Cows' diet and milk composition

Improving the Safety and Quality of Milk

Volumn 1, Issue , 2010, Pages 223-245

  Harstad, O M ^a   Steinshamn, H ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF BIOECONOMY RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Effects of diet; Fat supplements; Fatty acid composition; Forage source; Milk nutritional quality; Minerals; Vitamins

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902474316     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845699420.3.223     Document Type: Chapter

References (77)

1. Agabriel C., Cornu A., Journal C., Sibra C., Grolier P., Martin B. Tanker milk variability according to farm feeding practices: Vitamins A and E, carotenoids, color, and terpenoids. J Dairy Sci 2007, 90:4884-4896.
2. Almabruk R.M., Beck N.F.G., Dewhurst R.J. Effects of silage species and supplemental vitamin E on the oxidative stability of milk. J Dairy Sci 2004, 87:406-412.
3. Arvidsson K., Gustavsson A-M., Martinsson K. Effects of conservation method on fatty acid composition of silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009, 148:241-252.
4. Bargo F., Muller L.D., Delahoy J.E., Cassidy T.W. Milk response to concentrate supplementation of high producing dairy cows grazing at two pasture allowances. J Dairy Sci 2002, 85:1777-1792.
5. Bargo F., Delahoy J.E., Schroeder G.F., Baumgard L.H., Muller L.D. Supplementing total mixed rations with pasture increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid in milk. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006, 131:226-240.
6. Bauchart D., Verite R., Remond B. Long-chain fatty acid in lactating cows fed fresh grass from spring to autumn. Can J Anim Sci 1984, 64:330-331. (Suppl.).
7. Bell J.A., Griinari J.M., Kennelly J.J. Effect of safflower oil, flaxseed oil, monensin, and vitamin E on concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat. J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:733-748.
8. Boufaied H., Chouinard P.Y., Tremblay G.F., Petit H.V., Michaud R., Belanger G. Fatty acids in forages. I. Factors affecting concentrations. Can J Anim Sci 2003, 83:501-511.
9. Boufaied H., Chouinard P.Y., Tremblay G.F., Petit H.V., Michaud R., Belanger G. Fatty acids in forages. II. In vitro ruminai biohydrogenation of linolenic and linoleic acids from timothy. Can J Anim Sci 2003, 83:513-522.
10. Butler G., Nielsen J.H., Slots T., Eyre M.D., Sanderson R., Leifert C. Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in milk from high-and low-input conventional and organic systems: seasonal variation. J Sci Food Agric 2008, 88:1431-1441.
11. Calderon F., Chauveau-Duriot B., Pradel P., Martin B., Graulet B., Doreau M., Noziere P. Variations in carotenoids, vitamins A and E, and color in cow's plasma and milk following a shift from hay diet to diets containing increasing levels of carotenoids and vitamin E. J Dairy Sci 2007, 90:5651-5664.
12. Charmley E., Nicholson J.W.G. Influence of dietary-fat source on oxidative stability and fatty-acid composition of milk from cows receiving a low or high level of dietary Vitamin-E. Can J Anim Sci 1994, 74:657-664.
13. Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., Mansbridge R.M., Doreau M. Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Ann Zootech 2000, 181-205.
14. Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., Doreau M. Effect of different types of forages, animal fat or marine oils in cow's diet on milk fat secretion and composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Livest Prod Sci 2001, 70:31-48.
15. Chilliard Y., Glasser F., Ferlay A., Bernard L., Rouel J., Doreau M. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2007, 109:828-855.
16. Collomb M., Bisig W., Bütdcofer U., Sieber R., Bregy M., Etter L. Fatty acid composition of mountain milk from Switzerland: Comparison of organic and integrated farming systems. Int Dairy J 2008, 18:976-982.
17. Coulon J.B., Remond B. Variations in milk output and milk protein-content in response to the level of energy supply to the dairy cow - a review. Livest Prod Sci 1991, 29:31-47.
18. Crout N.M., Voigt G. Modeling the dynamics of radioiodine in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1996, 79:254-259.
19. Dahl L., Opsahl J.A., Meltzer H.M., Julshamn K. Iodine concentration in Norwegian milk and dairy products. Br J Nutr 2003, 90:679-685.
20. Depeters E.J., Ferguson J.D. Nonprotein nitrogen and protein distribution in the milk of cows. J Dairy Sci 1992, 75:3192-3209.
21. Dewhurst R.J., King P.J. Effects of extended wilting, shading and chemical additives on the fatty acids in laboratory grass silages. Grass Forage Sci 1998, 219-224.
22. Dewhurst R.J., Davies D.R., Merry R.J. Microbial protein supply from the rumen. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2000, 85:1-21.
23. Dewhurst R.J., Scollan N.D., Youell S.J., Tweed K., Humphreys M.O. Influence of species, cutting date and cutting interval on the fatty acid composition of grasses. Grass Forage Sci 2001, 56:68-74.
24. Dewhurst R.J., Evans R.T., Scollan N.D., Moorby J.M., Merry R.J., Wilkins R.J. Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 2. In vivo and in sacco evaluations of rumen function. J Dairy Sci 2003, 86:2612-2621.
25. Dewhurst R.J., Fisher W.J., Tweed J.K.S., Wilkins R.J. Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1. Production responses with different levels of concentrate. J Dairy Sci 2003, 86:2598-2611.
26. Dewhurst R.J., Shingfield K.J., Lee M.R.F., Scollan N. Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006, 131:168-206.
27. Dhiman T.R., Anand G.R., Satter L.D., Pariza M.W. Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J Dairy Sci 1999, 82:2146-2156.
28. Dhiman T.R., Satter L.D., Pariza M.W., Galli M.P., Albright K., Tolosa M.X. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J Dairy Sci 2000, 83:1016-1027.
29. Doreau M., Ferlay A. Digestion and utilization of fatty-acids by ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1994, 45:379-396.
30. Ekern A., Havrevoll O., Haug A., Berg J., Lindstad P., Skeie S. Oat and barley based concentrate supplements for dairy cows. Acta Agric Scand Sect A - Anim Sci 2003, 53:65-73.
31. Elgersma A., Ellen G., van der Horst H., Muuse B.G., Boer H., Tamminga S. Comparison of the fatty acid composition of fresh and ensiled perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), affected by cultivar and regrowth interval. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003, 108:191-205.
32. Elgersma A., Ellen G., van der Horst H., Boer H., Dekker P.R., Tamminga S. Quick changes in milk fat composition from cows after transition from fresh grass to a silage diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004, 117:13-27.
33. Elgersma A., Maudet P., Witkowska I.M., Wever A.C. Effects of nitrogen fertilisation and regrowth period on fatty acid concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Ann Appl Biol 2005, 147:145-152.
34. Elgersma A., van der Hoeven E., Witkowska I., Smit H.J. Effects of the grazed horizon in perennial ryegrass swards on the cojugated linoleic acid concentration in milk of dairy cows. Grassi Sci Eur 2008, 13:388-389.
35. Ellis K.A., Innocent G., Grove-White D., Cripps P., McLean W.G., Howard C.V., Mihm M. Comparing the fatty acid composition of organic and conventional milk. J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:1938-1950.
36. Fearon A.M., Mayne C.S., Marsden S. The effect of inclusion of naked oats in the concentrate offered to dairy cows on milk production, milk fat composition and properties. J Sci Food Agric 1996, 72:273-282.
37. Fearon A.M., Sinclair Mayne C., Beattie J.A.M., Bruce D.W. Effect of level of oil inclusion in the diet of dairy cows at pasture on animal performance and milk composition and properties. J Sci Food Agric 2004, 84:497-504.
38. Ferlay A., Martin B., Pradel P., Coulon J.B., Chilliard Y. Influence of grass-based diets on milk fatty acid composition and milk lipolytic system in Tarentaise and Montbeliarde cow breeds. J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:4026-4041.
39. Givens D.I., Allison R., Cottrill B., Blake J.S. Enhancing the selenium content of bovine milk through alteration of the form and concentration of selenium in the diet of the dairy cow. J Sci Food Agric 2004, 84:811-817.
40. Griinari J.M., Bauman D.E. Regulation of milk fat production. Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, and Impact of Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress 2006, 383-411. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund, M.O. Nielson (Eds.).
41. Griinari J.M., Corl B.A., Lacy S.H., Chouinard P.Y., Nurmela K.V.V., Bauman D.E. Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by Delta(9)-desaturase. J Nutr 2000, 130:2285-2291.
42. Harfoot C.V., Hazlewood G.P. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem 1997, 382-426. Blackie, London.
43. Haug A., Hostmark A.T., Harstad O.M. Bovine milk in human nutrition - a review. Lipids Health Dis 2007, 6:25-41.
44. Havemose M.S., Weisbjerg M.R., Wender W.L.P., Bredie L.P., Nielsen J.H. Influence of feeding different types of roughage on the oxidative stability of milk. Int Dairy J 2004, 14:563-570.
45. Havemose M.S., Weisbjerg M.R., Bredie W.L.P., Poulsen H.D., Nielsen J.H. Oxidative stability of milk influenced by fatty acids, antioxidants, and copper derived from feed. J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:1970-1980.
46. Hawke J.C. Lipids. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage 1973, 213-263. Academic Press, London. U.W. Butler, R.W. Bailey (Eds.).
47. Huthanen P., Rinne M. Effects of increasing the milk yield of dairy cows on milk composition. J Anim Feed Sci 2006, 16(1):42-58.
48. Jahreis G., Fritsche J., Steinhart H. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat: High variation depending on production system. Nutr Res 1997, 17:1479-1484.
49. Jensen S.K., Johannsen A.K.B., Hermansen J.E. Quantitative secretion and maximal secretion capacity of retinol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol into cows' milk. J Dairy Res 1999, 66:511-522.
50. Kaylegian K.E., Lindsay R.C. Milk fat usage and modification. Handbook of Milkfat Fractionation Technology and Application 1995, 1-18. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. K.E. Kaylegian, R.C. Lindsay (Eds.).
51. Kurtz F.E. The lipids of milk: composition and properties. Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry 1978, 125-219. Avi Publishing, Westport, CT. 2nd edn. B.H. Webb, A.H. Johnson, J.A. Alford (Eds.).
52. Lapierre H., Pacheco D., Berthiaume R., Ouellet D.R., Schwab C.G., Dubreuil P., Holtrop G., Lobley G.E. What is the true supply of amino acids?. J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:E1-E14. (E Suppl).
53. Lee M.R.F., Winters A.L., Scollan N.D., Dewhurst R.J., Theodorou M.K., Minchin F.R. Plant-mediated lipolysis and proteolysis in red clover with different polyphenol oxidase activities. J Sci Food Agric 2004, 84:1639-1645.
54. Leiber F., Kreuzer M., Nigg D., Wettstein H.R., Scheeder M.R.L. A study on the causes for the elevated n-3 fatty acids in cows' milk of alpine origin. Lipids 2005, 40:191-202.
55. 9-desaturase activity in dairy cows. Livest Prod Sci 2003, 79:47-59.
56. Lourenço M., Van Ranst G., Vlaeminck B., De Smet S., Fievez V. Influence of different dietary forages on the fatty acid composition of rumen digesta as well as ruminant meat and milk. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008, 145:418-437.
57. Martin B., Fedele E., Ferlay A., Grolier P., Rock E., Gruffat D., Chillard Y. Effects of grass-based diets on the content of micronutrients and fatty acids in bovine and caprine dairy products. Grassi Sci Eur 2004, 9:876-886.
58. McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D., Morgan C.A. Animal Nutrition 2002, Prentice Hall, Harlow, UK. 6th edn.
59. McDowell L.R., Williams S.N., Hidiroglou N., Hill G.M., Ochoa L., Wilkinson N.S. Vitamin E supplementation for the ruminant. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1996, 60:273-296.
60. Meglia G.E., Jensen S.K., Lauridsen C., Waller K.P. Alpha-tocopherol concentration and stereoisomer composition in plasma and milk from dairy cows fed natural or synthetic vitamin E around calving. J Dairy Res 2006, 73:227-234.
61. Muller C.E., Moller J., Jensen S.K., Uden P. Tocopherol and carotenoid levels in baled silage and haylage in relation to horse requirements. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007, 137:182-197.
62. Nocek J.E., Tamminga S. Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effects on milk yield and composition. J Dairy Sci 1991, 74:3598-3629.
63. Norwegian Feed Table 2008, accessed 4 October 2008. http://www.umb.no/iha/fortabell/index.php.
64. Noziere P., Grolier P., Durand D., Ferlay A., Pradel P., Martin B. Variations in carotenoids, fat-soluble micronutrients, and color in cows' plasma and milk following changes in forage and feeding level. J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:2634-2648.
65. Palmquist D.L., Jenkins T.C. Fat in lactation rations: Review. J Dairy Sci 1980, 63:1-14.
66. Palmquist D.L., Beaulieu A.D., Barbano D.M. Feed and animal factors influencing milk-fat composition. J Dairy Sci 1993, 76:1753-1771.
67. Reynolds C.K. Production and metabolic effects of site of starch digestion in lactating dairy cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006, 130:78-94.
68. Shingfield K.J., Salo-Vaananen P., Pahkala E., Toivonen V., Jaakkola S., Piironen V., Huhtanen P. Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows' milk. J Dairy Res 2005, 72:349-361.
69. Sjaastad ØV., Hove K., Sand O. Physiology of Domestic Animals 2003, Scandinavian Veterinary Press, Oslo.
70. Slots T., Skibsted L.H., Nielsen J.H. The difference in transfer of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol stereo-isomers to milk from cows and the effect on its oxidative stability. Int Dairy J 2007, 17:737-745.
71. St-Laurent A.M., Hidiroglou M., Snoddon M., Nicholson J.W.G. Effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation to dairy-cows on milk and plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations and on spontaneous oxidized flavor in milk. Can J Anim Sci 1990, 70:561-570.
72. Steinshamn H., Thuen E. White or red clover-grass silage in organic dairy milk production: Grassland productivity and milk production responses with different levels of concentrate. Livest Sci 2008, 119:202-215.
73. Van Dorland H.A., Kreuzer M., Leuenberger H., Wettstein H-R. Comparative potential of white and red clover to modify the milk fatty acid profile of cows fed ryegrass-based diets from zero-grazing and silage systems. J Sci Food Agric 2008, 88:77-85.
74. Van Ranst G., Fievez V., De Riek J., Van Bockstaele E. Influence of ensiling forages at different dry matters and silage additives on lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009, 150:62-74.
75. Vanhatalo A., Kuoppala K., Toivonen V., Shingfield K.J. Effects of forage species and stage of maturity on bovine milk fatty acid composition. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2007, 109:856-867.
76. Weiss W.P. Selenium nutrition of dairy cows: Comparing responses to organic and inorganic selenium forms. Proc 19th Alltech Annual Symp Nutr, Biotechnol Feed Food Ind 2003, 333-343. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. P.T. Lyons, K.A. Jacques (Eds.).
77. White P.J. Fatty acids in oilseeds (vegetable oils). Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications 2000, 209-238. Marcel Dekker, New York. C.K. Chow (Ed.).