Expanding the therapeutic potential of Statins by means of nanotechnology enabled drug delivery systems

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 14, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 1182-1193

  Romana, Bilquis ^a,b   Batger, Mellissa ^a   Prestidge, Clive A ^b   Colombo, Gaia ^c   Sonvico, Fabio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Liposomes; Micelles; Nanocapsules; Nanocrystals; Nanoparticles; Nanospheres; Pleiotropic effects; Statins

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOTRIENOL; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; DRUG CARRIER; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LIPOSOME; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; MICELLES DRUG CARRIER; NANOCRYSTAL; NITRIC OXIDE; PACLITAXEL; PITAVASTATIN; POLYGLACTIN; PRAVASTATIN; PROTEIN KINASE B; RAPAMYCIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTICOAGULATION; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; MOUSE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PLEIOTROPY; ANIMAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONFORMATION; NANOMEDICINE; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; NANOMEDICINE;

EID: 84903738060     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: 18734294     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666140329232252     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Bonetti, P.O.; Lerman, L.O.; Napoli, C.; Lerman, A. Statin effects beyond lipid lowering--are they clinically relevant?. Eur. Heart J., 2003, 24(3), 225-248.
2. th, 2013)
3. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet, 1994, 344(8934), 1383-1389.
4. Goldberg, R.B.; Mellies, M.J.; Sacks, F.M.; Moyé, L.A.; Howard, B.V.; Howard, W.J.; Davis, B.R.; Cole, T.G.; Pfeffer, M.A.; Braunwald, E. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels; Subgroup analyses in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial. Circulation, 1998, 98(23), 2513-2519.
5. Ong, H.T. The statin studies: from targeting hypercholesterolaemia to targeting the high-risk patient. QJM, 2005, 98(8), 599-614.
6. Serruys, P.W.; de Feyter, P.; Macaya, C.; Kokott, N.; Puel, J.; Vrolix, M.; Branzi, A.; Bertolami, M.C.; Jackson, G.; Strauss, B.; Meier, B. Fluvastatin for Prevention of Cardiac Events Following Successful First Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JAMA, 2002, 287(24), 3215-3222.
7. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2002, 360(9326), 7-22.
8. Beitowski, J; Jamroz-Wisniewska, A. Modulation of H(2)S metabolism by statins: a new aspect of cardiovascular pharmacology. Antioxid. Redox Signal, 2012, 17(1), 81-94.
9. Bellosta, S.; Paoletti, R.; Corsini, A. Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Circulation, 2004, 109(23 Suppl 1), III50-III57.
10. Igel, M.; Sudhop, T.; von Bergmann, K. Pharmacology of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), including rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 2002, 42(8), 835-845.
11. Mukhtar, R.Y.; Reid, J.; Reckless, J.P. Pitavastatin. Int. J. Clin. Pract, 2005, 59(2), 239-252.
12. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation, 1998, 97(15), 1440-1445.
13. Jain, M.K.; Ridker, P.M. Anti-inflammatory effects of statins: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2005, 4(12), 977-987.
14. Liao, J.K.; Laufs, U. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 2005, 45, 89-118.
15. Palinski, W.; Napoli, C. Unraveling Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on Plaque Rupture. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol, 2002, 22(11), 1745-1750.
16. Blanco-Colio, L.M.; Tuñón, J.; Martín-Ventura, J.L.; Egido, J. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins. Kidney Int., 2003, 63(1), 12-23.
17. McCarey, D.W.; McInnes, I.B.; Madhok, R.; Hampson, R.; Scher-bakov, O.; Ford, I.; Capell, H.A.; Sattar, N. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2004, 363(9426), 2015-2021.
18. Marin, L.; Colombo, P.; Bebawy, M.; Young, P.M.; Traini, D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: patho-physiology, current methods of treatment and the potential for simvastatin in disease management. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 2011, 8(9), 1205-1220.
19. Blamoun, A.I.; Batty, G.N.; DeBari, V.A.; Rashid, A.O.; Sheikh, M.; Khan, M.A. Statins may reduce episodes of exacerbation and the requirement for intubation in patients with COPD: evidence from a retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2008, 62(9), 1373-1378.
20. Alexeeff, S.E.; Litonjua A.A.; Sparrow, D.; Vokonas, P.S.; Schwartz, J. Statin use reduces decline in lung function. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2007, 176(8), 742-747.
21. Gopalan, A.; Yu, W.; Sanders, B.G.; Kline, K. Simvastatin inhibition of mevalonate pathway induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via activation of JNK/CHOP/DR5 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett., 2013, 329(1), 9-16.
22. Bardou, M.; Barkun, A.; Martel, M. Effect of statin therapy on colorectal cancer. Gut, 2010, 59(11), 1572-1585.
23. Fauchier, L.; Pierre, B.; de Labriolle, A.; Grimard, C; Zannad, N.; Babuty, D. Antiarrhythmic effect of statin therapy and atrial fibrillation a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, 2008, 51(8), 828-835.
24. Ozaydin, M.; Varol, E.; Aslan, S.M.; Kucuktepe, Z.; Dogan, A.; Ozturk, M.; Altinbas, A. Effect of atorvastatin on the recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am. J. Cardiol, 2006, 97(10), 1490-1493.
25. Tveit, A.; Grundtvig, M.; Gundersen, T.; Vanberg, P.; Semb, A.G.; Holt, E.; Gullestad, L. Analysis of pravastatin to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion. Am. J. Cardiol, 2004, 93(6), 780-782.
26. Undela, K.; Gudala, K.; Malla, S.; Bansal, D., Statin use and risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Neurol, 2013, 260(1), 158-165.
27. Kandiah, N.; Feldman, H.H. The therapeutic potential of statins in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Sci., 2009, 283(1-2), 230-234.
28. Sparks, D.L.; Kryscio, R.J.; Sabbagh, M.N.; Connor, D.J.; Sparks, L.M.; Liebsack, C. Reduced risk of incident AD with elective statin use in a clinical trial cohort. Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2008, 5(4), 416-421.
29. McGuinness, B.; Passmore, P. Can statins prevent or help treat Alzheimer's disease? J. Alzheimers Dis., 2010, 20(3), 925-933.
30. Adam, S.S.; Hoppe, C. Potential role for statins in sickle cell disease. Pediatr. Blood Cancer, 2013, 60(4), 550-557.
31. Kwak, B.; Mulhaupt, F.; Myit, S.; Mach, F. Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat. Med., 2000, 6(12), 1399-1402.
32. Jadhav, S.B.; Jain, G.K. Statins and osteoporosis: new role for old drugs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2006, 58(1), 3-18.
33. Robinson, J.G.; Smith, B.; Maheshwari, N.; Schrott, H. Pleiotropic effects of statins: benefit beyond cholesterol reduction? A meta-regression analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 46(10), 1855-1862.
34. Stancu, C.; Sima, A. Statins: mechanism of action and effects. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2001, 5(4), 378-387.
35. Alegret, M.; Silvestre, J.S., Pleiotropic effects of statins and related pharmacological experimental approaches. Timely Top. Med. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2007, 11, E10.
36. Ni, W.; Egashira, K.; Kataoka, C.; Kitamoto, S.; Koyanagi, M.; Inoue, S.; Takeshita, A. Antiinflammatory and Antiarteriosclerotic Actions of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in a Rat Model of Chronic Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthesis. Circ. Res., 2001, 89(5), 415-421.
37. Plenz, G.A.; Hofnagel, O.; Robenek, H. Differential modulation of caveolin-1 expression in cells of the vasculature by statins. Circulation, 2004, 109(2), e7-e8.
38. Irache, J.M.; Esparza, I.; Gamazo, C.; Agüeros, M.; Espuelas, S. Nanomedicine: novel approaches in human and veterinary therapeutics. Vet. Parasitol., 2011, 180(1-2), 47-71.
39. Sahoo, S.K.; Labhasetwar, V., Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging. Drug Discov. Today, 2003, 8(24), 1112-1120.
40. Farokhzad, O.C.; Langer, R. Impact of Nanotechnology on Drug Delivery. ACS Nano., 2009, 3(1), 16-20.
41. Torchilin, V.P. Micellar nanocarriers: pharmaceutical perspectives. Pharm. Res., 2007, 24(1), 1-16.
42. Torchilin, V.P. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2005, 4(2), 145-160.
43. Junghanns, J.U.; Mü ller, R.H. Nanocrystal technology, drug delivery and clinical applications. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2008, 3(3), 295-309.
44. Athul, P.V. Preparation and characterization of simvastatin nano-suspension by homogenization method. Int. J. PharmTech Res., 2013, 5(1), 193-197.
45. Arunkumar, N.; Deecaraman, M.; Rani, C.; Mohanraj, K.P.; Venkates Kumar, K. Preparation and solid state characterization of atorvastatin nanosuspensions for enhanced solubility and dissolution. Int. J. PharmTech Res., 2009, 1(4), 1725-1730.
46. Pandya, V.M.; Patel, J.K.; Patel, D.J. Formulation, Optimization and characterization of Simvastatin Nanosuspension prepared by nanoprecipitation technique. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2011, 3(2), 129-140.
47. Jiang, T.; Han, N.; Zhao, B.; Xie, Y.; Wang, S. Enhanced dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of simvastatin nanocrystal prepared by sonoprecipitation. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 2012, 38(10), 1230-1239.
48. Kim, M.S.; Jin, S.J.; Kim, J.S.; Park, H.J.; Song, H.S.; Neubert, R.H.; Hwang, S.J. Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of amorphous atorvastatin calcium nanoparticles using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2008, 69(2), 454-465.
49. Anwar, M.; Warsi, M.H.; Mallick, N.; Akhter, S.; Gahoi, S.; Jain, G.K.; Talegaonkar, S.; Ahmad, F.J.; Khar, R.K. Enhanced bioavailability of nano-sized chitosan-atorvastatin conjugate after oral administration to rats. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2011, 44(3), 241-249.
50. Mora-Huertas, C.E.; Fessi, H.; Elaissari, A. Polymer-based nanocapsules for drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 2010, 385(1-2), 113-142.
51. Muthu, M.S.; Singh, S. Targeted Nanomedicines: Effective Treatment Modalities for Cancer, AIDS and Brain Disorders. Nanomedicine (Lond), 2009, 4(1), 105-118.
52. Bei, D.; Meng, J.; Youan, B.B., Engineering Nanomedicines for Improved Melanoma Therapy: Progress and Promises. Nanomedicine (Lond), 2010, 5(9), 1385-1399.
53. Tiwari, R.; Pathak, K., Statins therapy: a review on conventional and novel formulation approaches. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2011, 63(8), 983-998.
54. Soni, A.; Gadad, A.; Dandagi, P.; Mastiholimath, V. Simvastatin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for improved oral bioavailability and sustained release: Effect of formulation variables. Asian J. Pharm., 2011, 5(2), 57-64.
55. Ho, M.H.; Chiang, C.P.; Liu, Y.F.; Kuo, M.Y.; Lin, S.K.; Lai, J.Y.; Lee, B.S. Highly efficient release of lovastatin from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles enhances bone repair in rats. J. Orthop. Res., 2011, 29(10), 1504-1510.
56. Chen, L.; Nakano, K.; Kimura, S.; Matoba, T.; Iwata, E.; Miya-gawa, M.; Tsujimoto, H.; Nagaoka, K.; Kishimoto, J.; Sunagawa, K.; Egashira, K. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of pitavastatin into lungs ameliorates the development and induces regression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension. Hypertension, 2011, 57(2), 343-350.
57. Wang, Q.; Yan, J.; Chen, X.; Li, J.; Yang, Y.; Weng, J.; Deng, C; Yenari, M.A. Statins: multiple neuroprotective mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Exp. Neurol, 2011, 230(1), 27-34.
58. Sun, W.; Xie, C; Wang, H.; Hu, Y. Specific role of polysorbate 80 coating on the targeting of nanoparticles to the brain. Biomater., 2004, 25(15), 3065-3071.
59. Kreuter, J.; Shamenkov, D.; Petrov, V.; Ramge, P.; Cychutek, K.; Koch-Brandt, C; Alyautdin, R. Apolipoprotein-mediated transport of nanoparticle-bound drugs across the blood-brain barrier. J. Drug Target., 2002, 10(4), 317-325.
60. Simsek S.; Eroglu, H.; Kurum, B.; Ulubayram, K. Brain targeting of Atorvastatin loaded amphiphilic PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles. J. Microencapsul, 2013, 30(1), 10-20.
61. Sata, M.; Nishimatsu, H.; Suzuki, E.; Sugiura, S.; Yoshizumi, M.; Ouchi, Y.; Hirata, Y.; Nagai, R. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is essential for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor cerivastatin to promote collateral growth in response to ischemia. FASEB J., 2001, 15(13), 2530-2532.
62. Kureishi, Y.; Luo, Z.; Shiojima, I.; Bialik, A.; Fulton, D.; Lefer, D.J.; Sessa, W.C.; Walsh, K. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals. Nat. Med., 2000, 6(9), 1004-1010.
63. Kubo, M.; Egashira, K.; Inoue, T.; Koga, J.; Oda, S.; Chen, L.; Nakano, K.; Matoba, T.; Kawashima, Y.; Hara, K.; Tsujimoto, H.; Sueishi, K.; Tominaga, R.; Sunagawa, K. Therapeutic neovascularization by manotechnology- mediated cell-selective delivery of pitavastatin into the vascular endothelium. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2009, 29(6), 796-801.
64. Croons, V.; De Meyer, I.; Houten, S.M.; Martinet, W.; Bult, H.; Herman, A.G.; De Meyer, G.R. Effect of statins on the viability of macrophages and smooth muscle cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol, 2010, 55(3), 269-275.
65. Broz, P.; Ben-Haim, N.; Grzelakowski, M.; Marsch, S.; Meier, W.; Hunziker, P. Inhibition of macrophage phagocytotic activity by a receptor-targeted polymer vesicle-based drug delivery formulation of pravastatin. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol, 2008, 51(3), 246-252.
66. Wang, J.; Chen, J.; Ye, N.; Luo, Z.; Lai, W.; Cai, X.; Lin, Y. Absorption, pharmacokinetics and disposition properties of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Curr. Drug Metab., 2012, 13(4), 447-456.
67. Shah, M.; Pathak, K. Development and statistical optimization of solid lipid nanoparticles of simvastatin by using 2(3) full-factorial design. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2010, 11(2), 489-496.
68. Tiwari, R.; Pathak, K. Nanostructured lipid carrier versus solid lipid nanoparticles of simvastatin: comparative analysis of characteristics, pharmacokinetics and tissue uptake. Int. J. Pham., 2011, 415(1-2), 232-243.
69. Suresh, G.; Manjunath, K.; Venkateswarlu, V.; Satyanarayana, V. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of lovastatin solid lipid nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2007, 8(1), E162-E170.
70. Brigger, I.; Dubernet, C.; Couvreur, P. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2002, 54(5), 631-651.
71. Ali, H.; Shirode, A.B.; Sylvester, P.W.; Nazzal, S. Preparation, characterization, and anticancer effects of simvastatin-tocotrienol lipid nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm., 2010, 389(1-2), 223-231.
72. Bangham, A.D.; Standish, M.M.; Watkins, J.C., Diffusion of univa-lent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J. Mol. Biol., 1965, 13(1), 238-252.
73. Forssen, E.; Willis, M. Ligand-targeted liposomes. Adv. Drug De-liv. Rev., 1998, 29(3), 249-271.
74. Zhang, L.; Gu, F.X.; Chan, J.M.; Wang, A.Z.; Langer, R.S.; Farok-hzad, O.C. Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2008, 83(5), 761-769.
75. Afergan, E.; Ben David, M.; Epstein, H.; Koroukhov, N.; Gilhar, D.; Rohekar, K.; Danenberg, H.D.; Golomb, G. Liposomal simvastatin attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in rats. AAPS J., 2010, 12(2), 181-187.
76. Coimbra, M.; Banciu, M.; Fens, M.H.; de Smet, L.; Cabaj, M.; Metselaar, J.M.; Storm, G.; Schiffelers, R.M. Liposomal pravas-tatin inhibits tumor growth by targeting cancer-related inflammation. J. Control. Rel., 2010, 148(3), 303-310.
77. Aso, S.; Ise, H.; Takahashi, M.; Kobayashi, S.; Morimoto, H.; Izawa, A.; Goto, M.; Ikeda, U. Effective uptake of N-acetylglucosamine-conjugated liposomes by cardiomyocytes in vitro. J. Control. Rel., 2007, 122(2), 189-198.
78. Gaucher, G.; Satturwar, P.; Jones, M.C.; Furtos, A.; Leroux, J.C. Polymeric micelles for oral drug delivery. Eur. J. Pharm. Bio-pharm., 2010, 76(2), 147-158.
79. Mekhail, G.M.; Kamel, A.O.; Awad, G.A.; Mortada, N.D. Anticancer effect of atorvastatin nanostructured polymeric micelles based on stearyl-grafted chitosan. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2012, 51(4), 351-363.
80. Liu, X.; Li, X.; Zhou, L.; Li, S.; Sun, J.; Wang, Z.; Gao, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Lu, H.; Wang, Q.; Dai, J. Effects of simvastatin-loaded polymeric micelles on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces, 2013, 102, 420-427.
81. Grattoni, A.; Shen, H.; Fine, D.; Ziemys, A.; Gill, J.S.; Hudson, L.; Hosali, S.; Goodall, R.; Liu, X.; Ferrari, M. Nanochannel technology for constant delivery of chemotherapeutics: beyond metronomic administration. Pharm. Res., 2011, 28(2), 292-300.
82. Sih, J.; Bansal, S.S.; Filippini, S.; Ferrati, S.; Raghuwansi, K.; Zabre, E.; Nicolov, E.; Fine, D.; Ferrari, M.; Palapattu, G.; Grat-toni, A. Characterization of nanochannel delivery membrane systems for the sustained release of resveratrol and atorvastatin: new perspectives on promoting heart health. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405(5), 1547-1557.
83. Tsukie, N.; Nakano, K.; Matoba, T.; Masuda, S.; Iwata, E.; Miya-gawa, M.; Zhao, G.; Meng, W.; Kishimoto, J.; Sunagawa, K.; Ega-shira, K. Pitavastatin-Incorporated Nanoparticle-Eluting Stents Attenuate In-Stent Stenosis without Delayed Endothelial Healing Effects in a Porcine Coronary Artery Model. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2013, 20(1), 32-45.
84. Duncan, R.; Gaspar, R. Nanomedicine(s) under the microscope. Mol. Pharm., 2011, 8(6), 2101-2141.
85. Cagnani, A.; Sonvico, F.; Colombo, P.; Bettini, R.; Alonso, M.J.; Colombo, G.; Rossi, A. Chimerical agglomerates of lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles for powder nasal delivery. Poster presentation at the 2004 AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition; November 7-11, 2004; Baltimore, MD (USA). Poster T3285.
86. Buttini, F.; Colombo, G.; Rossi, A.; Sonvico, F.; Colombo, G. Particles and powders: tools of innovation for non-invasive drug administration. J. Control. Release, 2012, 161(2): 693-702.