The role of nanotechnology in gastrointestinal cancer

Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 2014, Pages 3204-3218

  Vyas, Dinesh ^a   Castro, Pamela ^a   Saadeh, Yamaan ^a   Vyas, Arpita ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cancer diagnosis; Cancer treatment; Colon; Enhanced permeability and retention effect; Gallbladder; Gastric; Gastrointestinal; Liver; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticle; Pancreas; Small bowel

Indexed keywords

LIVER; MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY; NANOPARTICLES; ONCOLOGY; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY;

CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; COLON; ENHANCED PERMEABILITY AND RETENTION EFFECT; GALLBLADDER; GASTRIC; GASTROINTESTINAL; PANCREAS; SMALL BOWEL;

DISEASES;

NANOPARTICLE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; NANOCAPSULE;

CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER THERAPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; GALLBLADDER CANCER; LIVER CANCER; MOUTH CARCINOMA; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PANCREAS CANCER; REVIEW; SMALL INTESTINE; STOMACH CANCER; ANIMAL; DIAGNOSTIC USE; DRUG DESIGN; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMAN; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; NANOMEDICINE; PROCEDURES; TRENDS; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DRUG DESIGN; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NANOCAPSULES; NANOMEDICINE; PATHOLOGY, MOLECULAR;

EID: 84904909307     PISSN: 15507033     EISSN: 15507041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1816     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures 2012, American Cancer Society, Atlanta (2012).
2. M. Chidambaram, R. Manavalan, and K. Kathiresan, Nanotherapeutics to overcome conventional cancer chemotherapy limitations. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 14, 67 (2011).
3. S. Svenson, Theranostics: Are we there yet? Mol. Pharm. 10, 848 (2013).
4. J. R. Heath and M. E. Davis, Nanotechnology and cancer. Annu. Rev. Med. 59, 251 (2008).
5. A. D. Friedman, S. E. Claypool, and R. Liu, The smart targeting of nanoparticles. Curr. Pharm. Des. 19, 6315 (2013).
6. J. Ferlay, H. R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers, and D. M. Parkin, Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int. J. Cancer 127, 2893 (2010).
7. S. Sandhiya, S. A. Dkhar, and A. Surendiran, Emerging trends of nanomedicine - An overview. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 23, 263 (2009).
8. J. Fang, H. Nakamura, and H. Maeda, The EPR effect: Unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63, 136 (2011).
9. H. Maeda, H. Nakamura, and J. Fang, The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 71 (2013).
10. G. Mattheolabakis, B. Rigas, and P. P. Constantinides, Nanodelivery strategies in cancer chemotherapy: Biological rationale and pharmaceutical perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 7, 1577 (2012).
11. H. Maeda, Vascular permeability in cancer and infection as related to macromolecular drug delivery, with emphasis on the EPR effect for tumor-selective drug targeting. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 88, 53 (2012).
12. R. Cheng, F. Meng, C. Deng, H. A. Klok, and Z. Zhong, Dual and multi-stimuli responsive polymeric nanoparticles for programmed site-specific drug delivery. Biomaterials 34, 3647 (2013).
13. Z. Cheng, A. Al Zaki, J. Z. Hui, V. R. Muzykantov, and A. Tsourkas, Multifunctional nanoparticles: Cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities. Science 338, 903 (2012).
14. R. Tilley, Synthesis and applications of nanoparticles and quantum dots. Chem NZ 72, 146 (2008).
15. M. Ryvolova, J. Chomoucka, J. Drbohlavova, P. Kopel, P. Babula, D. Hynek, V. Adam, T. Eckschlager, J. Hubalek, M. Stiborova, J. Kaiser, and R. Kizek, Modern micro and nanoparticle-based imaging techniques. Sensors (Basel) 12, 14792 (2012).
16. A. Tanimoto and S. Kuribayashi, Application of superparamagnetic iron oxide to imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur. J. Radiol. 58, 200 (2006).
17. P. M. Ferguson, K. W. Feindel, A. Slocombe, M. MacKay, T. Wignall, B. Delahunt, R. D. Tilley, and I. F. Hermans, Strongly magnetic iron nanoparticles improve the diagnosis of small tumours in the reticuloendothelial system by magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 8, e56572 (2013).
18. L. Herszenyi and Z. Tulassay, Epidemiology of gastrointestinal and liver tumors. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 14, 249 (2010).
19. S. H. Moolgavkar and E. G. Luebeck, Multistage carcinogenesis and the incidence of human cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 38, 302 (2003).
20. M. Perez-Sayans, J. M. Suarez-Penaranda, P. Gayoso-Diz, F. Barros-Angueira, J. M. Gandara-Rey, and A. Garcia-Garcia, The role of p21Waf1/CIP1 as a Cip/Kip type cell-cycle regulator in oral squamous cell carcinoma (review). Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal. 18, e219 (2013).
21. G. Y. Ku and D. H. Ilson, Esophagogastric cancer: Targeted agents. Cancer Treat Rev. 36, 235 (2010).
22. B. Virupakshappa, Applications of nanomedicine in oral cancer. Oral Health Dent. Manag. 11, 62 (2012).
23. A. G. Cuenca, H. Jiang, S. N. Hochwald, M. Delano, W. G. Cance, and S. R. Grobmyer, Emerging implications of nanotechnology on cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Cancer 107, 459 (2006).
24. M. S. Yavuz, Y. Cheng, J. Chen, C. M. Cobley, Q. Zhang, M. Rycenga, J. Xie, C. Kim, K. H. Song, A. G. Schwartz, L. V. Wang, and Y. Xia, Gold nanocages covered by smart polymers for controlled release with near-infrared light. Nat. Mater. 8, 935 (2009).
25. Y. Wang, Y. Liu, H. Luehmann, X. Xia, P. Brown, C. Jarreau, M. Welch, and Y. Xia, Evaluating the pharmacokinetics and in vivo cancer targeting capability of Au nanocages by positron emission tomography imaging. ACS Nano 6, 5880 (2012).
26. C. Yu, F. Wo, Y. Shao, X. Dai, and M. Chu, Bovine serum albumin nanospheres synchronously encapsulating "gold selenium/gold" nanoparticles and photosensitizer for high-efficiency cancer phototherapy. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 169, 1566 (2013).
27. E. Norguet, L. Dahan, and J. F. Seitz, Targetting esophageal and gastric cancers with monoclonal antibodies. Curr. Top Med. Chem. 12, 1678 (2012).
28. J. Yao, M. Da, T. Guo, Y. Duan, and Y. Zhang, RNAi-mediated gene silencing of vascular endothelial growth factor-C inhibits tumor lymphangiogenesis and growth of gastric cancer in vivo in mice. Tumour Biol. 34, 1 (2013).
29. W. Wu, Y. Zheng, R. Wang, W. Huang, L. Liu, X. Hu, S. Liu, J. Yue, T. Tong, and X. Jing, Antitumor activity of folate-targeted, paclitaxel-loaded polymeric micelles on a human esophageal EC9706 cancer cell line. Int. J. Nanomedicine 7, 3487 (2012).
30. T. Lu, J. Sun, X. Chen, P. Zhang, and X. Jing, Folate-conjugated micelles and their folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis. Macromol. Biosci. 9, 1059 (2009).
31. N. Rapoport, Ultrasound-mediated micellar drug delivery. Int. J. Hyperthermia 28, 374 (2012).
32. A. Jemal, F. Bray, M. M. Center, J. Ferlay, E. Ward, and D. Forman, Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 61, 69 (2011).
33. J. J. Xiong, K. Altaf, M. A. Javed, Q. M. Nunes, W. Huang, G. Mai, C. L. Tan, R. Mukherjee, R. Sutton, W. M. Hu, and X. B. Liu, Roux-en-Y versus Billroth I reconstruction after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 19, 1124 (2013).
34. K. Wang, J. Ruan, Q. Qian, H. Song, C. Bao, X. Zhang, Y. Kong, C. Zhang, G. Hu, J. Ni, and D. Cui, BRCAA1 monoclonal antibody conjugated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles for in vivo targeted magnetofluorescent imaging of gastric cancer. J. Nanobiotechnology 9, 23 (2011).
35. S. Santra and A. Malhotra, Fluorescent nanoparticle probes for imaging of cancer. Wiley Interdiscip Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 3, 501 (2011).
36. M. X. Da, X. T. Wu, J. Wang, T. K. Guo, Z. G. Zhao, T. Luo, M. M. Zhang, and K. Qian, Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C correlates with lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic invasion in human gastric cancer. Arch. Med. Res. 39, 92 (2008).
37. X. Wang, Y. Liang, J. Wang, and M. Wang, Effect of NS-398, a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor, on the cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to ovarian carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol. 34, 1517 (2013).
38. J. Liu, Pharmacology of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49, 57 (1995).
39. H. Zhang, X. Li, J. Ding, H. Xu, X. Dai, Z. Hou, K. Zhang, K. Sun, and W. Sun, Delivery of ursolic acid (UA) in polymeric nanoparticles effectively promotes the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells through enhanced inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Int. J. Pharm. 441, 261 (2013).
40. J. Ruan, H. Song, Q. Qian, C. Li, K. Wang, C. Bao, and D. Cui, HER2 monoclonal antibody conjugated RNase-A-associated CdTe quantum dots for targeted imaging and therapy of gastric cancer. Biomaterials 33, 7093 (2012).
41. M. S. Goldberg, siRNA Delivery for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Methods (2013), in press.
42. Y. Patil and J. Panyam, Polymeric nanoparticles for siRNA delivery and gene silencing. Int. J. Pharm. 367, 195 (2009).
43. Y. Chen, G. Lian, C. Liao, W. Wang, L. Zeng, C. Qian, K. Huang, and X. Shuai, Characterization of polyethylene glycol-grafted polyethylenimine and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PEG-g-PEI-SPION) as an MRI-visible vector for siRNA delivery in gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo. J. Gastroenterol. (2012).
44. R. R. Arvizo, S. Bhattacharyya, R. A. Kudgus, K. Giri, R. Bhattacharya, and P. Mukherjee, Intrinsic therapeutic applications of noble metal nanoparticles: Past, present and future. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2943 (2012).
45. P. K. Brown, A. T. Qureshi, A. N. Moll, D. J. Hayes, and W. T. Monroe, Silver nanoscale antisense drug delivery system for photoactivated gene silencing. ACS Nano 7, 2948 (2013).
46. S. Momosaki, H. Yano, S. Ogasawara, K. Higaki, T. Hisaka, and M. Kojiro, Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 22, 1708 (1995).
47. S. Liu, N. Li, X. Yu, X. Xiao, K. Cheng, J. Hu, J. Wang, D. Zhang, and S. Cheng, Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 by hepatocellular carcinoma stem cells and circulating tumor cells. Gastroenterology 144, 1031 (2013).
48. X. Li, X. Lu, H. Xu, Z. Zhu, H. Yin, X. Qian, R. Li, X. Jiang, and B. Liu, Paclitaxel/tetrandrine coloaded nanoparticles effectively promote the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells based on "oxidation therapy." Mol. Pharm. 9, 222 (2012).
49. C. Liu, K. Gong, X. Mao, and W. Li, Tetrandrine induces apoptosis by activating reactive oxygen species and repressing Akt activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 129, 1519 (2011).
50. National Cancer Institute, Liver Cancer (2012).
51. J. Chen, D. Wang, J. Xi, L. Au, A. Siekkinen, A. Warsen, Z. Y. Li, H. Zhang, Y. Xia, and X. Li, Immuno gold nanocages with tailored optical properties for targeted photothermal destruction of cancer cells. Nano Lett. 7, 1318 (2007).
52. G. Gaucher, R. H. Marchessault, and J. C. Leroux, Polyester-based micelles and nanoparticles for the parenteral delivery of taxanes. J. Control Release 143, 2 (2010).
53. M. J. Ernsting, M. Murakami, E. Undzys, A. Aman, B. Press, and S. D. Li, A docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticle outperforms the approved taxane nanoformulation, abraxane, in mouse tumor models with significant control of metastases. J. Control Release 162, 575 (2012).
54. M. Guan, Q. L. Zhu, Y. Liu, Y. Y. Bei, Z. L. Gu, X. N. Zhang, and Q. Zhang, Uptake and transport of a novel anticancer drug-delivery system: Lactosyl-norcantharidin-associated N -trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles across intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Int. J. Nanomedicine 7, 1921 (2012).
55. Q. Wang, L. Zhang, W. Hu, Z. H. Hu, Y. Y. Bei, J. Y. Xu, W. J. Wang, X. N. Zhang, and Q. Zhang, Norcantharidin-associated galactosylated chitosan nanoparticles for hepatocyte-targeted delivery. Nanomedicine 6, 371 (2010).
56. M. Guan, Y. Zhou, Q. L. Zhu, Y. Liu, Y. Y. Bei, X. N. Zhang, and Q. Zhang, N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticle-encapsulated lactosylnorcantharidin for liver cancer therapy with high targeting efficacy. Nanomedicine 8, 1172 (2012).
57. C. Chittasupho, M. Jaturanpinyo, and S. M. Pectin, Nanoparticle enhances cytotoxicity of methotrexate against hepG2 cells. Drug Deliv. 20, 1 (2013).
58. J. Wang, Z. Zhang, X. Wang, W. Wu, and X. Jiang, Sizeand pathotropism-driven targeting and washout-resistant effects of boronic acid-rich protein nanoparticles for liver cancer regression. J. Control Release 168, 1 (2013).
59. Z. Huang, H. Xu, A. D. Meyers, A. I. Musani, L. Wang, R. Tagg, A. B. Barqawi, and Y. K. Chen, Photodynamic therapy for treatment of solid tumors-potential and technical challenges. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 7, 309 (2008).
60. Y. Tomizawa and J. Tian, Photodynamic therapy for unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Dig. Dis. Sci. 57, 274 (2012).
61. J. Zheng, J. Wang, T. Tang, G. Li, H. Cheng, and S. Zou, Experimental study on magnetic drug targeting in treating cholangiocarcinoma based on internal magnetic fields. The Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology 5, 336 (2006).
62. T. Tang, J. W. Zheng, B. Chen, H. Li, X. Li, K. Y. Xue, X. Ai, and S. Q. Zou, Effects of targeting magnetic drug nanoparticles on human cholangiocarcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis. Int. 6, 303 (2007).
63. K. D. Chung, Y. I. Jeong, C. W. Chung, H. Kim Do, and D. H. Kang, Anti-tumor activity of all-trans retinoic acid-incorporated glycol chitosan nanoparticles against HuCC-T1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Int. J. Pharm. 422, 454 (2012).
64. A. B. Lowenfels and P. Maisonneuve, Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology 20, 197 (2006).
65. S. F. Sener, A. Fremgen, H. R. Menck, and D. P. Winchester, Pancreatic cancer: A report of treatment and survival trends for 100,313 patients diagnosed from 1985-1995, using the national cancer database. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 189, 1 (1999).
66. J. Long, Y. Zhang, X. Yu, J. Yang, D. G. LeBrun, C. Chen, Q. Yao, and M. Li, Overcoming drug resistance in pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 15, 817 (2011).
67. Z. Y. Yang, J. Q. Yuan, M. Y. Di, D. Y. Zheng, J. Z. Chen, H. Ding, X. Y. Wu, Y. F. Huang, C. Mao, and J. L. Tang, Gemcitabine plus erlotinib for advanced pancreatic cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One 8, e57528 (2013).
68. S. Rejiba, L. H. Reddy, C. Bigand, C. Parmentier, P. Couvreur, and H. A. Squalenoyl gemcitabine nanomedicine overcomes the low efficacy of gemcitabine therapy in pancreatic cancer. Nanomedicine 7, 841 (2011).
69. K. Derakhshandeh and S. Fathi, Role of chitosan nanoparticles in the oral absorption of gemcitabine. Int. J. Pharm. 437, 172 (2012).
70. G. Arya, M. Vandana, S. Acharya, and S. K. Sahoo, Enhanced antiproliferative activity of herceptin (HER2)-conjugated gemcitabine-loaded chitosan nanoparticle in pancreatic cancer therapy. Nanomedicine 7, 859 (2011).
71. H. A. Burris, 3rd, M. J. Moore, J. Andersen, M. R. Green, M. L. Rothenberg, M. R. Modiano, M. C. Cripps, R. K. Portenoy, A. M. Storniolo, P. Tarassoff, R. Nelson, F. A. Dorr, C. D. Stephens, and D. D. Von Hoff, Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: A randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 2403 (1997).
72. E. Ryschich, G. Huszty, H. Knaebel, M. Hartel, M. Büchler, and J. Schmidt, Transferrin receptor is a marker of malignant phenotype in human pancreatic cancer and in neuroendocrine carcinoma of the pancreas. European Journal of Cancer 40, 1418 (2004).
73. E. R. Camp, C. Wang, E. C. Little, P. M. Watson, K. F. Pirollo, A. Rait, D. J. Cole, E. H. Chang, and D. K. Watson, Transferrin receptor targeting nanomedicine delivering wild-type p53 gene sensitizes pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine therapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 20, 222 (2013).
74. A. Helbok, C. Rangger, E. von Guggenberg, M. Saba-Lepek, T. Radolf, G. Thurner, F. Andreae, R. Prassl, and C. Decristoforo, Targeting properties of peptide-modified radiolabeled liposomal nanoparticles. Nanomedicine 8, 112 (2012).
75. M. Marra, G. Salzano, C. Leonetti, P. Tassone, M. Scarsella, S. Zappavigna, T. Calimeri, R. Franco, G. Liguori, G. Cigliana, R. Ascani, M. I. La Rotonda, A. Abbruzzese, P. Tagliaferri, M. Caraglia, and G. De Rosa, Nanotechnologies to use bisphosphonates as potent anticancer agents: The effects of zoledronic acid encapsulated into liposomes. Nanomedicine 7, 955 (2011).
76. D. Sutaria, B. K. Grandhi, A. Thakkar, J. Wang, and S. Prabhu, Chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer using solid-lipid nanoparticulate delivery of a novel aspirin, curcumin and sulforaphane drug combination regimen. Int. J. Oncol. 41, 2260 (2012).
77. L. P. Cao, J. L. Song, X. P. Yi, and Y. X. Li, Double inhibition of NF-kappaB and XIAP via RNAi enhances the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Oncol. Rep. 29, 1659 (2013).
78. F. Yang, C. Jin, S. Subedi, C. L. Lee, Q. Wang, Y. Jiang, J. Li, Y. Di, and D. Fu, Emerging inorganic nanomaterials for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Treat. Rev. 38, 566 (2012).
79. K. H. Lee, J. F. Galloway, J. Park, C. M. Dvoracek, M. Dallas, K. Konstantopoulos, A. Maitra, and P. C. Searson, Quantitative molecular profiling of biomarkers for pancreatic cancer with functionalized quantum dots. Nanomedicine 8, 1043 (2012).
80. S. R. Dave and X. Gao, Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for biodetection, imaging, and drug delivery: A versatile and evolving technology. Wiley Interdiscip Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 1, 583 (2009).
81. L. Yang, H. Mao, Z. Cao, Y. A. Wang, X. Peng, X. Wang, H. K. Sajja, L. Wang, H. Duan, C. Ni, C. A. Staley, W. C. Wood, X. Gao, and S. Nie, Molecular imaging of pancreatic cancer in an animal model using targeted multifunctional nanoparticles. Gastroenterology 136, 1514 (2009).
82. M. K. Khan, L. D. Minc, S. S. Nigavekar, M. S. Kariapper, B. M. Nair, M. Schipper, A. C. Cook, W. G. Lesniak, and L. P. Balogh, Fabrication of {198Au0} radioactive composite nanodevices and their use for nanobrachytherapy. Nanomedicine 4, 57 (2008).
83. F. Pittella, K. Miyata, Y. Maeda, T. Suma, S. Watanabe, Q. Chen, R. J. Christie, K. Osada, N. Nishiyama, and K. Kataoka, Pancreatic cancer therapy by systemic administration of VEGF siRNA contained in calcium phosphate/charge- conversional polymer hybrid nanoparticles. J. Control. Release 161, 868 (2012).
84. M. J. Overman, J. Pozadzides, S. Kopetz, S. Wen, J. L. Abbruzzese, R. A. Wolff, and H. Wang, Immunophenotype and molecular characterisation of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Br. J. Cancer 102, 144 (2010).
85. G. Poncet, J. L. Faucheron, and T. Walter, Recent trends in the treatment of well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma of the small bowel. World J. Gastroenterol. 16, 1696 (2010).
86. R. Sinha, G. J. Kim, S. Nie, and D. M. Shin, Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: Bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery. Mol. Cancer Ther. 5, 1909 (2006).
87. E. Corem-Salkmon, B. Perlstein, and S. Margel, Design of nearinfrared fluorescent bioactive conjugated functional iron oxide nanoparticles for optical detection of colon cancer. Int. J. Nanomedicine 7, 5517 (2012).
88. M. Yu, S. Jambhrunkar, P. Thorn, J. Chen, W. Gu, and C. Yu, Hyaluronic acid modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to CD44-overexpressing cancer cells. Nanoscale 5, 178 (2013).
89. M. Gary-Bobo, D. Brevet, N. Benkirane-Jessel, L. Raehm, P. Maillard, M. Garcia, and J. O. Durand, Hyaluronic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for efficient photodynamic therapy of cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 9, 256 (2012).
90. K. T. Smitha, A. Anitha, T. Furuike, H. Tamura, S. V. Nair, and R. Jayakumar, In vitro evaluation of paclitaxel loaded amorphous chitin nanoparticles for colon cancer drug delivery. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 104, 245 (2013).
91. R. Hejazi and M. Amiji, Chitosan-based gastrointestinal delivery systems. J. Control Release 89, 151 (2003).
92. H. Huang, E. Pierstorff, E. Osawa, and D. Ho, Active nanodiamond hydrogels for chemotherapeutic delivery. Nano Lett. 7, 3305 (2007).
93. C. A. Schoener, H. N. Hutson, and N. A. Peppas, pH-responsive hydrogels with dispersed hydrophobic nanoparticles for the oral delivery of chemotherapeutics. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 61, 874 (2012).
94. Y. Zhang, L. Zhou, Y. L. Bao, Y. Wu, C. L. Yu, Y. X. Huang, Y. Sun, L. H. Zheng, and Y. X. Li, Butyrate induces cell apoptosis through activation of JNK MAP kinase pathway in human colon cancer RKO cells. Chem. Biol. Interact. 185, 174 (2010).
95. C. Pellizzaro, D. Coradini, S. Morel, E. Ugazio, M. R. Gasco, and M. G. Daidone, Cholesteryl butyrate in solid lipid nanospheres as an alternative approach for butyric acid delivery. Anticancer Res. 19, 3921 (1999).
96. R. Minelli, L. Serpe, P. Pettazzoni, V. Minero, G. Barrera, C. Gigliotti, R. Mesturini, A. C. Rosa, P. Gasco, N. Vivenza, E. Muntoni, R. Fantozzi, U. Dianzani, G. P. Zara, and C. Dianzani, Cholesteryl butyrate solid lipid nanoparticles inhibit the adhesion and migration of colon cancer cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 166, 587 (2012).
97. S. Kunjachan, A. Blauz, D. Mockel, B. Theek, F. Kiessling, T. Etrych, K. Ulbrich, L. van Bloois, G. Storm, G. Bartosz, B. Rychlik, and T. Lammers, Overcoming cellular multidrug resistance using classical nanomedicine formulations. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 45, 421 (2012).
98. X. J. Liang, C. Chen, Y. Zhao, and P. C. Wang, Circumventing tumor resistance to chemotherapy by nanotechnology. Methods Mol. Biol. 596, 467 (2010).
99. J. Tabernero, T. Macarulla, F. J. Ramos, and J. Baselga, Novel targeted therapies in the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer. Ann Oncol. 16, 1740 (2005).
100. S. Gill, R. R. Thomas, and R. M. Goldberg, New targeted therapies in gastrointestinal cancers. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 4, 393 (2003).
101. D. B. Resnik and S. S. Tinkle, Ethics in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond.) 2, 345 (2007).
102. C. Kaewsaneha, P. Tangboriboonrat, D. Polpanich, M. Eissa, and E. A. Janus, Colloidal particles: Preparation, properties, and biomedical applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1857 (2013).
103. J. Hu, S. Zhou, Y. Sun, X. Fang, and L. Wu, Fabrication, properties and applications of Janus particles. Chemical Society Reviews 41, 4356 (2012).
104. P. Grodzinski, Cancer nanotechnology-Opportunities and challenges, View from the NCI alliance for nanotechnology in cancer (2011).
105. J. S. J. Baxt, Two-Faced Nanoparticles and Cancer, edited by La Jolla, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, California (2011).
106. U. Prabhakar, H. Maeda, R. K. Jain, E. M. Sevick-Muraca, W. Zamboni, O. C. Farokhzad, S. T. Barry, A. Gabizon, P. Grodzinski, and D. C. Blakey, Challenges and key considerations of the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) for nanomedicine drug delivery in oncology. Cancer Res. 73, 2412 (2013).
107. N. Kamaly, Z. Xiao, P. M. Valencia, A. F. Radovic-Moreno, and O. C. Farokhzad, Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: Design, development and clinical translation. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 2971 (2012).
108. S. K. Hobbs, W. L. Monsky, F. Yuan, W. G. Roberts, L. Griffith, V. P. Torchilin, and R. K. Jain, Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 4607 (1998).
109. I. Salib, X. Yong, E. J. Crabb, N. M. Moellers, G. T. T. McFarlin, O. Kuksenok, and A. C. Balazs, Harnessing fluid-driven vesicles to pick up and drop off janus particles. ACS Nano 7, 1224 (2013).