prostate

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; CATHEPSIN D; CYCLIN D1; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 9; KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; STEROID 5ALPHA REDUCTASE; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UVOMORULIN; VASCULOTROPIN A; WNT PROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS; BREAST CANCER; BREAST DEVELOPMENT; BREAST EPITHELIUM; CARCINOGENESIS; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; MESENCHYME; NONHUMAN; ORGANOGENESIS; PREGNANCY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATE DEVELOPMENT; PROSTATE EPITHELIUM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STROMA; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; UROGENITAL SINUS; ANIMAL; BREAST; EPITHELIUM CELL; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MALE; METABOLISM; NEOPLASM; PROSTATE; STROMA CELL;

ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; BREAST; EPITHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASMS; PROSTATE; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STROMAL CELLS;

EID: 84905976059     PISSN: 13510088     EISSN: 14796821     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/ERC-14-0138     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Ao M, Franco OE, Park D, Raman D, Williams K & Hayward SW 2007 Crosstalk between paracrine-acting cytokine and chemokine pathways promotes malignancy in benign human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Research 67 4244-4253. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3946)
2. Barclay WW, Woodruff RD, Hall MC & Cramer SD 2005 A system for studying epithelial-stromal interactions reveals distinct inductive abilities of stromal cells from benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Endocrinology 146 13-18. (doi:10.1210/en.2004-1123)
3. Barron DA & Rowley DR 2012 The reactive stroma microenvironment and prostate cancer progression. Endocrine-Related Cancer 19 R187-R204. (doi:10.1530/ERC-12-0085)
4. Bauman TM, Sehgal PD, Johnson KA, Pier T, Bruskewitz RC, Ricke WA & Huang W 2014 Finasteride treatment alters tissue specific androgen receptor expression in prostate tissues. Prostate 74 923-932. (doi:10.1002/pros.22810)
5. Birrell SN, Bentel JM, Hickey TE, Ricciardelli C, Weger MA, Horsfall DJ & Tilley WD 1995 Androgens induce divergent proliferative responses in human breast cancer cell lines. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 52 459-467. (doi:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00005-K)
6. Bisson I & Prowse DM 2009 WNT signaling regulates self-renewal and differentiation of prostate cancer cells with stem cell characteristics. Cell Research 19 683-697. (doi:10.1038/cr.2009.43)
7. Bogdanos J, Karamanolakis D, Tenta R, Tsintavis A, Milathianakis C, Mitsiades C & Koutsilieris M 2003 Endocrine/paracrine/autocrine survival factor activity of bone microenvironment participates in the development of androgen ablation and chemotherapy refractoriness of prostate cancer metastasis in skeleton. Endocrine-Related Cancer 10 279-289. (doi:10.1677/erc.0.0100279)
8. Boutin EL & Cunha GR 1997 Estrogen-induced epithelial proliferation and cornification are uncoupled in sinus vaginal epithelium associated with uterine stroma. Differentiation 62 171-178. (doi:10.1046/j.1432-0436.1998. 6240171.x)
9. Brossner C, Winterholer A, Roehlich M, Dlouhy-Schutz E, Serra V, Sonnleithner M, Grubmuller KH, Pummer K & Schuster E 2003 Distribution of prostate carcinoma foci within the peripheral zone: analysis of 8,062 prostate biopsy cores. World Journal of Urology 21 163-166. (doi:10.1007/s00345-003-0341- 4)
10. Cano P, Godoy A, Escamilla R, Dhir R & Onate SA 2007 Stromal-epithelial cell interactions and androgen receptor-coregulator recruitment is altered in the tissue microenvironment of prostate cancer. Cancer Research 67 511-519. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1478)
11. Chang C, Lee SO, Yeh S & Chang TM 2014 Androgen receptor (AR) differential roles in hormone-related tumors including prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast and liver. Oncogene 33 3225-3234. (doi:10.1038/onc.2013. 274)
12. Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C, Baek SH, Chen R, Vessella R, Rosenfeld MG & Sawyers CL 2004 Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nature Medicine 10 33-39. (doi:10.1038/nm972) (doi:10.1038/nm972)
13. Chen BY, Liu JY, Chang HH, Chang CP, Lo WY, Kuo WH, Yang CR & Lin DP 2007 Hedgehog is involved in prostate basal cell hyperplasia formation and its progressing towards tumorigenesis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 357 1084-1089. (doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.091)
14. Cheng L, Zhang S, Sweeney CJ, Kao C, Gardner TA & Eble JN 2004 Androgen withdrawal inhibits tumor growth and is associated with decrease in angiogenesis and VEGF expression in androgen-independent CWR22Rv1 human prostate cancermodel. Anticancer Research 24 2135-2140. (Pubitemid 39166287)
15. Cochrane DR, Bernales S, Jacobsen BM, Cittelly DM, Howe EN, D Amato NC, Spoelstra NS, Edgerton SM, Jean A, Guerrero J et al. 2014 Role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer and preclinical analysis of enzalutamide. Breast Cancer Research 16 R7. (doi:10.1186/bcr3599)
16. Culig Z, Hobisch A, Cronauer MV, Radmayr C, Trapman J, Hittmair A, Bartsch G & Klocker H 1994 Androgen receptor activation in prostatic tumor cell lines by insulin-like growth factor-I, keratinocyte growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Cancer Research 54 5474-5478.
17. Cunha GR 1972 Epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in primordial gland structures which become responsive to androgenic stimulation. Anatomical Record 172 179-195. (doi:10.1002/ar.1091720206)
18. Cunha GR 1984 Androgenic effects upon prostatic epithelium are mediated via trophic influences from stroma. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 145 81-102.
19. Cunha GR & Chung LW 1981 Stromal-epithelial interactions. I. Induction of prostatic phenotype in urothelium of testicular feminized (Tfm/y) mice. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 14 1317-1324. (doi:10.1016/0022-4731(81) 90338-1)
20. Cunha GR & Lung B 1978 The possible influence of temporal factors in androgenic responsiveness of urogenital tissue recombinants from wild-type and androgen-insensitive (Tfm) mice. Journal of Experimental Zoology 205 181-193. (doi:10.1002/jez.1402050203)
21. Cunha GR, Fujii H, Neubauer BL, Shannon JM, Sawyer L & Reese BA 1983 Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in prostatic development. I. Morphological observations of prostatic induction by urogenital sinus mesenchyme in epithelium of the adult rodent urinary bladder. Journal of Cell Biology 96 1662-1670. (doi:10.1083/jcb.96.6.1662)
22. Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Cooke PS, Mee S, Bigsby RM, Higgins SJ & Sugimura Y 1987 The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endocrine Reviews 8 338-362. (doi:10.1210/edrv-8-3-338)
23. Debes JD, Sebo TJ, Lohse CM, Murphy LM, Haugen DA & Tindall DJ 2003 p300 in prostate cancer proliferation and progression. Cancer Research 63 7638-7640. (Pubitemid 37466688)
24. De Gendt K, Swinnen JV, Saunders PT, Schoonjans L, Dewerchin M, Devos A, Tan K, Atanassova N, Claessens F, Lecureuil C et al. 2004 A Sertoli cell-selective knockout of the androgen receptor causes spermatogenic arrest in meiosis. PNAS 101 1327-1332. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0308114100)
25. Donjacour AA & Cunha GR 1993 Assessment of prostatic protein secretion in tissue recombinants made of urogenital sinus mesenchyme and urothelium from normal or androgen-insensitive mice. Endocrinology 132 2342-2350. (doi:10.1210/endo.132.6.7684975)
26. Donjacour AA & Cunha GR 1995 Induction of prostatic morphology and secretion in urothelium by seminal vesicle mesenchyme. Development 121 2199-2207.
27. Durnberger H & Kratochwil K 1980 Specificity of tissue interaction and origin of mesenchymal cells in the androgen response of the embryonic mammary gland. Cell 19 465-471. (doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90521-8)
28. Dvorak HF 1986 Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. New England Journal of Medicine 315 1650-1659. (doi:10.1056/NEJM198612253152606)
29. Eisermann K, Broderick CJ, Bazarov A, Moazam MM & Fraizer GC 2013 Androgen up-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression in prostate cancer cells via an Sp1 binding site. Molecular Cancer 12 7. (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-12-7)
30. Farmer P, Bonnefoi H, Becette V, Tubiana-Hulin M, Fumoleau P, Larsimont D, Macgrogan G, Bergh J, Cameron D, Goldstein D et al. 2005 Identification of molecular apocrine breast tumours by microarray analysis. Oncogene 24 4660-4671. (doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208561)
31. Feneley MR, Puddefoot JR, Xia S, Sowter C, Slavin G, Kirby RS & Vinson GP 1995 Zonal biochemical and morphological characteristics in BPH. British Journal of Urology 75 608-613. (doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07418.x)
32. Fiaschi T, Marini A, Giannoni E, Taddei ML, Gandellini P, De Donatis A, Lanciotti M, Serni S, Cirri P & Chiarugi P 2012 Reciprocal metabolic reprogramming through lactate shuttle coordinately influences tumor-stroma interplay. Cancer Research 72 5130-5140. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1949)
33. Frank SB & Miranti CK 2013 Disruption of prostate epithelial differentiation pathways and prostate cancer development. Frontiers in Oncology 3 273. (doi:10.3389/fonc.2013.00273)
34. Gao J, Arnold JT & Isaacs JT 2001 Conversion from a paracrine to an autocrine mechanism of androgen-stimulated growth during malignant transformation of prostatic epithelial cells. Cancer Research 61 5038-5044. (Pubitemid 32681532)
35. Garay JP & Park BH 2012 Androgen receptor as a targeted therapy for breast cancer. American Journal of Cancer Research 2 434-445.
36. Garrison JB & Kyprianou N 2004 Novel targeting of apoptosis pathways for prostate cancer therapy. Current Cancer Drug Targets 4 85-95. (doi:10.2174/1568009043481623)
37. Gerdes MJ, Larsen M, Dang TD, Ressler SJ, Tuxhorn JA & Rowley DR 2004 Regulation of rat prostate stromal cell myodifferentiation by androgen and TGF-β1. Prostate 58 299-307. (doi:10.1002/pros.10327)
38. Giri D & Ittmann M 2000 Interleukin-1α is a paracrine inducer of FGF7, a key epithelial growth factor in benign prostatic hyperplasia. American Journal of Pathology 157 249-255. (doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64535-X)
39. Giri D, Ropiquet F & Ittmann M 1999 Alterations in expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 and its receptor FGFR-1 in human prostate cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 5 1063-1071. (Pubitemid 29233220)
40. Graham TR, Yacoub R, Taliaferro-Smith L, Osunkoya AO, Odero-Marah VA, Liu T, Kimbro KS, Sharma D & O'Regan RM 2010 Reciprocal regulation of ZEB1 and AR in triple negative breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 123 139-147. (doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0623-7)
41. Grasso CS, Wu YM, Robinson DR, Cao X, Dhanasekaran SM, Khan AP, Quist MJ, Jing X, Lonigro RJ, Brenner JC et al. 2012 The mutational landscape of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature 487 239-243. (doi:10.1038/ nature11125)
42. Grignon DJ & Sakr WA 1994 Zonal origin of prostatic adenocarcinoma: are there biologic differences between transition zone and peripheral zone adenocarcinomas of the prostate gland? Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. Supplement 19 267-269. (Pubitemid 24306478)
43. Guo Y & Kyprianou N 1999 Restoration of transforming growth factor β signaling pathway in human prostate cancer cells suppresses tumorigenicity via induction of caspase-1-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Research 59 1366-1371. (Pubitemid 29136271)
44. Hanley K, Wang J, Bourne P, Yang Q, Gao AC, Lyman G & Tang P 2008 Lack of expression of androgen receptor may play a critical role in transformation from in situ to invasive basal subtype of high-grade ductal carcinoma of the breast. Human Pathology 39 386-392. (doi:10.1016/j.humpath. 2007.07.007)
45. Harvell DM, Richer JK, Singh M, Spoelstra N, Finlayson C, Borges VF, Elias AD & Horwitz KB 2008 Estrogen regulated gene expressionin response to neoadjuvant endocrine therapy of breast cancers: tamoxifen agonist effects dominate in the presence of an aromatase inhibitor. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 112 489-501. (doi:10.1007/s10549-008-9923-6)
46. Hayward SW, Baskin LS, Haughney PC, Cunha AR, Foster BA, Dahiya R, Prins GS & Cunha GR 1996 Epithelial development in the rat ventral prostate, anterior prostate and seminal vesicle. Acta Anatomica 155 81-93. (doi:10.1159/000147793)
47. Hayward SW, Wang Y, Cao M, Hom YK, Zhang B, Grossfeld GD, Sudilovsky D & Cunha GR 2001 Malignant transformation in a nontumorigenic human prostatic epithelial cell line. Cancer Research 61 8135-8142. (Pubitemid 33091604)
48. He Y, Franco OE, Jiang M,Williams K, Love HD, Coleman IM, Nelson PS & Hayward SW 2007 Tissue-specific consequences of cyclin D1 overexpression in prostate cancer progression. Cancer Research 67 8188-8197. (doi:10.1158/0008. 5472.CAN-07-0418)
49. Henshall SM, Quinn DI, Lee CS, Head DR, Golovsky D, Brenner PC, Delprado W, Stricker PD, Grygiel JJ & Sutherland RL 2001 Altered expression of androgen receptor in the malignant epithelium and adjacent stroma is associated with early relapse in prostate cancer. Cancer Research 61 423-427. (Pubitemid 32128590)
50. Heuberger B, Fitzka I, Wasner G & Kratochwil K 1982 Induction of androgen receptor formation by epithelium-mesenchyme interaction in embryonic mouse mammary gland. PNAS 79 2957-2961. (doi:10.1073/pnas.79.9.2957)
51. Hickey TE, Robinson JL, Carroll JS & Tilley WD 2012 Minireview: The androgen receptor in breast tissues: growth inhibitor, tumor suppressor, oncogene? Molecular Endocrinology 26 1252-1267. (doi:10.1210/me.2012-1107)
52. Holdcraft RW & Braun RE 2004 Androgen receptor function is required in Sertoli cells for the terminal differentiation of haploid spermatids. Development 131 459-467. (doi:10.1242/dev.00957)
53. Hom YK, Young P, Thomson AA & Cunha GR 1998 Keratinocyte growth factor injected into female mouse neonates stimulates uterine and vaginal epithelial growth. Endocrinology 139 3772-3779. (doi:10.1210/endo.139.9.6182)
54. Hsieh CL, Gardner TA, Miao L, Balian G & Chung LW 2004 Cotargeting tumor and stroma in a novel chimeric tumor model involving the growth of both human prostate cancer and bone stromal cells. Cancer Gene Therapy 11 148-155. (doi:10.1038/sj.cgt.7700665)
55. Huber MA, Kraut N & Beug H 2005 Molecular requirements for epithelial-mesenchymal transition during tumor progression. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 17 548-558. (doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.08.001)
56. Huggins C & Clark PJ 1940 Quantitative studies of prostatic secretion: II. The effect of castration and of estrogen injection on the normal and on the hyperplastic prostate glands of dogs. Journal of Experimental Medicine 72 747-762. (doi:10.1084/jem.72.6.747)
57. Huggins C & Sommer JL 1953 Quantitative studies of prostatic secretion. III. Simultaneous measurement of size and secretion of the canine prostate and the interaction of androgenic and estrogenic substances thereon. Journal of Experimental Medicine 97 663-680. (doi:10.1084/jem.97.5.663)
58. Huggins C, Masina MH, Eichelberger L & Wharton JD 1939 Quantitative studies of prostatic secretion: I. Characteristics of the normal secretion; the influence of thyroid, suprarenal, and testis extirpation and androgen substitution on the prostatic output. Journal of Experimental Medicine 70 543-556. (doi:10.1084/jem.70.6.543)
59. Ishii K, Imamura T, Iguchi K, Arase S, Yoshio Y, Arima K, Hirano K & Sugimura Y 2009 Evidence that androgen-independent stromal growth factor signals promote androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell growth in vivo. Endocrine-Related Cancer 16 415-428. (doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0219)
60. Isola JJ 1993 Immunohistochemical demonstration of androgen receptor in breast cancer and its relationship to other prognostic factors. Journal of Pathology 170 31-35. (doi:10.1002/path.1711700106)
61. Jiang Q, Han BM, Zhao FJ, Hong Y & Xia SJ 2011 The differential effects of prostate stromal cells derived from different zones on prostate cancer epithelial cells under the action of sex hormones. Asian Journal of Andrology 13 798-805. (doi:10.1038/aja.2011.22)
62. Kim SK, Romero R, Savasan ZA, Xu Y, Dong Z, Lee DC, Yeo L, Hassan SS & Chaiworapongsa T 2013 Endoglin in amniotic fluid as a risk factor for the subsequent development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 69 105-123. (doi:10.1111/aji.12046)
63. Koo JS, Jung W & Jeong J 2009 The predictive role of E-cadherin and androgen receptor on in vitro chemosensitivity in triple-negative breast cancer. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 39 560-568. (doi:10.1093/jjco/hyp065)
64. Kratochwil K 1969 Organ specificity in mesenchymal induction demonstrated in the embryonic development of the mammary gland of the mouse. Developmental Biology 20 46-71. (doi:10.1016/0012-1606(69)90004-9)
65. Kratochwil K & Schwartz P 1976 Tissue interaction in androgen response of embryonic mammary rudiment of mouse: identification of target tissue for testosterone. PNAS 73 4041-4044. (doi:10.1073/pnas.73.11.4041)
66. Kurita T, Wang YZ, Donjacour AA, Zhao C, Lydon JP, O'Malley BW, Isaacs JT, Dahiya R & Cunha GR 2001 Paracrine regulation of apoptosis by steroid hormones in the male and female reproductive system. Cell Death and Differentiation 8 192-200. (doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400797)
67. Lai KP, Yamashita S, Huang CK, Yeh S & Chang C 2012 Loss of stromal androgen receptor leads to suppressed prostate tumourigenesis via modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. EMBO Molecular Medicine 4 791-807. (doi:10.1002/emmm.201101140)
68. Lawrence MG, Taylor RA, Toivanen R, Pedersen J, Norden S, Pook DW, Frydenberg M, Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource, Papargiris MM, Niranjan B et al. 2013 A preclinical xenograft model of prostate cancer using human tumors. Nature Protocols 8 836-848. (doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.043)
69. Lea OA, Kvinnsland S & Thorsen T 1989 Improved measurement of androgen receptors in human breast cancer. Cancer Research 49 7162-7167. (Pubitemid 20016610)
70. Leach DA, Need EF, Trotta AP, Grubisha MJ, Defranco DB & Buchanan G 2014 Hic-5 influences genomic and non-genomic actions of the androgen receptor in prostate myofibroblasts. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 384 185-199. (doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.004)
71. Lee SO, Tian J, Huang CK, Ma Z, Lai KP, Hsiao H, Jiang M, Yeh S & Chang C 2012 Suppressor role of androgen receptor in proliferation of prostate basal epithelial and progenitor cells. Journal of Endocrinology 213 173-182. (doi:10.1530/JOE-11-0474)
72. Lee RJ & Smith MR 2013 Targeting MET and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Journal 19 90-98. (doi:10.1097/PPO.0b013e318281e280)
73. Levine AC, Liu XH, Greenberg PD, Eliashvili M, Schiff JD, Aaronson SA, Holland JF & Kirschenbaum A 1998 Androgens induce the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human fetal prostatic fibroblasts. Endocrinology 139 4672-4678. (doi:10.1210/endo.139.11.6303)
74. Li X, Feng Y, Liu J, Feng X, Zhou K & Tang X 2013 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits IGF-I-stimulated lung cancer angiogenesis through downregulation of HIF-1a and VEGF expression. Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics 6 169-178. (doi:10.1159/000354402)
75. Liebner S, Cattelino A, Gallini R, Rudini N, Iurlaro M, Piccolo S & Dejana E 2004 b-Catenin is required for endothelial-mesenchymal transformation during heart cushion development in the mouse. Journal of Cell Biology 166 359-367. (doi:10.1083/jcb.200403050)
76. Lin-Tsai O, Clark PE, Miller NL, Fowke JH, Hameed O, Hayward SW & Strand DW 2014 Surgical intervention for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia is correlated with expression of the AP-1 transcription factor network. Prostate 74 669-679. (doi:10.1002/pros.22785)
77. Love HD, Booton SE, Boone BE, Breyer JP, Koyama T, Revelo MP, Shappell SB, Smith JR & Hayward SW 2009 Androgen regulated genes in human prostate xenografts in mice: relation to BPH and prostate cancer. PLoS ONE 4 e8384. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008384)
78. Mantzoros CS, Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Stampfer M, Trichopoulos D & Adami HO 1997 Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. British Journal of Cancer 76 1115-1118. (doi:10.1038/bjc.1997.520)
79. Massague J & Chen YG 2000 Controlling TGF-β signaling. Genes and Development 14 627-644.
80. Massague J, Cheifetz S, Laiho M, Ralph DA, Weis FM & Zentella A 1992 Transforming growth factor-b. Cancer Surveys 12 81-103.
81. Matsumoto T, Takeyama K, Sato T & Kato S 2003 Androgen receptor functions from reverse genetic models. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 85 95-99. (doi:10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00231-0)
82. McNeal J 1990 Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Insight into etiology. Urologic Clinics of North America 17 477-486. (Pubitemid 20220191)
83. McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS & Stamey TA 1988 Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 12 897-906. (Pubitemid 19011040)
84. Meeks JJ & Schaeffer EM 2011 Genetic regulation of prostate development. Journal of Andrology 32 210-217. (doi:10.2164/jandrol.110.011577)
85. Memarzadeh S, Xin L, Mulholland DJ, Mansukhani A, Wu H, Teitell MA & Witte ON 2007 Enhanced paracrine FGF10 expression promotes formation of multifocal prostate adenocarcinoma and an increase in epithelial androgen receptor. Cancer Cell 12 572-585. (doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2007.11.002)
86. Memarzadeh S, Cai H, Janzen DM, Xin L, Lukacs R, Riedinger M, Zong Y, DeGendt K, Verhoeven G, Huang J et al. 2011 Role of autonomous androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer initiation is dichotomous and depends on the oncogenic signal. PNAS 108 7962-7967. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1105243108)
87. Miyagawa S, Satoh Y, Haraguchi R, Suzuki K, Iguchi T, Taketo MM, Nakagata N, Matsumoto T, Takeyama K, Kato S et al. 2009 Genetic interactions of the androgen and Wnt/β-catenin pathways for the masculinization of external genitalia. Molecular Endocrinology 23 871-880. (doi:10.1210/me.2008-0478)
88. Moschos SJ & Mantzoros CS 2002 The role of the IGF system in cancer: from basic to clinical studies and clinical applications. Oncology 63 317-332. (doi:10.1159/000066230)
89. Nemeth JA, Zelner DJ, Lang S & Lee C 1998 Keratinocyte growth factor in the rat ventral prostate: androgen-independent expression. Journal of Endocrinology 156 115-125. (doi:10.1677/joe.0.1560115)
90. Ni M, Chen Y, Lim E, Wimberly H, Bailey ST, Imai Y, Rimm DL, Liu XS & Brown M 2011 Targeting androgen receptor inestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell 20 119-131. (doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.026)
91. Nicholson TM, Sehgal PD, Drew SA, HuangW& Ricke WA 2013 Sex steroid receptor expression and localization in benign prostatic hyperplasia varies with tissue compartment. Differentiation 85 140-149. (doi:10.1016/j.diff.2013.02. 006)
92. Niu Y, Altuwaijri S, Yeh S, Lai KP, Yu S, Chuang KH, Huang SP, Lardy H & Chang C 2008 Targeting the stromal androgen receptor in primary prostate tumors at earlier stages. PNAS 105 12188-12193. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0804701105)
93. Niu Y, Wang J, Shang Z, Huang S-P, Shyr C-R, Yeh S & Chang C 2011 Increased CK5/CK8-positive intermediate cells with stromal smooth muscle cell arophy in the mice lacking prostate epithelial androgen receptor. PLoS ONE 6 e20202. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020202)
94. Notini AJ, Davey RA, McManus JF, Bate KL & Zajac JD 2005 Genomic actions of the androgen receptor are required for normal male sexual differentiation in a mouse model. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 35 547-555. (doi:10.1677/jme.1.01884)
95. Olumi A, Grossfeld G, Hayward S, Carroll P, Tlsty T & Cunha G 1999 Carcinoma-associated fribroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostate epithelium. Cancer Research 59 5002-5011. (Pubitemid 29472907)
96. Pan L, Baek S, Edmonds PR, Roach M III, Wolkov H, Shah S, Pollack A, Hammond ME & Dicker AP 2013 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in locally advanced prostate cancer: secondary analysis of radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) 8610. Radiation Oncology 8 100. (doi:10.1186/1748-717X-8-100)
97. Park S, Koo J, Park HS, Kim JH, Choi SY, Lee JH, Park BW & Lee KS 2010 Expression of androgen receptors in primary breast cancer. Annals of Oncology 21 488-492. (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp510)
98. Pavelic J, Zeljko Z & Bosnar MH 2003 Molecular genetic aspects of prostate transition zone lesions. Urology 62 607-613. (Pubitemid 37204988)
99. Peters AA, Buchanan G, Ricciardelli C, Bianco-Miotto T, Centenera MM, Harris JM, Jindal S, Segara D, Jia L, Moore NL et al. 2009 Androgen receptor inhibits estrogen receptor-a activity and is prognostic in breast cancer. Cancer Research 69 6131-6140. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0452)
100. Peters AA, Ingman WV, Tilley WD & Butler LM 2011 Differential effects of exogenous androgen and an androgen receptor antagonist in the peri- and postpubertal murine mammary gland. Endocrinology 152 3728-3737. (doi:10.1210/en.2011-1133)
101. Planz B, Wang Q, Kirley SD, Lin CW & McDougal WS 1998 Androgen responsiveness of stromal cells of the human prostate: regulation of cell proliferation and keratinocyte growth factor by androgen. Journal of Urology 160 1850-1855. (doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62431-5)
102. Prins GS & Putz O 2008 Molecular signaling pathways that regulate prostate gland development. Differentiation 76 641-659. (doi:10.1111/j.1432- 0436.2008.00277.x)
103. Pruitt FL, He Y, Franco OE, Jiang M, Cates JM & Hayward SW 2013 Cathepsin D acts as an essential mediator to promote malignancy of benign prostatic epithelium. Prostate 73 476-488. (doi:10.1002/pros.22589)
104. Ricciardelli C, Choong CS, Buchanan G, Vivekanandan S, Neufing P, Stahl J, Marshall VR, Horsfall DJ & Tilley WD 2005 Androgen receptor levels in prostate cancer epithelial and peritumoral stromal cells identify nonorgan confined disease. Prostate 63 19-28. (doi:10.1002/pros.20154)
105. Ricke EA, Williams K, Lee YF, Couto S,Wang Y, Hayward SW, Cunha GR & Ricke WA 2012 Androgen hormone action in prostatic carcinogenesis: stromal androgen receptors mediate prostate cancer progression, malignant transformation and metastasis. Carcinogenesis 33 1391-1398. (doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs153)
106. Ropiquet F, Giri D, Kwabi-Addo B, Schmidt K & Ittmann M 2000 FGF-10 is expressed at low levels in the human prostate. Prostate 44 334-338. (doi:10.1002/1097-0045(20000901)44:4〈334::AID-PROS11〉3.0.CO;2-G)
107. Rowan BG, Weigel NL & O'Malley BW 2000 Phosphorylation of steroid receptor coactivator-1. Identification of the phosphorylation sites and phosphorylation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 4475-4483. (doi:10.1074/jbc.275.6.4475)
108. Sachdev D & Yee D 2007 Disrupting insulin-like growth factor signaling as a potential cancer therapy. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 6 1-12. (doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0080)
109. San Francisco IF, DeWolf WC, Peehl DM & Olumi AF 2004 Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and growth in soft agar differentiate prostate carcinoma-associated fibroblasts from normal prostate fibroblasts. International Journal of Cancer 112 213-218. (doi:10.1002/ijc.20388)
110. Schippinger W, Regitnig P, Dandachi N, Wernecke KD, Bauernhofer T, Samonigg H & Moinfar F 2006 Evaluation of the prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in metastatic breast cancer. Virchows Archiv 449 24-30. (doi:10.1007/s00428-006-0213-6)
111. Sciarra A, Panebianco V, Ciccariello M, Salciccia S, Gentilucci A, Lisi D, Passariello R, Gentile V & Di Silverio F 2008 Complete response to the combination therapy with androgen blockade and somatostatin analogue in a patient with advanced prostate cancer: magnetic resonance imaging with 1H-spectroscopy. European Urology 53 652-655. (doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.02.010)
112. Shannon JM & Cunha GR 1984 Characterization of androgen binding and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in prostate-like structures induced in the urothelium of testicular feminized (Tfm/Y) mice. Biology of Reproduction 31 175-183. (doi:10.1095/biolreprod31.1.175)
113. Shao R, Shi J, Liu H, Shi X, Du X, Klocker H, Lee C, Zhu Y & Zhang J 2014 Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and estrogen receptor α mediated epithelial dedifferentiation mark the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 74 970-982. (doi:10.1002/pros.22814)
114. Shigemura K, Isotani S, Wang R, Fujisawa M, Gotoh A, Marshall FF, Zhau HE & Chung LW 2009 Soluble factors derived from stroma activated androgen receptor phosphorylation in human prostate LNCaP cells: roles of ERK/MAP kinase. Prostate 69 949-955. (doi:10.1002/pros.20944)
115. Shigemura K, Huang WC, Li X, Zhau HE, Zhu G, Gotoh A, Fujisawa M, Xie J, Marshall FF & Chung LW 2011 Active sonic hedgehog signaling between androgen independent human prostate cancer cells and normal/benign but not cancer-associated prostate stromal cells. Prostate 71 1711-1722. (doi:10.1002/pros.21388)
116. Shimazaki J, Kurihara H, Ito Y & Shida K 1965 Metabolism of testosterone in prostate. 2. Separation of prostatic 17-β-ol-dehydrogenase and 5-α-reductase. Gunma Journal of Medical Sciences 14 326-333.
117. Simpson L & Parsons R 2001 PTEN: life as a tumor suppressor. Experimental Cell Research 264 29-41. (doi:10.1006/excr.2000.5130)
118. Sugimura Y, Cunha GR & Bigsby RM 1986 Androgenic induction of DNA synthesis in prostatic glands induced in the urothelium of testicular feminized (Tfm/Y) mice. Prostate 9 217-225. (Pubitemid 17215896)
119. Takeda H & Chang C 1991 Immunohistochemical and in-situ hybridization analysis of androgen receptor expression during the development of the mouse prostate gland. Journal of Endocrinology 129 83-89.
120. Tang D, Xu S, Zhang Q & Zhao W 2012 The expression and clinical significance of the androgen receptor and E-cadherin in triple-negative breast cancer. Medical Oncology 29 526-533. (doi:10.1007/s12032-011-9948-2)
121. Tanner MJ,Welliver RC Jr, Chen M, Shtutman M, Godoy A, Smith G, Mian BM & Buttyan R 2011 Effects of androgen receptor and androgen on gene expression in prostate stromal fibroblasts and paracrine signaling to prostate cancer cells. PLoS ONE 6 e16027. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016027)
122. Taplin ME 2008 Androgen receptor: role and novel therapeutic prospects in prostate cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 8 1495-1508. (doi:10.1586/14737140.8.9.1495)
123. Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD, Frantz ME, Spooner AE, Ogata GK, Keer HN & Balk SP 1995 Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 332 1393-1398. (doi:10.1056/NEJM199505253322101)
124. Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Ko YJ, Small EJ, Upton M, Rajeshkumar B & Balk SP 1999 Selection for androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancers treated with androgen antagonist. Cancer Research 59 2511-2515. (Pubitemid 29269089)
125. Thalmann GN, Rhee H, Sikes RA, Pathak S, Multani A, Zhau HE, Marshall FF & Chung LW 2010 Human prostate fibroblasts induce growth and confer castration resistance and metastatic potential in LNCaP Cells. European Urology 58 162-171. (doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.08.026)
126. Toivanen R, Frydenberg M, Murphy D, Pedersen J, Ryan A, Pook D, Berman DM, Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource, Taylor RA & Risbridger GP 2013 A preclinical xenograft model identifies castration-tolerant cancer-repopulating cells in localized prostate tumors. Science Translational Medicine 5 187ra171. (doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3005688)
127. Tomlinson DC, Grindley JC & Thomson AA 2004 Regulation of Fgf10 gene expression in the prostate: identification of transforming growth factor-β1 and promoter elements. Endocrinology 145 1988-1995. (doi:10.1210/en.2003-0842)
128. Uysal-Onganer P, Kawano Y, Caro M, Walker MM, Diez S, Darrington RS, Waxman J & Kypta RM 2010 Wnt-11 promotes neuroendocrine-like differentiation, survival and migration of prostate cancer cells. Molecular Cancer 9 55. (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-55)
129. Van Wagenen G 1947 Maturity induced by testosterone in the young male monkey. Federation Proceedings 6 219.
130. Wang Y, Sudilovsky D, Zhang B, Haughney PC, Rosen MA, Wu DS, Cunha TJ, Dahiya R, Cunha GR & Hayward SW 2001 human prostatic epithelial model of hormonal carcinogenesis. Cancer Research 61 6064-6072. (Pubitemid 32762541)
131. Wasner G, Hennermann I & Kratochwil K 1983 Ontogeny of mesenchymal androgen receptors in the embryonic mouse mammary gland. Endocrinology 113 1771-1780. (doi:10.1210/endo-113-5-1771)
132. Weiss DA, Rodriguez E Jr, Cunha T, Menshenina J, Barcellos D, Chan LY, Risbridger G, Baskin L & Cunha G 2012 Morphology of the external genitalia of the adult male and female mice as an endpoint of sex differentiation. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 354 94-102. (doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.009)
133. Wikstrom P, Westin P, Stattin P, Damber JE & Bergh A 1999 Early castration-induced upregulation of transforming growth factor β1 and its receptors is associated with tumor cell apoptosis and a major decline in serum prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer patients. Prostate 38 268-277. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19990301)38:4〈268::AIDPROS2〉3.0.CO;2-4)
134. Wikstrom P, Marusic J, Stattin P & Bergh A 2009 Low stroma androgen receptor level in normal and tumor prostate tissue is related to poor outcome in prostate cancer patients. Prostate 69 799-809. (doi:10.1002/pros.20927)
135. Wilkinson SE, Furic L, Buchanan G, Larsson O, Pedersen J, Frydenberg M, Risbridger GP & Taylor RA 2013 Hedgehog signaling is active in human prostate cancer stroma and regulates proliferation and differentiation of adjacent epithelium. Prostate 73 1810-1823. (doi:10.1002/pros.22720)
136. Wu JD, Haugk K, Woodke L, Nelson P, Coleman I & Plymate SR 2006 Interaction of IGF signaling and the androgen receptor in prostate cancer progression. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 99 392-401. (doi:10.1002/jcb. 20929)
137. Yan G, Fukabori Y, Nikolaropoulos S, Wang F & McKeehan WL 1992 Heparin-binding keratinocyte growth factor is a candidate stromal-to-epithelial- cell andromedin. Molecular Endocrinology 6 2123-2128. (doi:10.1210/mend.6.12. 1491693)
138. Yang R, Ma YX, Chen LF, Zhou Y, Yang ZP, Zhu Y, Du XL, Shi JD, Ma HS & Zhang J 2010 Antagonism of estrogen-mediated cell proliferation by raloxifene in prevention of ageing-related prostatic hyperplasia. Asian Journal of Andrology 12 735-743. (doi:10.1038/aja.2010.24)
139. Yeh S, Hu YC, Wang PH, Xie C, Xu Q, Tsai MY, Dong Z, Wang RS, Lee TH & Chang C 2003 Abnormal mammary gland development and growth retardation in female mice and MCF7 breast cancer cells lacking androgen receptor. Journal of Experimental Medicine 198 1899-1908. (doi:10.1084/jem.20031233)
140. York TP, Plymate SR, Nelson PS, Eaves LJ, Webb HD & Ware JL 2005 cDNA microarray analysis identifies genes induced in common by peptide growth factors and androgen in human prostate epithelial cells. Molecular Carcinogenesis 44 242-251. (doi:10.1002/mc.20139)
141. Yu S, Yeh CR, Niu Y, Chang HC, Tsai YC, Moses HL, Shyr CR, Chang C & Yeh S 2012 Altered prostate epithelial development in mice lacking the androgen receptor in stromal fibroblasts. Prostate 72 437-449. (doi:10.1002/pros.21445)
142. Yu S, Xia S, Yang D, Wang K, Yeh S, Gao Z & Chang C 2013 Androgen receptor in human prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes prostate cancer epithelial cell growth and invasion. Medical Oncology 30 674. (doi:10.1007/s12032-013-0674-9)