Television Exposure, Sleep Time, and Neuropsychological Function Among Preschoolers

Media Psychology

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 237-261

  Nathanson, Amy I ^a   Fries, Patrick T ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84905649815     PISSN: 15213269     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15213269.2014.915197     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Allan, N. P., & Lonigan, C. J. (2011). Examining the dimensionality of effortful control in preschool children and its relation to academic and socioemotional indicators. Developmental Psychology, 47, 905-915. doi:10.1037/a0023748.
2. BaHammam, A., Bin Saeed, A., Al-Faris, E., & Shaikh, S. (2006). Sleep duration and its correlates in a sample of Saudi elementary school children. Singapore Medical Journal, 47, 875-881.
3. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
4. Barr, R., Lauricella, A., Zack, E., & Calvert, S. L. (2010). Infant and early childhood exposure to adult-directed and child-directed television programming. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 21-48.
5. Basheer, R., Brown, R., Ramesh, V., Begum, S., & McCarley, R. W. (2005). Sleep deprivation-induced protein changes in basal forebrain: Implications for synaptic plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 82, 650-658. doi:10.1002/jnr.20675.
6. Bernier, A., Beauchamp, M. H., Bouvette-Turcot, A., Carlson, S. M., & Carrier, J. (2013). Sleep and cognition in preschool years: Specific links to executive functioning. Child Development, 84, 1542-1553. doi:10.1111/cdev.12063.
7. Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Bordeleau, S., & Carrier, J. (2010). Relations between physiological and cognitive regulatory systems: Infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning. Child Development, 81, 1739-1752. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x.
8. Bibok, M. B., Carpendale, J. I. M., & Müller, U. (2009). Parental scaffolding and the development of executive function. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 123, 17-34. doi:10.1002/cd.233.
9. Bub, K. L., Buckhalt, J. A., & El-Sheikh, M. (2011). Children's sleep and cognitive performance: A cross-domain analysis of change over time. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1504-1514. doi:10.1037/a0025535.
10. Buckhalt, J. A., El-Sheikh, M., & Keller, P. (2007). Children's sleep and cognitive functioning: Race and socioeconomic status as moderators of effects. Child Development, 78, 213-231. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00993.x.
11. Cajochen, C., Frey, S., Anders, D., Späti, J., Bues, M., Pross, A., Stefani, O. (2011). Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 110, 1432-1438. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011.
12. Caputi, M., Lecce, S., Pagnin, A., & Banerjee, R. (2012). Longitudinal effects of theory of mind on later peer relations: The role of prosocial behavior. Developmental Psychology, 48, 257-270. doi:10.1037/a0025402.
13. Carlson, S. M. (2005). Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 595-616. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_3.
14. Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J., & Williams, L. (2004). Executive function and theory of mind: Stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1105-1122. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1105.
15. Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development, 72, 1032-1053. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00333.
16. Certain, L. K., & Kahn, R. S. (2002). Prevalence, correlates, and trajectory of television viewing among infants and toddlers. Pediatrics, 109, 634-643. doi:10.1542/peds.109.4.634.
17. Chellappa, S. L., Steiner, R., Oelhafen, P., Lang, D., Gotz, T., Krebs, J., & Cajochen, C. (2013). Acute exposure to evening blue-enriched light impacts on human sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 22, 573-580. doi:10.1111/jsr.12050.
18. Choi, K., Kirkorian, H. L., Hanson, K. G., & Anderson, D. R. (2013, April). The impact of background television and parent-child interaction on young children's toy play. Poster presented to the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA.
19. Dearing, E., McCartney, K., Marshall, N. L., & Warner, R. M. (2001). Parental reports of children's sleep and wakefulness: Longitudinal associations with cognitive and language outcomes. Infant Behavior & Development, 24, 151-170. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00074-1.
20. de Rosnay, M., & Hughes, C. (2006). Conversation and theory of mind: Do children talk their way to socio-cognitive understanding? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 7-37. doi:10.1348/02615005X82901.
21. Dewald, J. F., Meijer, A. M., Oort, F. J., Kerkof, G. A., & Bogels, S. M. (2010). The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14, 179-189. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.004.
22. Diamond, A. (2001). A model system for studying the role of dopamine in prefrontal cortex during early development in humans. In C. Nelson & M. Liciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 433-472). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Duncan, J. (1986). Disorganisation of behaviour following frontal lobe damage. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 3, 271-290. doi:10.1080/02643298608253360.
24. Dunn, J., & Cutting, A. L. (1999). Understanding others, and individual differences in friendship interactions in young children. Social Development, 8, 201-219. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00091.
25. Epsy, K. A., Stalets, M. M., McDiarmid, M. M., Senn, T. E., Cwik, M. F., & Hamby, A. (2002). Executive functions in preschool children born preterm: Application of cognitive neuroscience paradigms. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 83-92.
26. Evans, C. A., & Linebarger, D. L. (2010, March). Media use at bedtime: Linkages to infants' sleep behavior. Poster presented at the International Society for Infant Studies, Baltimore, MD.
27. Evans, G. W., Hygge, S., & Bullinger, M. (1995). Chronic noise and psychological stress. Psychological Science, 6, 333-338. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00522.x.
28. Foley, L. S., Maddison, R., Jiang, Y., Marsh, S., Olds, T., & Ridley, K. (2013). Presleep activities and time of sleep onset in children. Pediatrics, 131, 276-282. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-1651.
29. Garrison, M. M., & Christakis, D. A. (2012). The impact of a healthy media use intervention on sleep in preschool children. Pediatrics, 130, 492-499. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3153.
30. Garrison, M. M., Liekweg, K., & Christakis, D. A. (2011). Media use and child sleep: The impact of content, timing, and environment. Pediatrics, 128, 29-35. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3304.
31. Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: 3-7 year old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129-153.
32. Haines, J., O'Brien, A., McDonald, J., Goldman, R. E., Evans-Schmidt, M., Price, S., Taveres, E. M. (2013). Television viewing and televisions in bedrooms: Perceptions of racial/ethnic minority parents of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, 749-756.
33. Harrison, K., & Cantor, J. (1999). Tales from the screen: Enduring fright reactions to scary media. Media Psychology, 1, 97-116. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0102_1.
34. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420. doi:10.1080/03637750903310360.
35. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
36. Heft, H. (1979). Background and focal environmental conditions of the home and attention in young children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 47-69.
37. Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Liu, Y., Ahara, M., & Kaneko, Y. (2003). Effects of VDT tasks with a bright display at night on melatonin, core temperature, heart rate, and sleepiness. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94, 1773-1776. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00616.2002.
38. Hughes, C. H., & Ensor, R. A. (2009). How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function? New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, 123, 35-50. doi:10.1002/cd.234.
39. Kirkorian, H. L., Pempek, T. A., Murphy, L. A., Schmidt, M. E., & Anderson, D. R. (2009). The impact of background television on parent-child interaction. Child Development, 80, 1350-1359. doi:10/1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01337.x.
40. Kleinhanz, N., Akshoomoff, N., & Delis, D. C. (2005). Executive functions in autism and Asperger's disorder: Flexibility, fluency, and inhibition. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 379-401. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2703_5.
41. Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Coy, K. C. (1997). Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 68, 263-277. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01939.x.
42. Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36, 220-232. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.2.220.
43. Korkmaz, B. (2011). Theory of mind and neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. Pediatric Research, 69, 101R-108R. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e318212c177.
44. Kubota, T., Uchiyama, M., Suzuki, H., Shibui, K., Kim, K., Tan, X., Inoué, S. (2002). Effects of nocturnal bright light on saliva melatonin, core body temperature and sleep propensity rhythms in human subjects. Neuroscience Research, 42, 115-122. doi:10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00310-8.
45. Lackner, C., Sabbagh, M. A., Hallinan, E., Liu, X. D., & Holden, J. J. A. (2012). Dopamine receptor D4 gene variation predicts preschoolers' developing theory of mind. Developmental Science, 15, 272-280. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01124.x.
46. Lam, J. C., Mahone, E. M., Mason, T. B. A., & Scharf, S. M. (2011). The effects of napping on cognitive function in preschoolers. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 32, 90-97. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e318207ecc7.
47. Lapierre, M. A., Piotrowski, J. T., & Linebarger, D. L. (2012). Background television in the homes of US children. Pediatrics, 130, 839-846. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2581.
48. Lillard, A. S., & Peterson, J. (2011). The immediate impact of different types of television on young children's executive function. Pediatrics, 128, 644-649. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1919.
49. Linebarger, D. L., Barr, R., Lapierre, M. A., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2011, March). Predicting executive function skills from background television exposure. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
50. Mar, R. A., Tackett, J. L., & Moore, C. (2010). Exposure to media and theory-of-mind development in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 25, 69-78. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.11.002.
51. Marshall, L., Helgadottir, H., Molle, M., & Born, J. (2006). Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature, 444, 610-613. doi:10.1038/nature05278.
52. Missall, K. N., & McConnell, S. R. (2004). Psychometric characteristics of individual growth and development indicators: Picture naming, rhyming, and all iteration. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, Center for Early Education and Development.
53. Mistry, K. B., Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D. M., & Borzekowski, D. L. G. (2007). Children's television exposure and behavioral and social outcomes at 5.5 years: Does timing of exposure matter? Pediatrics, 120, 762-769. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3573.
54. Muzur, A., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Hobson, J. A. (2002). The prefrontal cortex in sleep. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 475-481. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01992-7.
55. Nathanson, A. I., Aladé, F., Sharp, M. L., Rasmussen, E. E., & Christy, K. (2014). The relation between television exposure and executive function among preschoolers. Developmental Psychology, 50, 1497-1506.
56. Nathanson, A. I., & Rasmussen, E. E. (2011). TV-viewing compared to book-reading and toy-playing reduces responsive maternal communication with toddlers and preschoolers. Human Communication Research, 37, 465-487. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01413.x.
57. Nathanson, A. I., Sharp, M. L., Aladé, F., Rasmussen, E. E., & Christy, K. (2013). The relation between television exposure and theory of mind among preschoolers. Journal of Communication, 63, 1088-1108. doi:10.1111/jcom.12062.
58. Nuutinen, T., Ray, C., & Roos, E. (2013). Do computer use, TV viewing, and the presence of the media in the bedroom predict school-aged children's sleep habits in a longitudinal study? BMC Public Health, 13, 1-8. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-684.
59. Ohrstrom, E., Hadzibajramovic, E., Holmes, M., & Svensson, H. (2006). Effects of road traffic noise on sleep: Studies on children and adults. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 116-126. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.06.004.
60. Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308, 255-258. doi:10.1126/science.1107621.
61. Owens, J., Maxim, R., McGuinn, M., Nobile, C., Msall, M., & Alario, A. (1999). Television-viewing habits and sleep disturbances in school children. Pediatrics, 104, e27.
62. Paavonen, E. J., Pennonen, M., Roine, M., Valkonen, S., & Lahikainen, A. R. (2006). TV exposure associated with sleep disturbances in 5- to 6-year-old children. Journal of Sleep Research, 15, 154-161. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00525.x.
63. Passler, M. A., Issac, W., & Hynd, G. W. (1985). Neuropsychological development of behavior attributed to frontal lobe functioning in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1, 349-370.
64. Pears, K. C., & Moses, L. J. (2003). Demographics, parenting, and theory of mind in preschool children. Social Development, 12, 1-20. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00219.
65. Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51-87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x.
66. Perner, J., Ruffman, T., & Leekam, S. R. (1994). Theory of mind is contagious: You catch it from your sibs. Child Development, 65, 1228-1238. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00814.x.
67. Peskin, J., & Ardino, V. (2003). Representing the mental world in children's social behavior: Playing hide-and-seek and keeping a secret. Social Development, 12, 496-512. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00245.
68. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
69. Randazzo, A. C., Muehlbach, M. J., Schweitzer, P. K., & Walsh, J. K. (1998). Cognitive function following acute sleep restriction in children ages 10-14. Sleep, 21, 861-868.
70. Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2007). Maintaining memories by reactivation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17, 698-703. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.11.007.
71. Rauchs, G., Desgranges, B., Foret, J., & Eustache, F. (2005). The relationships between memory systems and sleep stages. Journal of Sleep Research, 14, 123-140. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00450.x.
72. Rideout, V., & Hamel, E. (2006). The media family: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, preschoolers and their parents. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
73. Rideout, V., Vandewater, E. A., & Wartella, E. (2003). Zero to six: Electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Menlo Park, CA: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
74. Salti, R., Tarquini, R., Stagi, S., Perfetto, F., Cornélissen, G., Laffi, G., Halberg, F. (2006). Age-dependent association of exposure to television screen with children's urinary melatonin excretion? Neuroendocrinology Letter, 27, 73-80.
75. Schmidt, M. E., Pempek, T. A., Kirkorian, H. L., Lund, A. F., & Anderson, D. R. (2008). The effects of background television on the toy play behavior of very young children. Child Development, 79, 1137-1151. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01180.x.
76. Sisson, S. B., Broyles, S. T., Newton, R. L., Jr., Baker, B. L., & Chernausek, S. D. (2011). TVs in the bedrooms of children: Does it impact health and behavior? Preventative Medicine, 52, 104-108. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.11.019.
77. Swingler, M. M., Willoughby, M. T., & Calkins, S. D. (2011). EEG power and coherence during preschoolers' performance of an executive function battery. Developmental Psychobiology, 53, 771-784. doi:10.1002/dev.20588.
78. Thompson, D. A., & Christakis, D. A. (2005). The association between television viewing and irregular sleep schedules among children less than 3 years of age. Pediatrics, 116, 851-856. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2788.
79. Utendale, W. T., & Hastings, P. D. (2011). Developmental changes in the relations between inhibitory control and externalizing problems during early childhood. Infant and Child Development, 20, 181-193. doi:10.1002/icd.691.
80. Van den Bulck, J. (2004). Television viewing, computer game playing, and internet use and self-reported time to bed and time out of bed in secondary-school children. Sleep, 27, 101-104.
81. Vandewater, E. A., Bickham, D. S., Lee, J. H., Cummings, H. M., Wartella, E. A., & Rideout, V. J. (2005). When the television is always on: Heavy television exposure and young children's development. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 562-577. doi:10.1177/0002764204271496.
82. Wellman, H. M., & Liu, D. (2004). Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks. Child Development, 75, 523-541. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x.
83. Willoughby, M., & Blair, C. (2011). Test-retest reliability of a new executive function battery for use in early childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 17, 564-579. doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.554390.
84. Willoughby, M. T., Blair, C. B., Wirth, R. J., & Greenberg, M. (2010). The measurement of executive function at age 3 years: Psychometric properties and criterion validity of a new battery of tasks. Psychological Assessment, 22, 306-318. doi:10.1037/a0018708.
85. Wood, B., Rea, M. S., Plitnick, B., & Figueiro, M. G. (2013). Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression. Applied Ergonomics, 44, 237-240. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.07.008.
86. Zelazo, P. D., Carlson, S. M., & Kesek, A. (2008). The development of executive function in childhood. In C. A. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (2nd ed., pp. 553-574). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
87. Zelazo, P. D., & Müller (2002). Executive functions in typical and atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp. 445-469). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.