Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Lupus Nephritis

Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus and Related Syndromes: Eighth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 237-255

  Davidson, Anne ^a   Berthier, Celine ^b   Kretzler, Matthias ^b  

^a FEINSTEIN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904963604     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-1893-5.00018-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (132)

1. Lefkowith JB, Kiehl M, Rubenstein J, et al. Heterogeneity and clinical significance of glomerular-binding antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:1373-1380.
2. Li QZ, Xie C, Wu T, et al. Identification of autoantibody clusters that best predict lupus disease activity using glomerular proteome arrays. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:3428-3439.
3. Bagavant H, Fu SM Pathogenesis of kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009, 21:489-494.
4. Hedberg A, Mortensen ES, Rekvig OP Chromatin as a target antigen in human and murine lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011, 13:214.
5. Turnberg D, Cook HT Complement and glomerulonephritis: new insights. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005, 14:223-228.
6. Clynes R, Dumitru C, Ravetch JV Uncoupling of immune complex formation and kidney damage in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Science 1998, 279:1052-1054.
7. Anders HJ, Schlondorff D Toll-like receptors: emerging concepts in kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007, 16:177-183.
8. Vielhauer V, Anders HJ Chemokines and chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets in chronic kidney disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2009, 1:1-12.
9. Chan OT, Hannum LG, Haberman AM, et al. A novel mouse with B cells but lacking serum antibody reveals an antibody-independent role for B cells in murine lupus. J Exp Med 1999, 189:1639-1648.
10. Lewis EJ, Schwartz MM Pathology of lupus nephritis. Lupus 2005, 14:31-38.
11. The Nephron by Dr. Fabian. Available at. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEXx5YLcGmQ/.
12. Salmon AH, Neal CR, Harper SJ New aspects of glomerular filtration barrier structure and function: five layers (at least) not three. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009, 18:197-205.
13. Mathieson PW Update on the podocyte. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009, 18:206-211.
14. Mundel P, Reiser J Proteinuria: an enzymatic disease of the podocyte?. Kidney Int 2010, 77:571-580.
15. Scindia YM, Deshmukh US, Bagavant H Mesangial pathology in glomerular disease: targets for therapeutic intervention. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010, 62:1337-1343.
16. Schlondorff D, Banas B The mesangial cell revisited: no cell is an island. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:1179-1187.
17. Kaissling B, Le Hir M The renal cortical interstitium: morphological and functional aspects. Histochem Cell Biol 2008, 130:247-262.
18. Kriz W, Kaissling B, Le Hir M Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in kidney fibrosis: fact or fantasy?. J Clin Invest 2011, 121:468-474.
19. Strutz F The role of FGF-2 in renal fibrogenesis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2009, 1:125-131.
20. Ferenbach D, Hughes J Macrophages and dendritic cells: what is the difference?. Kidney Int 2008, 74:5-7.
21. Soos TJ, Sims TN, Barisoni L, et al. CX3CR1+ interstitial dendritic cells form a contiguous network throughout the entire kidney. Kidney Int 2006, 70:591-596.
22. Kruger T, Benke D, Eitner F, et al. Identification and functional characterization of dendritic cells in the healthy murine kidney and in experimental glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:613-621.
23. Mjelle JE, Rekvig OP, Van Der Vlag J, et al. Nephritogenic antibodies bind in glomeruli through interaction with exposed chromatin fragments and not with renal cross-reactive antigens. Autoimmunity 2011, 42:104-111.
24. Mannik M, Merrill CE, Stamps LD, et al. Multiple autoantibodies form the glomerular immune deposits in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:1495-1504.
25. van Bavel CC, Fenton KA, Rekvig OP, et al. Glomerular targets of nephritogenic autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:1892-1899.
26. Liang Z, Xie C, Chen C, et al. Pathogenic profiles and molecular signatures of antinuclear autoantibodies rescued from NZM2410 lupus mice. J Exp Med 2004, 199:381-398.
27. Radic MZ, Mackle J, Erikson J, et al. Residues that mediate DNA binding of autoimmune antibodies. J Immunol 1993, 150:4966-4977.
28. Vlahakos D, Foster MH, Ucci AA, et al. Murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies penetrate cells, bind to nuclei, and induce glomerular proliferation and proteinuria in vivo. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992, 2:1345-1354.
29. Vlahakos DV, Foster MH, Adams S, et al. Anti-DNA antibodies form immune deposits at distinct glomerular and vascular sites. Kidney Int 1992, 41:1690-1700.
30. Gilkeson GS, Bernstein K, Pippen AM, et al. The influence of variable-region somatic mutations on the specificity and pathogenicity of murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1995, 76:59-67.
31. Budhai L, Oh K, Davidson A An in vitro assay for detection of glomerular binding IgG autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:1585-1593.
32. Madaio MP The role of autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Semin Nephrol 1999, 19:48-56.
33. Fournie GJ Circulating DNA and lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 1988, 33:487-497.
34. Izui S, Lambert PH, Miescher PA Failure to detect circulating DNA-anti-DNA complexes by four radioimmunological methods in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 1977, 30:384-392.
35. Pisetsky DS, Gauley J, Ullal AJ Microparticles as a source of extracellular DNA. Immunol Res 2011, 49:227-234.
36. Lande R, Ganguly D, Facchinetti V, et al. Neutrophils activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells by releasing self-DNA-peptide complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Transl Med 2011, 3. 73ra19.
37. Hakkim A, Furnrohr BG, Amann K, et al. Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:9813-9818.
38. Raz E, Brezis M, Rosenmann E, et al. Anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to renal antigens and induce kidney dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat kidney. J Immunol 1989, 142:3076-3082.
39. Tsirogianni A, Pipi E, Soufleros K Relevance of anti-C1q autoantibodies to lupus nephritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1173:243-251.
40. Kraft SW, Schwartz MM, Korbet SM, et al. Glomerular podocytopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16:175-179.
41. Heymann F, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Hamilton-Williams EE, et al. Kidney dendritic cell activation is required for progression of renal disease in a mouse model of glomerular injury. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:1286-1297.
42. Theofilopoulos AN, Dixon FJ Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv Immunol 1985, 37:269-390.
43. Peterson KS, Huang JF, Zhu J, et al. Characterization of heterogeneity in the molecular pathogenesis of lupus nephritis from transcriptional profiles of laser-captured glomeruli. J Clin Invest 2004, 113:1722-1733.
44. Schiffer L, Bethunaickan R, Ramanujam M, et al. Activated renal macrophages are markers of disease onset and disease remission in lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2008, 180:1938-1947.
45. Ramanujam M, Davidson A Targeting of the immune system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Mol Med 2008, 10:e2.
46. Kalled SL, Cutler AH, Datta SK, et al. Anti-CD40 ligand antibody treatment of SNF1 mice with established nephritis: preservation of kidney function. J Immunol 1998, 160:2158-2165.
47. Singh RR, Saxena V, Zang S, et al. Differential contribution of IL-4 and STAT6 vs STAT4 to the development of lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2003, 170:4818-4825.
48. Ramanujam M, Davidson A BAFF blockade for systemic lupus erythematosus: will the promise be fulfilled?. Immunol Rev 2008, 223:156-174.
49. Jacob CO, Zang S, Li L, et al. Pivotal role of Stat4 and Stat6 in the pathogenesis of the lupus-like disease in the New Zealand mixed 2328 mice. J Immunol 2003, 171:1564-1571.
50. Subramanian S, Tus K, Li QZ, et al. A Tlr7 translocation accelerates systemic autoimmunity in murine lupus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:9970-9975.
51. Kahn P, Ramanujam M, Bethunaickan R, et al. Prevention of murine antiphospholipid syndrome by BAFF blockade. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:2824-2834.
52. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, et al. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 1992, 356:314-317.
53. Menke J, Rabacal WA, Byrne KT, et al. Circulating CSF-1 promotes monocyte and macrophage phenotypes that enhance lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:2581-2592.
54. Shimizu S, Sugiyama N, Masutani K, et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis development with Th2-type immune deviations in MRL/lpr mice deficient for IL-27 receptor (WSX-1). J Immunol 2005, 175:7185-7192.
55. Fu Y, Du Y, Mohan C Experimental anti-GBM disease as a tool for studying spontaneous lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2007, 124:109-118.
56. Liu K, Li QZ, Delgado-Vega AM, et al. Kallikrein genes are associated with lupus and glomerular basement membrane-specific antibody-induced nephritis in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:911-923.
57. Reeves WH, Lee PY, Weinstein JS, et al. Induction of autoimmunity by pristane and other naturally occurring hydrocarbons. Trends Immunol 2009, 30:455-464.
58. Bergtold A, Gavhane A, D'Agati V, et al. FcR-bearing myeloid cells are responsible for triggering murine lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2006, 177:7287-7295.
59. Tesch GH, Maifert S, Schwarting A, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-dependent leukocytic infiltrates are responsible for autoimmune disease in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J Exp Med 1999, 190:1813-1824.
60. Lewis MJ, Botto M Complement deficiencies in humans and animals: links to autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2006, 39:367-378.
61. Watanabe H, Garnier G, Circolo A, et al. Modulation of renal disease in MRL/lpr mice genetically deficient in the alternative complement pathway factor B. J Immunol 2000, 164:786-794.
62. Woodruff TM, Nandakumar KS, Tedesco F Inhibiting the C5-C5a receptor axis. Mol Immunol 2011, 48(14):1631-1642.
63. Renner B, Ferreira VP, Cortes C, et al. Binding of factor H to tubular epithelial cells limits interstitial complement activation in ischemic injury. Kidney Int 2011, 80(2):165-173.
64. Pickering MC, Botto M Are anti-C1q antibodies different from other SLE autoantibodies?. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010, 6:490-493.
65. Li Y, Lee PY, Sobel ES, et al. Increased expression of FcgammaRI/CD64 on circulating monocytes parallels ongoing inflammation and nephritis in lupus. Arthritis Res Ther 2009, 11:R6.
66. Zuniga R, Markowitz GS, Arkachaisri T, et al. Identification of IgG subclasses and C-reactive protein in lupus nephritis: the relationship between the composition of immune deposits and FCgamma receptor type IIA alleles. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:460-470.
67. Anders HJ, Schlondorff DO Innate immune receptors and autophagy: implications for autoimmune kidney injury. Kidney Int 2010, 78:29-37.
68. Hsieh C, Chang A, Brandt D, et al. Predicting outcomes of lupus nephritis with tubulointerstitial inflammation and scarring. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011, 63:865-874.
69. Hill GS, Delahousse M, Nochy D, et al. Proteinuria and tubulointerstitial lesions in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2001, 60:1893-1903.
70. Chang A, Henderson SG, Brandt D, et al. In situ B cell-mediated immune responses and tubulointerstitial inflammation in human lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2011, 186:1849-1860.
71. Crispin JC, Oukka M, Bayliss G, et al. Expanded double negative T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus produce IL-17 and infiltrate the kidneys. J Immunol 2008, 181:8761-8766.
72. Holdsworth SR, Tipping PG Leukocytes in glomerular injury. Semin Immunopathol 2007, 29:355-374.
73. Geissmann F, Manz MG, Jung S, et al. Development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Science 2010, 327:656-661.
74. Li L, Huang L, Sung SS, et al. The chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 mediate monocyte/macrophage trafficking in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2008, 74:1526-1537.
75. Hume DA Differentiation and heterogeneity in the mononuclear phagocyte system. Mucosal Immunol 2008, 1:432-441.
76. Mosser DM, Edwards JP Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol 2008, 8:958-969.
77. Segerer S, Heller F, Lindenmeyer MT, et al. Compartment specific expression of dendritic cell markers in human glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2008, 74:37-46.
78. Bethunaickan R, Berthier CC, Ramanujam M, et al. A unique hybrid renal mononuclear phagocyte activation phenotype in murine systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. J Immunol 2011, 186:4994-5003.
79. Panzer U, Steinmetz OM, Stahl RA, et al. Kidney diseases and chemokines. Curr Drug Targets 2006, 7:65-80.
80. Enghard P, Humrich JY, Rudolph B, et al. CXCR3+CD4+ T cells are enriched in inflamed kidneys and urine and provide a new biomarker for acute nephritis flares in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60:199-206.
81. Wang A, Guilpain P, Chong BF, et al. Dysregulated expression of CXCR4/CXCL12 in subsets of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2010, 62:3436-3446.
82. Schlondorff DO Overview of factors contributing to the pathophysiology of progressive renal disease. Kidney Int 2008, 74:860-866.
83. Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR The emergence of TH17 cells as effectors of renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 22:235-238.
84. Timoshanko JR, Kitching AR, Iwakura Y, et al. Leukocyte-derived interleukin-1beta interacts with renal interleukin-1 receptor I to promote renal tumor necrosis factor and glomerular injury in murine crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 2004, 164:1967-1977.
85. Ernandez T, Mayadas TN Immunoregulatory role of TNFalpha in inflammatory kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2009, 76:262-276.
86. Jacob N, Yang H, Pricop L, et al. Accelerated pathological and clinical nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone New Zealand Mixed 2328 mice doubly deficient in TNF receptor 1 and TNF receptor 2 via a Th17-associated pathway. J Immunol 2009, 182:2532-2541.
87. Wu T, Xie C, Wang HW, et al. Elevated urinary VCAM-1, P-selectin, soluble TNF receptor-1, and CXC chemokine ligand 16 in multiple murine lupus strains and human lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2007, 179:7166-7175.
88. Bauer JW, Baechler EC, Petri M, et al. Elevated serum levels of interferon-regulated chemokines are biomarkers for active human systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS Med 2006, 3:e491.
89. Aringer M, Smolen JS Cytokine expression in lupus kidneys. Lupus 2005, 14:13-18.
90. Hao CM, Breyer MD Roles of lipid mediators in kidney injury. Semin Nephrol 2007, 27:338-351.
91. Eckardt KU, Bernhardt W, Willam C, et al. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors and their role in renal disease. Semin Nephrol 2007, 27:363-372.
92. Nizet V, Johnson RS Interdependence of hypoxic and innate immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2009, 9:609-617.
93. Oates JC, Shaftman SR, Self SE, et al. Association of serum nitrate and nitrite levels with longitudinal assessments of disease activity and damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:263-272.
94. Tse KC, Li FK, Tang S, et al. Angiotensin inhibition or blockade for the treatment of patients with quiescent lupus nephritis and persistent proteinuria. Lupus 2005, 14:947-952.
95. Nguyen TQ, Goldschmeding R Bone morphogenetic protein-7 and connective tissue growth factor: novel targets for treatment of renal fibrosis?. Pharm Res 2008, 25:2416-2426.
96. Bottinger EP TGF-beta in renal injury and disease. Semin Nephrol 2007, 27:309-320.
97. Kohan DE Endothelin, hypertension and chronic kidney disease: new insights. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010, 19:134-139.
98. Thacker SG, Berthier CC, Mattinzoli D, et al. The detrimental effects of IFN-alpha on vasculogenesis in lupus are mediated by repression of IL-1 pathways: potential role in atherogenesis and renal vascular rarefaction. J Immunol 2010, 185:4457-4469.
99. Izmirly PM, Barisoni L, Buyon JP, et al. Expression of endothelial protein C receptor in cortical peritubular capillaries associates with a poor clinical response in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:513-519.
100. Abd-Elkareem MI, Tamimy HMAl, Khamis OA, et al. Increased urinary levels of the leukocyte adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in human lupus nephritis with advanced renal histological changes: preliminary findings. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010, 14:548-557.
101. Gambaro G, Kong NC Glycosaminoglycan treatment in glomerulonephritis? An interesting option to investigate. J Nephrol 2010, 23:244-252.
102. van den Hoven MJ, Rops AL, Vlodavsky I, et al. Heparanase in glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2007, 72:543-548.
103. Wiggins RC The spectrum of podocytopathies: a unifying view of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2007, 71:1205-1214.
104. Deelman L, Sharma K Mechanisms of kidney fibrosis and the role of antifibrotic therapies. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009, 18:85-90.
105. Capuano A, Costanzi S, Peluso G, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor beta1 ratio at baseline can predict early response to cyclophosphamide in systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:3633-3639.
106. Liu Y Hepatocyte growth factor and the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002, 11:23-30.
107. Sharma K The link between obesity and albuminuria: adiponectin and podocyte dysfunction. Kidney Int 2009, 76:145-148.
108. Fogo AB PPARgamma and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2011, 26:347-351.
109. Viau A, Karoui KEl, Laouari D, et al. Lipocalin 2 is essential for chronic kidney disease progression in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:4065-4076.
110. Waanders F, van Timmeren MM, Stegeman CA, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 in renal disease. J Pathol 2010, 220:7-16.
111. Rubinstein T, Pitashny M, Levine B, et al. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel biomarker for disease activity in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010, 49:960-971.
112. Hinze CH, Suzuki M, Klein-Gitelman M, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a predictor of the course of global and renal childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60:2772-2781.
113. Kretzler M, Cohen CD Integrative biology of renal disease: toward a holistic understanding of the kidney's function and failure. Semin Nephrol 2010, 30:439-442.
114. Grant SF, Hakonarson H Microarray technology and applications in the arena of genome-wide association. Clin Chem 2008, 54:1116-1124.
115. Stegall MD, Park W What can be learned using microarrays?. Kidney Int 2007, 72:783-784.
116. Werner T, Fessele S, Maier H, et al. Computer modeling of promoter organization as a tool to study transcriptional coregulation. FASEB J 2003, 17:1228-1237.
117. Chan RW, Lai FM, Li EK, et al. Intra-renal cytokine gene expression in lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007, 26:26.
118. Reddy PS, Legault HM, Sypek JP, et al. Mapping similarities in mTOR pathway perturbations in mouse lupus nephritis models and human lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008, 10:R127.
119. Teramoto K, Negoro N, Kitamoto K, et al. Microarray analysis of glomerular gene expression in murine lupus nephritis. J Pharmacol Sci 2008, 106:56-67.
120. Liu J, Karypis G, Hippen KL, et al. Genomic view of systemic autoimmunity in MRLlpr mice. Genes Immun 2006, 7:156-168.
121. Vinuesa CG, Rigby RJ, Yu D Logic and extent of miRNA-mediated control of autoimmune gene expression. Int Rev Immunol 2009, 28:112-138.
122. Dai Y, Sui W, Lan H, et al. Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in renal biopsies of lupus nephritis patients. Rheumatol Int 2009, 29:749-754.
123. Te JL, Dozmorov IM, Guthridge JM, et al. Identification of unique microRNA signature associated with lupus nephritis. PLoS One 2010, 5:e10344.
124. Oates JC, Varghese S, Bland AM, et al. Prediction of urinary protein markers in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 2005, 68:2588-2592.
125. Zhang X, Jin M, Wu H, et al. Biomarkers of lupus nephritis determined by serial urine proteomics. Kidney Int 2008, 74:799-807.
126. Wu T, Fu Y, Brekken D, et al. Urine proteome scans uncover total urinary protease, prostaglandin D synthase, serum amyloid P, and superoxide dismutase as potential markers of lupus nephritis. J Immunol 2010, 184:2183-2193.
127. Manoharan A, Madaio MP Biomarkers in lupus nephritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2010, 36:131-143. ix.
128. Mok CC Biomarkers for lupus nephritis: a critical appraisal. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010, 2010:638413.
129. Rovin BH, Zhang X Biomarkers for lupus nephritis: the quest continues. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 4:1858-1865.
130. Chuaqui RF, Bonner RF, Best CJ, et al. Post-analysis follow-up and validation of microarray experiments. Nat Genet 2002, 32(Suppl):509-514.
131. Aprahamian T, Bonegio RG, Richez C, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist rosiglitazone ameliorates murine lupus by induction of adiponectin. J Immunol 2009, 182:340-346.
132. Zhao W, Thacker SG, Hodgin JB, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone improves cardiometabolic risk and renal inflammation in murine lupus. J Immunol 2009, 183:2729-2740.