Are polyploids really evolutionary dead-ends (again)? A critical reappraisal of Mayrose et al. (2011)

New Phytologist

Volumn 202, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 1105-1117

  Soltis, Douglas E ^a,b   Segovia Salcedo, María Claudia ^a,c   Jordon Thaden, Ingrid ^a,d   Majure, Lucas ^a   Miles, Nicolas M ^a   Mavrodiev, Evgeny V ^b   Mei, Wenbin ^a   Cortez, María Beatriz ^a   Soltis, Pamela S ^a,b   Gitzendanner, Matthew A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS ESPE   (Ecuador)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Diversification; Evolutionary dead end; Extinction; Genome doubling; Polyploidy

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSPERM; EVOLUTION; FERN; GENETICS; POLYPLOIDY; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; SPECIES EXTINCTION;

ANGIOSPERMS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; EXTINCTION, BIOLOGICAL; FERNS; GENETIC SPECIATION; POLYPLOIDY;

EID: 84899911988     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: 14698137     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/nph.12756     Document Type: Letter

References (131)

1. Abbott RD, Albach D, Ansell S, Arntzen JW, Baird SJE, Bierne N, Boughman J, Brelsford A, Buerkle CA, Buggs R et al. 2013. Hybridization and speciation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26: 229-246.
2. Acevedo-Rosas R, Cameron K, Sosa V, Pell S. 2004. A molecular phylogenetic study of Graptopetalum (Crassulaceae) based on ETS, ITS, rpl16, and trnL-F nucleotide sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 1099-1104.
3. Amborella Genome Consortium. Chamala S, Chanderbali A, Der J, Lan T, Walts B, Albert V, dePamphilis C, Leebens-Mack J, Rounsley S, Schuster S, Wing R, Xiao N, Moore R, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Barbazuk WB et al. 2013. The complete nuclear genome of Amborella trichopoda: an evolutionary reference genome for the angiosperms. Science 342: art. no. 6165.
4. Arakaki M, Christin PA, Nyffeler R, Lendel A, Eggli U, Ogburn RM, Spriggs E, Moore MM, Edwards EJ. 2011. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world's major succulent plant lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 108: 8379-8384.
5. Arnold ML. 1997. Natural hybridization and evolution. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
6. Arrigo N, Barker MS. 2012. Rarely successful polyploids and their legacy in plant genomes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 15: 140-146.
7. Azuma T, García-Franco JG, Rico-Gray V, Thien LB. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeographic of tropical and temperate disjunctions. American Journal of Botany 88: 2275-2285.
8. Bakker FT, Culham A, Hettiarachi P, Touloumenidou T, Gibby M. 2004. Phylogeny of Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) based on DNA sequences from three genomes. Taxon 53: 17-28.
9. Barker MS, Kane NC, Matvienko M, Kozik A, Michelmore W, Knapp SJ, Rieseberg LH. 2008. Multiple paleopolyploidizations during the evolution of the Compositae reveal parallel patterns of duplicate gene retention after millions of years. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25: 2445-2455.
10. Barker MS, Vogel H, Schranz ME. 2009. Paleopolyploidy in the Brassicales: analyses of the cleome transcriptome elucidate the history of genome duplications in Arabidopsis and other Brassicales. Genome Biology and Evolution 1: 391-399.
11. Beardsley PM, Schoenig SE, Whittall JB, Olmstead RG. 2004. Patterns of evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae). American Journal of Botany 91: 474-489.
12. Bell C, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 2010. The age and diversification of angiosperms re-revisited. American Journal of Botany 97: 1296-1303.
13. Bell CD, Mavrodiev EV, Soltis PS, Calaminus AK, Albach DC, Cellinese N, Garcia-Jacas N, Soltis DE. 2012. Rapid radiation of Tragopogon and associated floristic elements in Eurasia. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25: 2470-2480.
14. Berry PE, Hahn WJ, Sytsma KJ, Hall JC, Mast A. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Fushia (Onacraceae) based on noncoding nuclear and chloroplast DNA data. American Journal of Botany 91: 601-614.
15. Blanc G, Wolfe KH. 2004. Widespread paleopolyploidy in model plant species inferred from age distributions of duplicate genes. Plant Cell 16: 1667-1678.
16. Bordbar F, Rahiminejad MR, Saeidi H, Blattner FR. 2011. Phylogeny and genetic diversity of D-genome species of Aegilops and Triticum (Triticeae, Poaceae) from Iran based on microsatellites, ITS, and trnL-F. Plant Systematics and Evolution 291: 117-131.
17. Bowers JE, Chapman BA, Rong JK, Paterson AH. 2003. Unraveling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events. Nature 422: 433-438.
18. Bruchler C, Meimberg H, Heubl G. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of the genera Digitalis L. and Isoplexis (Lindley) Loudon (Veronicaceae) based on ITS- and trnL-F sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 248: 111-128.
19. Brunsfeld SJ, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 1991. Patterns of genetic-variation in Salix section Longifoliae (Salicaceae). American Journal of Botany 78: 855-869.
20. Brysting AK, Oxelman B, Huber KT, Moulton V, Brochmann C. 2007. Untangling complex histories of genome mergings in high polyploids. Systematic Biology 56: 467-476.
21. Cannon SB, Sterck L, Rombauts S, Sato S, Cheung F, Gouzy J, Wang X, Mudge J, Vasdewani J, Scheix T et al. 2006. Legume genome evolution viewed through the Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 14959-14964.
22. Chase MW, Knapp S, Cox AV, Clarkson JJ, Butsko Y, Joseph J, Savolainen V, Parokonny AS. 2003. Molecular systematics, GISH and the origin of hybrid taxa in Nicotiana (Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 92: 107-127.
23. Chester M, Gallagher JP, Symonds VV, Cruz Veruska, da Silva A, Mavrodiev EV, Leitch AR, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. 2012. Extensive chromosomal variation in a recently formed natural allopolyploid species, Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 109: 1176-1181.
24. Church SA, Taylor DR. 2005. Speciation and hybridization among Houstonia (Rubiaceae) species: the influence of polyploidy on reticulate evolution. American Journal of Botany 92: 1372-1380.
25. Clarkson JJ, Knapp S, Garcia VF, Olmstead RG, Leitch AR, Chase MW. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) inferred from multiple plastid DNA regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 75-90.
26. Crane PR, Pedersen KR, Friis EM, Drinnan AN. 1993. Early Cretaceous (early to Middle Albian) platanoid inflorescences associated with Sapindopsis leaves from the potomac group of Eastern North America. Systematic Botany 18: 328-344.
27. Crawford DJ, Mort ME. 2005. Phylogeny of eastern North American Coreopsis (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences and comments on character evolution. American Journal of Botany 92: 330-336.
28. Cui L, Wall PK, Leebens-Mack JH, Lindsay BG, Soltis DE, Doyle JJ, Soltis PS, Carlson JE, Arumuganathan K, Barakat A et al. 2006. Widespread genome duplications throughout the history of flowering plants. Genome Research 16: 738-749.
29. Davis MP, Midford PE, Maddison W. 2013. Exploring power and parameter estimation of the BiSSE method for analyzing species diversification. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 38.
30. Doolittle WF. 1999. Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree. Science 284: 2124-2129.
31. Doyle JJ. 1983. Flavonoid races of Claytonia virginica (Portulacaceae). American Journal of Botany 70: 1086-1091.
32. Doyle JJ, Flagel LE, Paterson AH, Rapp RA, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Wendel JE. 2008. Evolutionary genetics of genome merger and doubling in plants. Annual Review of Genetics 42: 443-461.
33. Fairfield KN, Mort ME, Santos-Guerra A. 2004. Phylogenetics and evolution of the Macaronesian members of the genus Aichryson (Crassulaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequence. Plant Systematics and Evolution 248: 71-83.
34. Farmer SB, Schilling EE. 2002. Phylogenetic analyses of Trilliaceae based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Botany 27: 674-692.
35. Fernández-Mazuecos M, Vargas P. 2010. Ecological rather than geographical isolation dominates Quaternary formation of Mediterranean Cistus species. Molecular Ecology 19: 1381-1395.
36. FitzJohn RG, Maddison WP, Otto SP. 2009. Estimating trait-dependent speciation and extinction rates from incompletely resolved phylogenies. Systematic Biology 58: 595-611.
37. Flagel LE, Wendel JF. 2009. Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in plants. New Phytologist 183: 557-564.
38. Friis EM, Crane PR, Pedersen KR. 1988. Reproductive structures of Cretaceous Platanaceae. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter 31: 1-55.
39. Gaeta RT, Pires JC, Iniguez-Luy F, Leon E, Osborn TC. 2007. Genomic changes in resynthesized Brassica napus and their effect on gene expression and phenotype. Plant Cell 19: 1-15.
40. Garcia N, Meerow AW, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 2014. Testing deep reticulate evolution in Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae (Asparagales) with ITS and chloroplast sequence data. Systematic Botany 39: 75-89.
41. Gilbert C, Dempcy J, Ganong C, Patterson R, Spicer GS. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships within Phacelia subgenus Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae) inferred from nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data. Systematic Botany 30: 627-634.
42. Graham SA, Freudenstein JV, Luker M. 2006. A phylogenetic study of Cuphea (Lythraceae) based on morphology and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. Systematic Botany 31: 764-778.
43. Grant V. 1981. Plant speciation, 2nd edn. New York, NY, USA: Columbia University Press.
44. Grover CE, Grupp KK, Wanzek RJ, Wendel JF. 2012. Assessing the monophyly of polyploid Gossypium species. Plant Systematics and Evolution 298: 1177-1183.
45. Guggisberg A, Mansion G, Conti E. 2009. Disentangling reticulate evolution in an artic-alpine polyploid complex. Systematic Biology 58: 55-73.
46. Guo YP, Ehrendorfer F, Samuel R. 2004. Phylogeny and systematics of Achillea (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) inferred from nrITS and plastid trnL-F DNA sequences. Taxon 53: 657-672.
47. Hao G, Lucero ME, Sanderson SC, Zacharias EH, Holbrook NM. 2013. Polyploidy enhances the occupation of heterogeneous environments through hydraulic related trade-offs in Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae). New Phytologist 197: 970-978.
48. Hawkins JS, Proulx SR, Rapp RA, Wendel JF. 2009. Rapid DNA loss as a counterbalance to genome expansion through retrotransposon proliferation in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106: 17811-17816.
49. He ZC, Li JQ, Cai Q, Wang Q. 2005. The cytology of Actinidia, Saurauia and Clematoclethra (Actinidiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 147: 369-374.
50. Hoggard GD, Kores PJ, Molvray M, Hoggard RK. 2004. The phylogeny of Gaura (Onagraceae) based on ITS, ETS, and trnL-F sequence data. American Journal of Botany 91: 139-148.
51. Huson DH, Bryant D. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 254-267.
52. Huson DH, Scornavacca C. 2010. A survey of combinatorial methods for phylogenetic networks. Genome Biology and Evolution 3: 23-35.
53. Jaillon O, Aury J-M, Noel B, Policriti A, Clepet C, Casagrande A, Choisne N, Aubourg S, Vitulo N, Jubin C et al. 2007. The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla. Nature 449: 463-467.
54. Jiao Y, Leebens-Mack J, Ayyampalayam S, Bowers JE, McKain MR, McNeal J, Rolf M, Ruzicka DR, Wafula E, Wickett NJ et al. 2012. A genome triplication associated with early diversification of the core eudicots. Genome Biology 13: R3.
55. Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, Soltis PS et al. 2011. Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature 473: 97-100.
56. Kelly LJ, Leitch AR, Clarkson JJ, Knapp S, Chase MW. 2012. Reconstructing the complex evolutionary origin of wild allopolyploid tobaccos (Nicotiana section Suaveolentes). Evolution 67: 80-94.
57. Kenicer GJ, Kajita T, Pennington RT, Murata J. 2005. Systematics and biogeography of Lathyrus (Leguminosae) based on internal transcribed spacer and cpDNA sequence data. American Journal of Botany 92: 1199-1209.
58. Kim S, Park CW, Kim YD, Suh Y. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in family Magnoliaceae inferred from ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 88: 717-728.
59. Knobloch E, Mai DH. 1986. Monographie der Früchte und Samen in der Kreide von Mitteleuropa. Rozpravy ustredniho ustavu geologickenho, Praha 47: 1-219.
60. Leitch AR, Leitch IJ. 2008. Genomic plasticity and the diversity of polyploidy plants. Science 320: 481-483.
61. Leitch IJ, Hanson L, Lim KY, Kovarik A, Chase MW, Clarkson JJ, Leitch AR. 2008. The ups and downs of genome size evolution in polyploid species of Nicotiana (Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 101: 805-814.
62. Levin DA. 1975. Minority cytotype exclusion in local plant populations. Taxon 24: 35-43.
63. Lewis H. 1970. Extreme instability of chromosome number in Claytonia virginica. Taxon 19: 180-182.
64. Linder CR, Rieseberg LH. 2004. Reconstructing patterns of reticulate evolution in plants. American Journal of Botany 91: 1700-1708.
65. Lott M, Spillner A, Huber KT, Petri A, Oxelman B, Moulton V. 2009. Inferring polyploid phylogenies from multiply-labeled gene trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 216.
66. Lyons E, Pedersen B, Kane J, Alam M, Ming R, Tang H, Wang X, Bowers J, Paterson A, Lisch D et al. 2008. Finding and comparing syntenic regions among Arabidopsis and the outgroups papaya, poplar, and grape: CoGe with rosids. Plant Physiology 148: 1772-1781.
67. Mabberley D. 1997. The plant book. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
68. Maddison WP, Midford PE, Otto SP. 2007. Estimating a binary character's effect on speciation and extinction. Systematic Biology 56: 701-710.
69. Magallón S, Crane PR, Herendeen PS. 1999. Phylogenetic pattern, diversity, and diversification of eudicots. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 297-372.
70. Majure LC, Puente R, Griffith MP, Judd WS, Soltis PS, Soltis DS. 2012a. Phylogeny of Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae): clade delineation, geographic origins, and reticulate evolution. American Journal of Botany 99: 847-864.
71. Majure LC, Puente R, Pinkava DJ. 2012b. Miscellaneous chromosome counts in Opuntieae (Cactaceae) with a compilation of counts for the group. Haseltonia 18: 67-78.
72. Manchester SR. 1994. Fruits and seeds of the middle Eocene nut beds flora Clarno Formation, Oregon. Palaeontographica Americana 58: 7-200.
73. Marcussen T, Jakobsen KS, Danihelka J, Ballard HE, Blaxland K, Brysting AK, Oxelman B. 2012. Inferring species networks from gene trees in high-polyploid North American and Hawaiian violets (Viola, Violaceae). Systematic Biology 61: 107-126.
74. Marks CE, Newbigin E, Ladiges PY. 2011. Comparative morphology and phylogeny of Nicotiana section Suaveolentes (Solanaceae) in Australia and the South Pacific. Australian Systematic Botany 24: 61-86.
75. Masterson J. 1994. Stomatal size in fossil plants - evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiosperms. Science 264: 421-424.
76. Mayrose I, Zhan SH, Rothfels CJ, Magnuson-Ford K, Barker MS, Rieseberg LH, Otto SP. 2011. Recently formed polyploid plants diversify at lower rates. Science 333: 1257.
77. McBreen K, Lockhart PJ. 2006. Reconstructing reticulate evolutionary histories of plants. Trends in Plant Science 11: 398-404.
78. McKain MR, Wickett N, Zhang Y, Ayyampalayam S, McCombie WR, Chase MW, Pires JC, dePamphilis CW, Leebens-Mack J. 2012. Phylogenomic analysis of transcriptome data elucidates co-occurrence of a paleopolyploid event and the origin of bimodal karyotypes in Agavoideae (Asparagaceae). American Journal of Botany 99: 397-406.
79. Ming R, Hou S, Feng Y, Yu Q, Dionne-Laporte A, Saw JH, Senin P, Wang W, Ly BV, Lewis KLT et al. 2008. The draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (Carica papaya L.). Nature 452: 991-996.
80. Moore MJ, Tye A, Jansen RK. 2006. Patterns of long-distance dispersal in Tiquilia subg. Tiquilia (Boraginaceae): implications for the origins of amphitropical disjuncts and Galapagos Islands endemics. American Journal of Botany 93: 1163-1177.
81. Mort ME, O'Leary R, Carrillo-Reyes P, Nowell T, Archibald J, Randle C. 2010. Phylogeny and evolution of Crassulaceae: past, present, and future. Juergens N, Metzing D, eds. Phylogeny of succulent plant families. Hamburg, Germany: Biocentre Klein Flottbek, 69-86.
82. Mort ME, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of Crassulaceae inferred from matK sequence data. American Journal of Botany 88: 76-91.
83. Njuguna W, Liston A, Cronn R, Ashman T-L, Bassil N. 2013. Insights into phylogeny sex function and age of Fragaria based on whole chloroplast genome sequencing. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 17-29.
84. Ohi-Toma T, Sugawara T, Murata H, Wanke S, Neinhuis C, Murata J. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of Aristolochia sensu lato (Aristolochiaceae) based on sequences of rbcL, matK, and phyA genes, with special reference to differentiation of chromosome numbers. Systematic Botany 31: 481-492.
85. Oyama RK, Baum DA. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of North American Antirrhinum (Veronicaceae). American Journal of Botany 91: 918-925.
86. Paterson AH, Bowers JE, Chapman BA. 2004. Ancient polyploidization predating divergence of the cereals, and its consequences for comparative genomics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 9903-9908.
87. Pellicer J, Clermont S, Houston L, Rich T, Fay MF. 2012. Cytotype diversity in the Sorbus complex (Rosaceae) in Britasorting out the puzzle. Annals of Botany 110: 1185-1193.
88. Petersen G, Seberg O, Yde M, Berthelsen K. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of Triticum and Aegilops and evidence for the origin of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 70-82.
89. Pinkava DJ. 2002. On the evolution of the North American Opuntioideae. Hunt D, Taylor NP, eds. Studies in the Opuntioideae (Cactaceae). Sherborne, UK: David Hunt, 59-98.
90. Powell EA, Kron KA. 2002. Hawaiian blueberries and their relatives - a phylogenetic analysis of Vaccinium sections Macropelma, Myrtillus, and Hemimyrtillus (Ericaceae). Systematic Botany 27: 768-779.
91. Quental TB, Marshall CR. 2010. Diversity dynamics: molecular phylogenies need the fossil record. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25: 434-441.
92. Rabosky DL. 2009. Ecological limits on clade diversification in higher taxa. American Naturalist 173: 662-674.
93. Rabosky DL. 2010. Extinction rates should not be estimated from molecular phylogenies. Evolution 64: 1816-1824.
94. Ramsey J, Schemske DW. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploidy formation in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 467-501.
95. Reid E, Chandler M. 1933. The London clay flora. London, UK: British Museum of Natural History.
96. Renner SS, Zhang LB, Murata J. 2004. A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa. American Journal of Botany 91: 881-888.
97. Rieseberg LH, Willis JH. 2007. Plant speciation. Science 317: 910-914.
98. Roulin A, Auer PL, Libault M, Schlueter J, Farmer A, May G, Stacey G, Doerge RW, Jackson SA. 2013. The fate of duplicated genes in a polyploid plant genome. Plant Journal 73: 143-153.
99. Sang T, Crawford DJ, Stuessy TF. 1997. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reticulate evolution, and biogeography of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 84: 1120-1136.
100. Scheen AC, Brochmann C, Brysting AK, Elven R, Morris A, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Albert VA. 2004. Northern hemisphere biogeography of Cerastium (Caryophyllaceae): insights from phylogenetic analysis of noncoding plastid nucleotide sequences. American Journal of Botany 91: 943-952.
101. Schlueter JA, Dixon P, Granger C, Grant D, Clark L, Doyle JJ, Shoemaker RC. 2004. Mining EST databases to resolve evolutionary events in major crop species. Genome 47: 868-876.
102. Shi T, Huang H, Barker MS. 2010. Ancient genome duplications during the evolution of kiwifruit (Actinidia) and related Ericales. Annals of Botany 106: 497-504.
103. Soltis DE, Buggs RJA, Doyle JJ, Soltis PS. 2010. What we still don't know about polyploidy. Taxon 59: 1387-1403.
104. Soltis DE, Mavrodiev EV, Doyle JJ, Rauscher J, Soltis PS. 2008. ITS and ETS sequence data and phylogeny reconstruction in allopolyploids and hybrids. Systematic Botany 33: 7-20.
105. Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 1990. Isozyme evidence for ancient polyploidy in primitive Angiosperms. Systematic Botany 15: 328-337.
106. Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 1993. Molecular data and the dynamic nature of polyploidy. Critical Reviews in Plant Science 12: 243-273.
107. Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 1999. Polyploidy: recurrent formation and genome evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14: 348-352.
108. Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Schemske DW, Hancock JF, Thompson JN, Husband BC, Judd WS. 2007. Autopolyploidy in angiosperms: have we grossly underestimated the number of species? Taxon 56: 13-30.
109. Soltis PS, Brockington SF, Yoo M-J, Piedrahita A, Latvis M, Moore MJ, Chanderbali AS, Soltis DE. 2009. Floral variation and floral genetics in basal angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 96: 110-128.
110. Soltis PS, Soltis DE. 2000. The role of genetic and genomic changes in the success of polyploids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97: 7051-7057.
111. Soltis PS, Soltis DE. 2009. The role of hybridization in plant speciation. Annual Review of Plant Biology 60: 561-588.
112. Spalik K, Downie SR. 2006. The evolutionary history of Sium sensu lato (Apiaceae): dispersal, vicariance, and domestication as inferred from ITS rDNA phylogeny. American Journal of Botany 93: 747-761.
113. Stebbins CL Jr. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. New York, NY, USA: Columbia University Press.
114. Stebbins GL. 1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. London, UK: Addison-Wesley.
115. Tank DC, Olmstead RG. 2008. From annuals to perennials: phylogeny of subtribe Castillernae (Orobanchaceae). American Journal of Botany 95: 608-625.
116. Tate JA, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 2005. Polyploidy in plants. Gregory TR, ed. The evolution of the genome. San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier Academic Press, 371-426.
117. Tayale A, Parisod C. 2013. Natural pathways to polyploidy in plants and consequences for genome reorganization. Cytogenetic and Genome Research 140: 79-96.
118. Tuskan GA, DiFazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, Putnam N, Ralph S, Rombauts S, Salamov A et al. 2006. The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 313: 1596-1604.
119. Valente LM, Savolainen V, Vargas P. 2010. Unparalleled rates of species diversification in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 277: 1489-1496.
120. Van de Peer Y. 2011. A mystery unveiled. Genome Biology 12: 113-114.
121. Van de Peer Y, Meyer A. 2005. Large-scale gene and ancient genome duplications. Gregory TR, ed. The evolution of the genome. San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier Academic Press, 329-368.
122. Vargas P, Carrio E, Guzman B, Amat E, Guemes J. 2009. A geographical pattern of Antirrhinum (Scrophulariaceae) speciation since the Pliocene based on plastid and nuclear DNA polymorphisms. Journal of Biogeography 36: 1297-1312.
123. Vision TJ, Brown DG, Tanksley SD. 2000. The origins of genomic duplications in Arabidopsis. Science 290: 2114-2117.
124. Wagner WH. 1970. Biosystematics and evolutionary noise. Taxon 19: 146-151.
125. Wagner WH. 1983. Reticulistics: the recognition of hybrids and their role in cladistics and classification. Platnick NI, Funk VA, eds. Advances in Cladistcs I. New York, NY, USA: Columbia University Press, 63-79.
126. Wanntorp L, Wanntorp HE, Kallersjo M. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of Gunnera based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS region, rbcL and rps16 intron sequences. Systematic Botany 27: 512-521.
127. Webb D, Gornall R. 1989. A manual of Saxifrages. Portland, OR, USA: Timber Press.
128. Wolfe AD, Randle CP, Datwyler SL, Morawetz JJ, Arguedas N, Diaz J. 2006. Phylogeny, taxonomic affinities, and biogeography of Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data. American Journal of Botany 93: 1699-1713.
129. Wood TE, Takebayashi N, Barker MS, Mayrose I, Greenspoon PB, Rieseberg LH. 2009. The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 106: 13875-13879.
130. Yan G, Yao J, Ferguson AR, McNeilage MA, Seal AG, Murray BG. 1997. New reports of chromosome numbers in Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 181-186.
131. Zhou ZK, Crepet WL, Nixon KC. 2001. The earliest fossil evidence of the Hamamelidaceae: Late Cretaceous (Turonian) inflorescences and fruits of Altingioideae. American Journal of Botany 88: 753-766.