Impact of hot environment on colostrum and milk composition

Cellular and Molecular Biology

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 67-83

  Bernabucci, U ^a   Basirico L ^a   Morera, P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TUSCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Colostrum; Heat stress; Hot environment; Milk

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN; FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLIMATE CHANGE; COLOSTRUM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; HEAT STRESS; HUMAN; IMMUNOREGULATION; MILK; MILK PRODUCTION; NONHUMAN; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; ANIMAL; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHEMISTRY; CLIMATE; FEMALE; METABOLISM; PREGNANCY;

ANIMALS; CLIMATE; COLOSTRUM; FATTY ACIDS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MILK; PREGNANCY;

EID: 84905121217     PISSN: 01455680     EISSN: 1165158X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1170/T948     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Alfonso, C.G. and Bertran, C.C., Contribution à l'étude de la composition du lait. Anhydrase carbonique, rhodanase et phosphomonoestrase alcaline dans le lait de vache, de chèvre et de brebis. Lait 1953, 37: 386-390.
2. Alsis, C. and. Jolles, P., Isolation, purification and analysis of two k-casein-like fractions from sheep casein. J. Dairy Sci. 1967, 50: 1555-1559.
3. Arain, H.H., Khaskheli, M., Arain, M.A., Soomro, A.H., and Nizamani, A.H., Heat stability and quality characteristics of postpartum Buffalo milk. Pak. J. Nutr. 2008.7:303-307.
4. Armstrong, D.V., Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 1994, 77: 2044-2050.
5. Asker, A.A., Ahmed, N.S, Hofi, A.A.and Mahran, G.A. Phospholipid contents in buffalo's butter as affected by processing, Egyp. J. Dairy Sci. 1974, 2: 101-104.
6. Babayan, V.K., Medium chain length fatty acid esters and their medical and nutritional application. J. Am. Oil Chem. Sot. 1981, 59: 49-51.
7. Baldi, A., Politis, I., Pecorini, C., Fusi, E., Roubini, C. and Dell'Orto, V., Biological effects of milk proteins and their peptides with emphasis on those related to the gastrointestinal ecosystem. J. Dairy Res. 2005, 72: 66-72.
8. Barash, H., Silanikove, N., Shamay, A., and Ezra. E., Interrelationships among ambient temperature, day length, and milk yield in dairy cows under a Mediterrannean climate. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84: 2314-2320.
9. Barowicz, T., Migdał, W., Pietras, M., and Živković, B., Chemical composition of colostrum and milk of sows feed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during last period of pregnancy. Biotech. Anim. Husb. 2002, 18: 27-32.
10. Bell, K., McKenzie, H.A., Muller,V., Roger, C. and Shaw, D.C., Equine whey proteins. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1981, 68: 225-236.
11. Ben Shaul, D.M., The composition of milk of wild animals. Inter Zoo Yearbook. 1962. 4:333-342.
12. Bernabucci, U. and Calamari, L., Effect of heat stress on bovine milk yield and composition. Zootec. Nutr. Anim. 1998, 24: 247-257.
13. Bernabucci, U, Lacetera, N, Baumgard, L.H., Rhoads, R.P., Ronchi, B., and Nardone, A., Metabolic and hormonal adaptations to heat stress in domesticated ruminants. Animal 2010, 4: 1167-1183.
14. Bernabucci, U., Lacetera, N., Ronchi, B., and Nardone, A., Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows. Anim. Res. 2002. 51:25-33.
15. Bianca, W., Reviews of the progress of dairy science. Physiology. Cattle in hot environment. J. Dairy Sci. 1965, 32: 291-328.
16. Blum, J., Nutritional physiology of neonatal calves. J. Anim. Physiol. and Anim. Nutr. 2006, 90: 1-11.
17. Blum, J.W. and Hammon, H., Colostrum effects on gastrointestinal tract, and on nutritional, endocrine and metabolic parameters in neonatal calves. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2000, 66: 1151-1159.
18. Bocci, V., Von Bremen, K., Corradeschi, F., Franch, F., Luzzi, E. and Paulesu, L., Presence of interferon-g and interleukin-6 in colostrum of normal women. Lymph. Cytokine Res. 1993, 12: 21-24.
19. Bouraoui, R., Lahmar, M., Majdoub, A., Djemali, M., and Belyea, R., The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Anim. Res. 2002. 51:479- 491.
20. Brown, M.L. and Zikakis, J.P., Isolation and purification of xanthine oxidase from goat milk. In: 17th Ann. Meeting American Chemical Society Biological Division, 1977.
21. Buescher, E.S. and Malinowska, I., Soluble receptors and cytokine antagonists in human milk. Pediatr. Res. 1996, 40: 839-844.
22. Calamari, L. and Mariani, P., Effects of the hot environment conditions on the main milk cheesemaking properties. Zootec. Nutr. Anim. 1998, 24: 259-271.
23. Chandan, R.C., Attaie, R.and Shahani, K.M., Nutritional aspects of goat milk and its products. In: Proc. V. Intl. Conf. Goats, vol. II: part II, New Delhi, India. 1992, p. 399.
24. Chandan, R.C. and Parry, R.M. and Shahani, K.M., Lysozyme, lipase and ribonuclease in milk of various species. J. Dairy Sci. 1968, 51: 606-607.
25. Chandan, R.O., Parry, R.M and. Shahani, K.M., Purification and some properties of bovine milk lysozyme. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1965, 10: 389-394.
26. Chiofalo, B., Salimei, E. and Chiofalo, L., Acidi grassi del latte di asina: proprietà bio-nutrizionali ed extranutrizionali. Large Animals Review. 2003, 9: 21-26.
27. Ciuryk, S., Molik, E., Kaczor, U. and Bonczar, G., Chemical composition of colostrum and milk of Polish Merino sheep lambing at different times. Arch. Tierz. 2004, 47: 129-134.
28. Dang, A.K., Kapila, S., Purohit, M. and Singh, C., Changes in colostrum of Murrah buffaloes after calving. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2009, 41:1213-1217
29. Dardillat, C. and Vallet, A., Mesures d'hygiène et de ménagement à la période périnatale pour prévenir les maladies néonatales infectieuses des veaux. In : Physiologie et Pathologie Périnatales, Jarrige, R. (ed.), Inst. Natl. Rech. Agron., Paris, France, 1984, pp. 439.
30. De Lorgeril, M., Renaud, S., Mamelle, N.and Salen. P., Mediterra nean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994, 343: 1454-59.
31. Donovan, G.A., Badinga, L., Collier, R.J., Wilcox, C.J. and Braun, R.K., Factors influencing passive transfer in dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1986, 69: 754-759.
32. Doreau, M. and Boulot, S., Recent knowledge on mare milk production: a review. Liv. Prod. Sci. 1989, 22: 213-235.
33. Doreau, M. and Martin-Rosset, W., Dairy animals: horse. In: Encyclopedia of dairy sciences, Roginski, H., Fuquay, J.A. and Fox, P.F. (Eds.), London, UK: Academic Press. 2002, pp. 630-637.
34. Duggan, V.E., Holyoak, G.R. and Mac Allister, C.G, Cooper, S.R. and Confer, A.W., Amyloid A in equine colostrum and early milk. Vet. Immun. Immunopath. 2008, 121: 150-155.
35. El-Hatmi, H., Girardet, J.M., Gaillard, J.L., Yahyaoui, M.H. and Attia, H., Characterisation of whey proteins of camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk and colostrum. Small Rumin. Res. 2007, 70: 267-271.
36. Ellinger, S., Linscheid, K.P., Jahnecke, S., Goerlich, R.and Endbergs, H., The effect of mare's milk consumption on functional elements of phagocytosis of human neutrophils granulocytes from healthy volunteers. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 2002, 14: 191-200.
37. Farah, Z.,Review Article: Composition and characteristics of camel milk. J. Dairy Res. 1993, 60: 603-626.
38. Foley, J.A. and Otterby, D.E., Availability, storage, treatment, composition, and feeding value of surplus colostrum: a review. J. Dairy Sci. 1978, 61: 1033-1060.
39. Forar F.L., Kincaid, R.L., Preston, R.L. and Hillers, J.K., Variation of inorganic phosphorus in blood, plasma and milk of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1982, 65: 760-763.
40. Formaggioni, P., Malacarne, M., Martuzzi, F., Summer, A.and Mariani, P., Casein number variability of mare milk from Haflinger and Italian Saddle horse breeds. Annali della Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Parma, XX111, 2003: 175-179.
41. Gallacier, J.P., Barbier, J.P. and Kuzdzal-Savoie, S., Seasonal changes of relative proportion of milk fatty acids in d'Ille-et-Vilaine region. Le Lait. 1974, 533-534:117-138.
42. Garofalo, R., Chheda, S., Mei, F., Palkowetz, K.H. and Rudloff, H.E., Interleukin-10 in human milk. Pediatr. Res. 1995, 37: 444-449.
43. Georgiev, I.P., Differences in chemical composition between cow colostrums and milk. Bulg. J. Vet. Med. 2008, 11: 3-12.
44. Gibson, R.A. and Kneebone, G.M., Fatty acid composition of human colostrum and mature breast milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981, 34: 252-257.
45. Goldman, A.S. and Goldblum, R.M., Defense agents in human milk. In: Handbook of milk composition, Jensen, R.G. (ed), New York: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 727-45.
46. Gorban, A.M and Izzeldin, O.M., Fatty acids and lipids of camel milk and colostrums. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2001, 52: 283-287.
47. Grandison, A., Causes of variation in milk composition and their effects on coagulation and cheese making. Dairy Ind. Int. 1986, 51: 21-24.
48. Guo, H.Y., Pang, K., Zhang, X.Y., Zhao, L. and Chen, S.W., Composition, physiochemical properties, nitrogen fraction distribution, and amino acid profile of donkey milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90: 1635-43.
49. Ha, Y.L., Grimm, N.K.and Pariza, M.W., Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Carcinogenesis 1987, 8: 1881-87.
50. Haenlein, G.F.W., Producing quality goat milk. Int. J. Anim. Sci. 1993, 8: 79-84.
51. Haenlein, G.F.W. and Caccese, R., Goat milk versus cow milk. In: Extension goat handbook, Haenlein, G.F.W. and Ace, D.L. (Eds.), USDA Publ., Washington, DC, 1984, 1, E-1.
52. Haenlein, G.F.W. and Wendorff, W.L., Sheep milk-production and utilization of sheep milk. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Park, Y.W. and Haenlein, G.F.W. (Eds.), Blackwell Publishing Professional, Oxford, UK, and Ames, Iowa, USA, 2006, pp. 137-194.
53. Hagiwara, K., Kataoka S., Yamanaka H., Kirisawa R. and Iwai, H., Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrums. Vet. Immun. Immunopath. 2000, 76: 183-190.
54. Hambraeus, L., Nutritional aspects of milk proteins. In P.F. Fox (Ed.), Development in dairy chemistry. Proteins. Applied Science Publishers. 1982. 1:289-313.
55. Hambraeus, L., Human milk composition. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews in Clinical Nutrition-Series. 1984, 54: 29-236.
56. Harms, C.A., Composition of prepartum mammary secretions of two bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus L.). J. Wildlife Diseases 1993, 29: 94-97.
57. Hartmann, P.E., Obakada, A.O. and Sherriff, J.L., Nutritional factors in human milk. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 1986, 48-54.
58. Haug, A., Høstmark, A.T.and Harstad, O.M., Bovine milk in human nutrition - a review. Lipids Health Disease 2007. 6:25.
59. Hermansen, J.E., Ostersen, S., Justesen, N.C. and Aaes O., Effects of dietary protein supply on caseins, whey proteins, proteolysis and renneting properties in milk from cows grazing clover or N-fertilized grass. J. Dairy Res. 1999, 66: 193-205.
60. Hernández-Ledesma, B., Recio, I. and Amig, L., Beta-Lactoglobulin as source of bioactive peptides. Amino Acids 2008, 35: 257-65.
61. Insel, P., Turner, R.E. and Ross, D., Nutrition. Second edition. American Dietetic Association, Jones and Bartlett, USA. 2004.
62. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: AR4). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th Assessment Report, 2007. Available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm#2.
63. Jandal, J.M., Comparative aspects of goat and sheep milk. Small Rum. Res. 1996, 22: 177-185.
64. Jenness, R., Composition and characteristics of goat milk: review. 1968-1979. J. Dairy Sci. 1980, 63: 1605-1630.
65. Jenness, R. and Sloan, R. E., The composition of milks of various species: A review. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 1970, 32: 599-612.
66. Jenness, R., The composition of human milk. Sem. Perinatol. 1979, 3: 225-39.
67. Jenness, R., Symposium: species variation in mammary gland function. Lactational performance of various mammalian species. J. Dairy. Sci. 1986, 69: 869-885.
68. Jensen, R.G., Lipids in human milk-composition and fat soluble vitamins. In: Lebenthals E, ed. Textbook of gastroenterology and nutrition in infancy, New York: Raven Press, 1989, 157-208
69. Jensen, R.G. Human milk lipids. In: Handbook of milk composition, Jensen R.G. (ed.) Academic Press Inc., 1995, pp. 495-575.
70. Jensen, R.G., Clark, R.M. and Ferris, A.M., Composition of the lipids in human milk: A review. Lipids 1980, 15: 345-355.
71. Johnson, H.D., Bioclimatology and adaptation of livestock. Johnson, H.D. (ed.), 1987, Elsevier, New York, USA.
72. Jones, R.E. and Lopez, K.H., In: Human reproductive Biology, Jones, R.E. (ed.) Elsevier Academic Press San Diego, USA, 2006, pp. 341.
73. Kalliala, H., Seleste, E. and Hallman, N., On the use of mare's milk in infant feeding. Acta Paediatrica 1951, 40: 97-117.
74. Keen, C.L., Lonnerdal, B., Clegg, M. and Hurley, Y.L., Developmental changes in composition of rat milk: trace elements, minerals protein, carbohydrate and fat. J. Nutr. 1981, 111: 226-230.
75. Keen, C.L., Lonnerdal, B., Clegg, M.S., Hurley, L.S., Morris, J.G., Rogers, Q.R. and Bucker, R.B., Developmental changes in composition of cat's milk: trace elements, minerals, protein, carbohydrate and fat. J. Nutr. 1982, 112: 1763-1769.
76. Kehoe, S.I., Jayarao, B.M. and Heinrichs, A.J., A Survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management practices on Pennsylvania dairy farms1. J. Dairy Sci. 2007, 90: 4108-4116.
77. Kenzig, A.R., O'Meara, K.M., Kremer, C.J., Jogan, K.S., Jack, N.E. and Cole, K., Colostral, milk and serum immunoglobulin G concentrations in quarter horse mares and their foals. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009, 29: 486-487.
78. Knoess, K.H., Assignment report on animal production in the Middle Awash Valley. FAO, Rome, 1976.
79. Kohn, C.W., Knight, D. and Hueston, W., Colostral and serum IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations in standard bred mares and their foals at parturition. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1989, 195: 64-68.
80. Koldovsky, O., Hormonally active peptides in human milk. Acta Pediatr. 1994, 402: 89-93.
81. Konuspayeva, G, Lemarie, E., Faye, B. and Loiseau, G.and Montet, D., Fatty acid and cholesterol composition of camel's (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedariusand hybrids) milk in Kazakhstan. Dairy Sci. Technol. 2008, 88: 327-340.
82. Kracmar, S., Kuchtik, J., Baran, M., Varadyov, Z., Kracmarova, E., Gajdusek, S. and Jelinek, P., Dynamics of changes in contents of organic and inorganic substances in sheep colostrum within the first 72 h after parturition. Small Rum. Res. 2005, 56: 183-188.
83. Kruse, V., Absorption of immunoglobulin from colostrums in newborn calves. Anim. Prod. 1970b, 12:627-638.
84. Kruse, V., Yield of colostrum and immunoglobulin in cattle at the first milking after parturition. Anim. Prod. 1970a, 12:619-626.
85. Kuhn, N.J., The biosynthesis of lactose. In: Biochemistry of Lactation Mepham, T.B. (ed.), Elsevier Sci. Publ., B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1983, pp. 159-176.
86. Kulkarni, P.R. and Pimpale, N.V., Colostrum - a review. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 1989. 42: 216.
87. Kume, S., Takahashi, S., Kurihara and M., Aii, T., The effects of a hot environment on the major mineral content in milk. Japanese J. Zootech. Sci. 1989, 60: 341-345.
88. Lacetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A., Body condition score, metabolic status and milk production of early lactating dairy cows exposed to warm environment. Rivista Agric. Subtrop. Trop. 1996, 90: 43-55.
89. Lacetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A., Physiological and productive consequences of heat stress. The case of dairy ruminants. EAAP Technical Series, 2003, No. 7:45-60.
90. Larson, B.L. and Heary, H L. Jr., Devery, J.E., Immunoglobulin production and transport by the mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci. 1980, 63: 665-671.
91. Levieux, D., Transmission de l'immunité passive colostrale: le point des connaissances. In: Physiologie et Pathologie Périnatales. Jarrige, R. (ed.), Inst. Natl. Rech. Agron., Paris, France, 1984, pp. 351.
92. Lonnerdal, B., Biochemistry and physiological functions of human milk proteins. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985, 42: 1299-1317.
93. Machado-Neto, R., Graves, C.N. and Curtis, S.E., Immunoglobulins in piglets from sows heat-stressed prepartum. J. Anim. Sci. 1987, 65: 445-455.
94. Mackle, T.R., Bryant, A.M., Petch, S.F., Hill, J.P. and Auldist, M.J., Nutritional influences on the composition of milk from cows of different protein phenotypes in New Zealand. J. Dairy Sci. 1999, 82: 172-180.
95. Malacarne, M., Martuzzi, F., Summer, A.and Mariani, P., Protein and fat composition of mare's milk: some nutritional remarks with reference to human and cow's milk. Int. Dairy J. 2002:869-877.
96. Mariani, P., Summer, A., Maffezzoli, F. and Zannzucchi, G., Variazioni stagionali della resa del latte in formaggio Grana Padano. Annali Facoltà Medicina Veterinaria Parma 1995, 15: 159-166.
97. Mariani, P., Zanzucchi, G., Blanco, P. and Masoni, M., Variazioni stagionali del contenuto in fosforo del latte di massa di singoli allevamenti. L'Industria del Latte 1993, 29: 39-53.
98. Martin, S.W., Schwabe, C. W. and Franti, C.E., Dairy calf mortality rate: characteristics of calf mortality rates in Tulare County, California. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975, 36: 1099-1104.
99. Mata, L., Breast feeding and host defence. Front. Gastrointest. Res. 1986. 13:119-33.
100. Mehaia, M.A., The fat globule size distribution in camel, goat, ewe and cow milk. Milchwissensch 1995, 50: 260-263.
101. Ménard, O., Ahmad, S., Rousseau, F., Briard-Bion, V., Gaucheron, F., and Lopez, C., Buffalo vs. cow milk fat globules: size distribution, zeta-potential, compositions in total fatty acids and in polar lipids from the milk fat globule membrane. Food Chemistry 2010, 120: 544-551.
102. Merin, U., Bernstein, S., Van Creveld, C., Yagil, R. and Gollop, N., Camel (Camelus dromedarius) colostrum and milk composition during the lactation. Milchwissenschaft 2001, 50: 70-73.
103. Michaelidou, A.M., Factors influencing nutritional and health profile of milk and milk products. Small Rum. Res. 2008, 79:42-50
104. Milk Industry Foundation, Methods of Analysis of Milk and its Products. In: Laboratory Manual, Milk Industry Foundation, 3rd ed., Washington, DC 1959, pp. 223-226.
105. Miranda, G., Mahé, M.F., Leroux, C.and Martin, P., Proteomic tool to characterize the protein fraction of Equidae milk. Proteomics 2004, 4: 2496-2509.
106. Modi, V.V., Owen, E.C. and Proudfood, R., Species differences in the occurrence of xanthine oxidase in milk. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1959. 18:1.
107. Moran, J.B., The influence of season and management system on intake and productivity of of confined dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Anim. Prod. 1989, 49: 339-344.
108. Morin, D.E., Constable, P.D., Maunsell, F.P. and McCoy, G.C. Factors associated with colostral specific gravity in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84: 937-943.
109. Munoz, C., Endres, S., van der Meer, J., Schlesinge, L., Arevalo, M. and Dinarello, C., Interleukin-1b in human colostrum. Res. Immunol. 1990, 141: 505-513.
110. Muraro, M.A., Giampietro, P.G. and Galli, E., Soy formulas and non-bovine milk. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology) 2002. 89: 97-101.
111. Nardone, A., Lacetera, N., Bernabucci, U. and Ronchi, B., Composition of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period. J. Dairy Sci. 1997, 80: 838-844.
112. Nardone, A., Lacetera, N., Ronchi, B. and Bernabucci, U., Effetti dello stress termico sulla produzione di latte e sui consumi alimentari di vacche Frisone. Prod. Anim. 1992, 5: 1-15.
113. Nardone, A., Ronchi, B., Lacetera, N., Ranieri, M.S. and Bernabucci, U., Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Lives. Sci. 2010, 130: 57-59.
114. Nicolosi, R.J., Woolfrey, B., Wilson, T.A. and Scollin, P., Decreased aortic early atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in hypercholesterolemic hamsters fed a high- or mid-oleic acid oil compared to a high-linoleic acid oil. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2004, 15: 540-47.
115. Niznikowski, R., Popielarczyk, D., Strzelec, E., Wojtowski, J., Dankow, R., Pikul, J., Goslawski W. and Kuczynska, B., The effect of early colostrums collection on selected performance traits in sheep. Arch Tierz. 2006, 49: 226-230.
116. Oftedal, O.T., Milk composition, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1984, 51: 33-85.
117. Ontsouka, C.E., Bruckmaier, R.M. and Blum, J.W., Fractionized milk composition during removal of colostrum and mature milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86: 2005-2011.
118. Osthoff, G., Hugo, A., De Waal, H.O. and Botes, P., The composition of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) milk collected a few days postpartum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 2005, 141: 223-229.
119. Oyeniyi, O.O. and Hunter, A.G., Colostral constituents including immunoglobulins in the first three milkings postpartum. J. Dairy Sci. 1978, 61: 44-48.
120. Ozimek, L. and Kennelly, J., The effect of seasonal and regional variation in milk composition on potential cheese yield. FIL-IDF Bull. 1994, No. 9402:95-100.
121. Palmquist, D.L., Beaulieu, A.D. and Barbano, D.M., Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition. J. Dairy Sci. 1993, 76: 1753-1771.
122. Park, Y.W., Mahoney, A.W. and Hendricks, D.G., Bioavailability of iron in goat milk compared with cow milk fed to anemic rats. J. Dairy Sci. 1986, 69: 2608-2615.
123. Park, Y.W., Hypo-allergenic and therapeutic significance of goat milk. Small Rumin. Res. 1994, 14: 151-161.
124. Park, Y.W., Sow milk. In: Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals. Park, Y.W. and Haenlein, G.F.W., (eds.). Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, Ames, Iowa. 2006, pp. 179-212.
125. Park,Y.W., Goat milk - chemistry and nutrition. In: Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals, Park, Y.W. and Haenlein, G.F.W. (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, Ames, Iowa. 2006, pp. 34-58.
126. Park, Y.W., Bioactive components of goat milk. In: Bioactive Components in Milk and Dairy Products, Y.W. Park, (Ed.), Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, Ames, Iowa. 2009, pp. 43-67.
127. Park,Y.W. and Chukwu, H.I., Macro-mineral concentrations in milk of two goat breeds at different stages of lactation. Small Rum. Res. 1988, 1: 157-165.
128. Park, Y.W., Zhang, H., Zhang, B.and Zhang, L., Mare milk. In: Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals, Park, Y.W. and Haenlein G.F.W. (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, Ames, Iowa. 2006, pp. 275-296.
129. Patiño, E.M., Judis, M.A., Stefani Guanziroli, C., Pochon, D.O., Cedres, J.F. and Doval, M.M., Determination of milk fatty acids in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Corientes, Argentina. Revista Veterinaria. 2008, 19: 28-32.
130. Picciano, M.F., Nutrient composition of human milk. Paediatric Clinic North America 2001, 48, 53-67.
131. Pikul, J. and Wójtowski, J., Fat and cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of mares' colostrum and milk during five lactation months. Livest. Sci. 2008, 113: 285-290.
132. Piva, G., Fusconi, G., Prandini, A. and Capri, E., Composizione acidica del grasso del latte: fattori di variabilità in aziende dell'area padana. Sci. Tecn. Lattiero-Casearia. 1993, 44: 309-323.
133. Playford, R.J., Peptide therapy and the gastroenterologist: colostrums and milk-derived growth factors. Clin. Nutr. 2001, 20: 101-106.
134. Playford, R.J. Macdonald, C.E. and Johnson, W.S., Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 72: 5-14.
135. Prentice, A., Ewing, G., Roberts, S.B., Lucas, A., Mac Carthy, A., Jarjou, L.M.A. and Whitehead, R.G., The nutritional role of breast milk IgA and lactoferrin. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1987, 76-592.
136. Pu, R. and Yamamoto, J.K., Immunology of the cat: passive transfer of maternal immunity. In: Handbook of vertebrate immunology, Pastoret P.P., Griebel P. and Bazin H. (eds.), San Diego: Academic Press, 1998, pp. 305-308.
137. Radostitis, O.M., Blood, D.C., Henderson, J.A., Aundel, J.H. and Gay, C.C., Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the disease of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, 8th ed., Bailliere Tindall, London, UK, 1995.
138. Rao, M.B., Gupta, R.C. and Dastur, N.N., Camels' milk and milk products. Ind. J. Dairy Sci. 1970, 23: 71-78.
139. Rauprich, A.B., Hammon, H. and Blum, J.W., Influence of feeding different amounts of first colostrum on metabolic, endocrine, and health status and on growth performance in neonatal calves. J. Anim. Sci. 2000, 78: 896-908.
140. Rauprich, A. B., Hammon, H. and Blum, J.W., Effects of feeding colostrum and formula with nutrient contents as colostrum on metabolic and endocrine traits in neonatal calves. Biol. Neonates 2000, 78: 53-64.
141. Ravagnolo, O, Misztal, I. and Hoogenboom, G., Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, development of heat index function. J. Dairy Sci. 2000, 83: 2120-2125.
142. Rawal, P., Gupta, V. and Thapa, B.R., Role of Colostrum in gastrointestinal infections. Indian J. Paediatr. 2008, 75: 917-921.
143. Remeuf, F. and Lenoir, J., Relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of goat's milk and its rennetability. Int. Dairy Bull. 1986, 202, 68.
144. Richardson, B.C., Creamer, L.X. and Manford, R.E., The isolation and chemical characterisation of caprine k-casein. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1973, 310:111-116
145. Riek, A. and Gerken, M., Changes in Llama (Lama glama) milk composition during lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89: 3484-3493.
146. Ronchi, B., Bernabucci, U., Lacetera, N. and Nardone, A., Milk fatty acid composition in cows exposed to hot environment. In: Proc. XI° Congress Associazione Scientifica Produzione Animale. 1995, pp. 353-354.
147. Roush, W., Population - the view from Cairo. Science. 1994. 265:1164-1167.
148. Rudloff, H.E., Schmalstieg, F.C., Mushtaha, A.A., Palkowetz, K.H., Liu, S.K. and Goldman, A.S., Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) in human milk. Paediatr. Res. 1992, 31: 29-33.
149. Saini, A.L., and Gill, R.S., Goat milk: An attractive alternate. Indian Dairyman 1991, 42: 562-564.
150. Saito, S., Maruyama, M., Kato, Y., Moriyama, I. and Ichijo, M., Detection of IL-6 in human milk and its involvement in IgA production. J. Reprod. Immunol. 1991, 20: 267-276.
151. Salimei, E., Fantuz, F., Coppola, R., Chiofalo, B., Polidori, P. and Varisco, G., Composition and characteristics of ass's milk. Anim. Res. 2004, 53: 67-78.
152. Salimei, E., Fantuz, F., Polidori, P., Coppol,a R., Chiofalo B. and Varisco, G., Ass's milk as a hypoallergenic food. In: Proc. of the 6th International Livestock Farming System Symposium - Product quality bases on local resources and its potential contribution to improved sustainability. Benevento, Italy, 2003, pp. 321-326.
153. Salimei, E., Varisco, G. and Rosi, F., Major constituents, leptin, and non-protein nitrogen compounds in mares' colostrum and milk. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 2002, 42:65-72
154. Sano, H., Ambo, K. and Tsuda, T., Blood glucose kinetics in whole body and mammary gland of lactating goats exposed to heat. J. Dairy Sci. 1985, 68: 2557-2564.
155. Sawaya, W.N., Khalil, J.K., Al-shalhat, A. and Al-Mohammad H., Chemical composition and nutritional quality of camel milk. J. Food Sci. 1984, 49: 744-747.
156. Schmidt, D.G., Colloidal aspects of casein. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 1980, 34: 42-64.
157. Sevi, A., Annichiarico, G., Albenzio, M., Taibi, L., Muscio, A. and Dell'Aquila, S., Effects of solar radiation and feeding time on behavior, immune response and production of lactating ewes under high ambient temperature. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84: 629-640.
158. Sevi, A., Rotunno, T., Di Caterina, R. and Muscio, A., Fatty acid composition of ewe milk as affected by solar radiation and high ambient temperature. J. Dairy Res. 2002, 69: 181-194.
159. Shalash, M.R., Utilisation of camel meat and milk in human nourishment. In: IFS Symposium. Camels. Sudan, 1979, pp. 285-306.
160. Shamsia, S.M., Nutritional and therapeutic properties of camel and human milks. Int. J. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2009, 1: 52-58.
161. Shearer, J., Mohammed, H.O., Brenneman, J.S. and Tran, T.Q., Factors associated with concentrations of immunoglobulins in colostrum at the first milking post-calving. Prev. Vet. Med. 1992, 14: 143-154.
162. Sheoran, A.S., Timoney, J.F., Holmes, M.A., Karzenski, S.S., and Crisman, M.V. Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000, 61: 1099-1105.
163. Silanikove, N., Merin, U., and Leitner, G.. Physiological role of indigenous milk enzymes: An overview of an evolving picture. Int. Dairy J. 2006, 16: 533-545.
164. Silanikove, N., Shapiro, F., and Shinder, D. Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the acyivity of the milk-borne negative feedback regulatory system. BMC Physiol. 2009, 9: 13-21.
165. Silk, T.M., Guo, M., Haenlein, G.F.W. and Park, Y.W., Yak milk. In: Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals, Park Y.W. and Haenlein, G.F.W. (eds.), Blackwell Publishing, 2006, pp. 345-353.
166. Smith, G.H., Grabtree, B. and Smith, R.A., Energy metabolism in the mammary gland. In: Biochemistry of Lactation, Mepham T.B. (ed.) Elsevier Sci. Publ., B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1983, pp. 121-140.
167. Smith, W.D., Wells, P.W., Burrells C. and Dawson MCL.A., Maternal immunoglobulins and parainfluenza 3 virus inhibitors in the nasal and lachrymal secretions and serum of newborn lambs. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1976, 23: 544-553.
168. Soder, O., Isolation of interleukin-1 from human milk. J. Appl. Immunol. 1987, 83: 19-23.
169. Solaroli, G., Pagliarini, E. and Peri, C., Composition and nutritional quality of mare's milk, Ital. J. Food Sci. 1993, 1: 3-10.
170. Stelwagen, K., Carpenter, E., Haigh, B., Hodgkinson, A. and Wheeler, T.T., Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk. J. Anim. Sci. 2009, 87: 3-9.
171. Stokes, C., and Bailey, M., Passive transfer of immunity. In: Handbook of vertebrate immunology, Pastoret, P., Griebel, P., Bazin, H. and Govaerts, A. (eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 1998, pp. 395-397.
172. Stott, G.H. and Fellah, A., Colostral immunoglobulin absorption linearly related to concentration for calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1983, 66: 1319-1328.
173. Stott, G.H., Wiersma, F., Menefee, B.E. and Radwanski, R., Influence of environment on passive immunity in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 1976, 59: 1306-1311.
174. Talpur, F.N., Bhanger, M.I., Khooharo, A.A.and Zuhra Memon, G., Seasonal variation in fatty acid composition of milk from ruminants reared under the traditional feeding system of Sindh. Pakistan Liv. Sci. 2008, 118: 166-172.
175. Talpur, F.N., Memon, N.N.and Bhanger, M.I., Comparison of fatty acid and cholesterol content of Pakistani water buffalo breeds. Pakistan J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 2007, 8 :15-20.
176. Tizard, I., Antibodies. In: Veterinary Immunology. An Introduction, 4th edition. Tizard, I. (ed.), W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1992a, pp. 115-224.
177. Tizard, I., Immunity in the fetus and newborn. In: Veterinary Immunology. An Introduction, 4th edition. Tizard, I (ed.), W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1992b, pp. 255-264.
178. Tomov, T.A., The Basis of Lactation in Ruminants. Zemizdat, Sofia, 1984.
179. Tufarelli, V., Dario, M. and Laudadio V., Diet composition and milk characteristics of Mediterranean Water buffaloes reared in South-eastern Italy during spring season. Liv. Res. Rural Develop. 2009, 20. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd20/10/tufa20165.htm.
180. Turner, A.W. Digestibility of milk as affected by various types of treatment. Food Res. Int. 1945, 10: 52-59.
181. Underwood, E.J., Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, 4th ed, Academic Press, New York, 1977, 173.
182. Uniacke-Lowe, T., Huppertz, T.and Fox, P.F., Equine milk proteins:Chemistry,structure and nutritional significance. Int. Dairy J. 2010, 20: 609-629.
183. Urech, E. and Puhan, Z., Yield of cheese and butter in Emmental cheese factories: a case of study. Schweiz. Milchw. Forsch. 1992, 21: 30-37.
184. Varrichio, M.L., Di Francia, A., Masucci, F., Romano, R. and Proto V., Fatty acid composition of Mediterranean buffalo milk fat. It. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 6: 509-511.
185. Walstra, P. and Jenness, R., Dairy Chemistry and Physics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984.
186. West, J.W. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86: 2131-2144.
187. Westra, I.G.K.P. and Wahyudi, I. The effects of tropical climate stressor on gamma immunoglobulin concentration of serum and colostrums of dairy cows of first and second parity. Anim. Prod. 2009. 11:143-148.
188. Yagil, R. and Etzion, Z., Milk yield of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in drought areas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A: Physiology 1980, 67: 207-209.
189. Yagil, R. and Etzion, Z., The effect of drought conditions on the quality of camels' milk. J. Dairy Res. 1980, 47: 159-166.
190. Yang, X.Y., Chen, J.P. and Zhang, F.X., Research on the chemical composition of Saanen goat colostrum. Int. J. Dairy Tech. 2009, 62: 500-504.
191. Yasin, S.A. and Wahid, A., Pakistan camels. A preliminary survey. Agric. Pakist. 1957, 8: 289-297.
192. Yousef, M.K., Principle of bioclimatology and adaptation. In: Bioclimatology and the adaptation of livestock, Johnson, H.D. (ed.), Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1987, pp. 17-29.
193. Zittle, C.A. and Custer, J.H., Identification of the k-casein among the components of whole goat casein. J. Dairy Sci. 1966, 49: 788-793.