Principle of module-level processing demonstrated at single a-Si:H/c-Si Heterojunction solar cells

IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 1018-1024

  Petermann, Jan Hendrik ^a   Schulte Huxel, Henning ^a   Steckenreiter, Verena ^a   Kajari Schröder, Sarah ^a   Brendel, Rolf ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH HAMELIN ISFH   (Germany)

^b LEIBNIZ UNIVERSITY HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Contact recombination velocity; heterojunction; hybrid silicon; laser fired and bonding contacts (LFBCs); module level processing; silicone

Indexed keywords

HETEROJUNCTIONS; OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE; PASSIVATION; SILICON; SILICON WAFERS; SILICONES; SOLAR CELLS; WAFER BONDING;

A-SI: H/C-SI HETEROJUNCTIONS; CONTACT RECOMBINATIONS; CRYSTALLINE SILICON WAFERS; HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS; HYBRID SILICON; LASER-FIRED AND BONDING CONTACTS (LFBCS); SPECIFIC CONTACT RESISTANCES; SURFACE RECOMBINATION VELOCITIES;

GLASS BONDING;

EID: 84903313254     PISSN: 21563381     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2314576     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. R. Brendel, "A novel process for ultrathin monocrystalline silicon solar cells on glass," in Proc. 14th Eur. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., 1997, vol. 1354, pp. 1354-1358.
2. F. J. Henley, "Kerf-free wafering: Technology overview and challenges for thin PV manufacturing," in Proc. IEEE 35th Photovoltaic Spec. Conf., 2010, pp. 001 184-001 192.
3. R. Brendel, "Review of layer transfer processes for crystalline thin-film silicon solar cells," Japanese J. Appl. Phys., vol. 40, no. 7R, pp. 4431-4439, 2001. (Pubitemid 32829558)
4. R. Brendel, J. H. Petermann, D. Zielke, H. Schulte-Huxel, M. Kessler, S. Gatz, S. Eidelloth, R. Bock, E. Garralaga Rojas, J. Schmidt, and T. Dullweber, "High-efficiency cells from layer transfer: A first step toward thin-film/wafer hybrid silicon technologies," IEEE J. Photovoltaics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-15, Jul. 2011.
5. D. M. Powell, M. T. Winkler, H. Choi, C. B. Simmons, D. B. Needleman, and T. Buonassisi, "Crystalline silicon photovoltaics: A cost analysis framework for determining technology pathways to reach baseload electricity costs," Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 5874-5883, 2012.
6. D. M. Powell, M. T. Winkler, A. Goodrich, and T. Buonassisi, "Modeling the cost and minimum sustainable price of crystalline silicon photovoltaic manufacturing in the United States," IEEE J. Photovoltaics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 662-668, Apr. 2013.
7. S. Kajari-Schröder, J. Käsewieter, J. Hensen, and R. Brendel, "Lift-off of free-standing layers in the kerfless porous silicon process," Energy Procedia, vol. 38, pp. 919-925, 2013.
8. V. Steckenreiter, J. Hensen, A. Knorr, E. G. Rojas, S. Kajari-Schröder, and R. Brendel, "Reconditioning of silicon substrates for manifold re-use in the layer transfer process with porous silicon," presented at the 22nd Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf. Exhib., Hangzhou, China, 2012.
9. F. Dross, K. Baert, T. Bearda, J. Deckers, V. Depauw, O. El Daif, I. Gordon, A. Gougam, J. Govaerts, S. Granata, R. Labie, X. Loozen, R. Martini, A. Masolin, B. O'Sullivan, Y. Qiu, J. Vaes, D. Van Gestel, J. V. Hoeymissen, A. Vanleenhove, K. Van Nieuwenhuysen, S. Venkatachalam, M. Meuris, and J. Poortmans, "Crystalline thin-foil silicon solar cells: where crystalline quality meets thin-film processing," Progress Photovoltaics: Res. Appl., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 770-784, 2012.
10. J. van Roosmalen, P. Bronsveld, A. Mewe, G. Janssen, M. Stodolny, E. Cobussen-Pool, I. Bennett, A. Weeber, and B. Geerligs, "Crystalline silicon interconnected strips (XIS): Introductiontoanew, integrated device and module concept," in Proc. IEEE 38th Photovoltaic Spec. Conf., 2012, pp. 001 129-001 134.
11. R. Pavlovic, S. Janz, and S. Reber, "Integrated interconnection of crystalline silicon thin film solar cells," in Proc. 27th Eur. Photovoltaics Solar Energy Conf., 2012, pp. 2453-2458.
12. 2-module concept: Low-temperature passivation and emitter formation on wafers bonded to glass," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 113, pp. 52-60, 2013.
13. V. Steckenreiter, R. Horbelt, D. N. Wright, M. Nese, and R. Brendel, "Qualification of encapsulation materials for module-level-processing, " Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 120, pp. 396-401, 2014.
14. E. Schneiderlöchner, R. Preu, R. Luedemann, and S. Glunz, "Laser-fired rear contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells," Progress Photovoltaics: Res. Appl., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 29-34, 2002. (Pubitemid 34133757)
15. J.-F. Nekarda, F. Lottspeich, A. Wolf, and R. Preu, "Silicon solar cells using aluminum foil as rear side metallization reaching 21.0% efficiency," presented at the 25th Eur. Phtovoltaics Solar Energy Conf./5th World Conf. Photovoltaic Energy Convers., Valencia, Spain, 2010.
16. R. Hezel and K. Jaeger, "Low-temperature surface passivation of silicon for solar cells," J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 518-523, 1989.
17. 3," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 042112-1-042112-3, 2006.
18. x stacks," Physica Status Solidi-Rapid Res. Lett., vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 287-289, 2009.
19. B. Fischer, "Loss analysis of crystalline silicon solar cells using photo-conductance and quantum efficiency measurements" Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty Phys., Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 2003.
20. K. Ramspeck, K. Bothe, J. Schmidt, and R. Brendel, "Combined dynamic and steady-state infrared camera based carrier lifetime imaging of silicon wafers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 106, no. 11, pp. 114 506-1-114 506-10, 2009.
21. A. Richter, S. W. Glunz, F. Werner, J. Schmidt, and A. Cuevas, "Improved quantitative description of auger recombination in crystalline silicon," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 86, no. 16, pp. 165202-1-165202-14, 2012.
22. T. Trupke, M. Green, P. Würfel, P. Altermatt, A. Wang, J. Zhao, and R. Corkish, "Temperature dependence of the radiative recombination coefficient of intrinsic crystalline silicon," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 4930-4937, 2003.
23. A. Sproul, "Dimensionless solution of the equation describing the effect of surface recombination on carrier decay in semiconductors," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 2851-2854, 1994.
24. H. Plagwitz, "Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells by amorphous silicon films" Ph.D. dissertation, Leibniz Faculty Math. Phys. Uni-versität Hannover, Hannover, Germany, 2007.
25. W. Brendle, V. Nguyen, A. Grohe, E. Schneiderlöchner, U. Rau, G. Palfinger, and J. Werner, "20.5% efficient silicon solar cell with a low temperature rear side process using laser-fired contacts," Progress Photovoltaics: Res. Appl., vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 653-662, 2006. (Pubitemid 44651909)
26. D. Kray and S. Glunz, "Investigation of laser-fired rear-side recombination properties using an analytical model," Progress Photovoltaics: Res. Appl., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 195-201, 2006.
27. M. El-Gomati, F. Zaggout, H. Jayacody, S. Tear, and K. Wilson, "Why is it possible to detect doped regions of semiconductors in low voltage SEM: A review and update," Surface Interface Anal., vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 901-911, 2005. (Pubitemid 41755706)
28. E. Schneiderlöchner, "Laserstrahlverfahren zur fertigung kristalliner silizium-solarzellen" Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty Eng., Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, 2004.
29. D. Bäuerle, Laser Processing and Chemistry, vol. 3. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2000.
30. S. Eidelloth, F. Haase, and R. Brendel, "Simulation tool for equivalent circuit modeling of photovoltaic devices," IEEE, J. Photovoltaics, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 572-579, Oct. 2012.
31. J. Nekarda, D. Reinwand, A. Grohe, P. Hartmann, R. Preu, R. Trassl, and S. Wieder, "Industrial PVD metallization for high efficiency crystalline siliconsolar cells," in Proc. IEEE 34th Photovoltaic Spec. Conf., 2009, pp. 000 892-000 896.
32. C. Mader, J. Mueller, S. Eidelloth, and R. Brendel, "Local rear contacts to silicon solar cells by in-line high-rate evaporation of aluminum," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 107, pp. 272-282, 2012.
33. W. Kern, "Cleaning solutions based onhydrogen peroxide for useinsilicon semiconductor technology," RCA Rev., vol. 31, pp. 187-206, 1970.
34. 2-dilution on cell performance," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 106, pp. 47-50, 2012.
35. Q. Wang, M. Page, E. Iwaniczko, Y. Xu, L. Roybal, R. Bauer, B. To, H. Yuan, A. Duda, F. Hasoon, Y. F. Yan, D. Levi, D. Meier, H. M. Branz, and T. H. Wang, "Efficient heterojunction solar cells on p-type crystal silicon wafers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 013507-1-013507-3, 2010.
36. A. Descoeudres, Z. C. Holman, L. Barraud, S. Morel, S. De Wolf, and C. Ballif, "21% efficient silicon heterojunction solar cells on n-and p-type wafers compared," IEEE J. Photovoltaics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 83-89, Jan. 2013.
37. H. Plagwitz, B. Terheiden, and R. Brendel, "Staebler-Wronski-like formation of defects at the amorphous-silicon-crystalline silicon interface during illumination," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 094506-1-094506-4, 2008.
38. P. P. Altermatt, A. Schenk, F. Geelhaar, and G. Heiser, "Reassessment of the intrinsic carrier density in crystalline siliconin view of band-gap narrowing," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 93, no. 3, pp. 1598-1604, 2003.
39. A. Schenk, "Finite-temperature full random-phase approximation model of band gap narrowing for silicon device simulation," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 3684-3695, 1998. (Pubitemid 128600505)
40. H. Schulte-Huxel, S. Blankemeyer, R. Bock, A. Merkle, S. Kajari-Schröder, and R. Brendel, "Aging behaviour of laser welded al-interconnections in crystalline silicon modules," Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 106, pp. 22-26, 2012.