Physiological organization of immune response based on the homeostatic mechanism of matrix reprogramming: Implication in tumor and biotechnology

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 82, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 754-765

  Malyshev, Igor Yu ^a,b,c   Manukhina, Eugenia B ^b,c   Malyshev, Yuri I ^d  

^a A I EVDOKIMOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (Russian Federation)

^b INSTITUTE OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^d MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL TYPE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; LYMPHOCYTE; MACROPHAGE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; METASTASIS; MODEL; MYELOID DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELL; NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; NONHUMAN; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; SENSOR; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE INJURY; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; FEEDBACK, PHYSIOLOGICAL; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGES; MICE; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL;

EID: 84899618733     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: 15322777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.019     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Alshaker H.A., Matalka K.Z. IFN-γ, IL-17 and TGF-β involvement in shaping the tumor microenvironment: the significance of modulating such cytokines in treating malignant solid tumors. Cancer Cell Int 2011, 11:33.
2. Azuma T., Takahashi T., Kunisato A., Kitamura T., Hirai H. Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress NKT cell functions. Cancer Res 2003, 63(15):4516-4520.
3. Backer R., Schwandt T., Greuter M., Oosting M., Jngerkes F., Tting T., et al. Effective collaboration between marginal metallophilic macrophages and CD8+ dendritic cells in the generation of cytotoxic T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107(1):216-221.
4. Baecher-Allan C., Anderson D.E. Immune regulation in tumor bearing hosts. Curr Opin Immunol 2006, 18(2):214-219.
5. Balkow S., Heinz S., Schmidbauer P., Kolanus W., Holzmann B., Grabbe S., et al. LFA-1 activity state on dendritic cells regulates contact duration with T cells and promotes T-cell priming. Blood 2010, 116(11):1885-1894.
6. Balkwill F., Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?. Lancet 2001, 357:539-545.
7. Barrio M.M., Abes R., Colombo M., Pizzurro G., Boix C., Roberti M.P., et al. Human macrophages and dendritic cells can equally present MART-1 antigen to CD8(+) T cells after phagocytosis of gamma-irradiated melanoma cells. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(7):e40311.
8. Braster R., O'Toole T., van Egmond M. Myeloid cells as effector cells for monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Methods 2014, 65(1):28-37. 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.020.
9. Burton J.L., Wells J.M., Corke K.P., Maitland N., Hamdy F.C., Lewis C.E. Macrophages accumulate in avascular, hypoxic areas of prostate tumors: implications for the targeted therapeutic gene delivery to such sites. J Pathol 2000, 192:8A.
10. Chen M.L., Pittet M.J., Gorelik L., Flavell R.A., Weissleder R., von Boehmer H., et al. Regulatory T cells suppress tumor-specific CD8 T cell cytotoxicity through TGF-beta signals in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102(2):419-424.
11. Cheung I.Y., Cheung N.K. Molecular detection of GAGE expression in peripheral blood and bone marrow: utility as a tumor marker for neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 1997, 3:821-826.
12. Chmielewski M., Kopecky C., Hombach A.A., Abken H. IL-12 release by engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can effectively muster an antigen-independent macrophage response on tumor cells that have shut down tumor antigen expression. Cancer Res 2011, 71(17):5697-5706.
13. Condeelis J., Pollard J.W. Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 2006, 124:263-266.
14. Curiel T.J. Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2007, 117(5):1167-1174.
15. Cyktor J.C., Turner J. Interleukin-10 and immunity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic intracellular pathogens. Infect Immun 2011, 79(8):2964-2973.
16. Dudley M.E., Wunderlich J.R., Yang J.C., Hwu P., Schwartzentruber D.J., Topalian S.L., et al. A phase I study of nonmyeloablative chemotherapy and adoptive transfer of autologous tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2002, 25(3):243-251.
17. Eferl R., Wagner E.F. AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2003, 3(11):859-868.
18. Falcone F.H., Haas H., Gibbs B.F. The human basophil: a new appreciation of its role in immune responses. Blood 2000, 96(13):4028-4038.
19. Fallarino F., Grohmann U., Hwang K.W., Orabona C., Vacca C., Bianchi R., et al. Modulation of tryptophan catabolism by regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2003, 4:1206-1212.
20. Fan F., Schimming A., Jaeger D., Podar K. Targeting the tumor microenvironment: focus on angiogenesis. J Oncol 2012, 2012:281261.
21. Filipazzi P., Huber V., Rivoltini L. Phenotype, function and clinical implications of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012, 61(2):255-263.
22. Frühbeis B., Zwadlo G., Bröcker E.B., Schulze Osthoff K., Hagemeier H.H., Topoll H., et al. Immunolocalization of an angiogenic factor (HAF) in normal, inflammatory and tumor tissues. Int J Cancer 1988, 42(2):207-212.
23. Giraudo E., Inoue M., Hanahan D. An amino-bisphosphonate targets MMP-9-expressing macrophages and angiogenesis to impair cervical carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2004, 114:623-633.
24. Gocheva V., Wang H.W., Gadea B.B., Shree T., Hunter K.E., Garfall A.L., et al. IL-4 induces cathepsin protease activity in tumor-associated macrophages to promote cancer growth and invasion. Genes Dev 2010, 24(3):241-255.
25. Goh J., Kirk E.A., Lee S.X., Ladiges W.C. Exercise, physical activity and breast cancer: the role of tumor-associated macrophages. Exerc Immunol Rev 2012, 18:158-176.
26. Goswami S., Sahai E., Wyckoff J.B., Cammer M., Cox D., Pixley F.J., et al. Macrophages promote the invasion of breast carcinoma cells via a colony-stimulating factor-1/epidermal growth factor paracrine loop. Cancer Res 2005, 65(12):5278-5283.
27. Grivennikov S.I., Greten F.R., Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 2010, 140(6):883-899.
28. Grossman W.J., Verbsky J.W., Barchet W., Colonna M., Atkinson J.P., Ley T.J. Human regulatory T cells can use the perforin pathway to cause autologous target cell death. Immunity 2004, 21(4):589-601.
29. Hagemann T., Robinson S.C., Schulz M., Trümper L., Balkwill F.R., Binder C. Enhanced invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines upon co-cultivation with macrophages is due to TNF-α dependent up-regulation of matrix metalloproteases. Carcinogenesis 2004, 25(8):1543-1549.
30. Hagemann T., Wilson J., Kulbe H., Li N.F., Leinster D.A., Charles K., et al. Macrophages induce invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells via NF-κB and JNK. J Immunol 2005, 175(2):1197-1205.
31. Hamada I., Kato M., Yamasaki T., Iwabuchi K., Watanabe T., Yamada T., et al. Clinical effects of tumor-associated macrophages and dendritic cells on renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2002, 22(6C):4281-4284.
32. Hanada T., Yoshimura A. Regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002, 13(4-5):413-421.
33. Herrera M., Herrera A., Domnguez G., Silva J., Garca V., Garca J.M., et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast and M2 macrophage markers together predict outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Sci 2013, 104(4):437-444.
34. Himoudi N., Yan M., Papanastasiou A., Anderson J. MYCN as a target for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008, 57:693-700.
35. Hippocrates et al. Hippocrates' collection, III BC.
36. Hiratsuka S., Nakamura K., Iwai S., Murakami M., Itoh T., Kijima H., et al. MMP9 induction by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is involved in lung-specific metastasis. Cancer Cell 2002, 2(4):289-300.
37. Hockel M., Sasse J., Wissler J.H. Purified monocyte-derived angiogenic substance (angiotropin) stimulates migration, phenotypic changes, and "tube formation" but not proliferation of capillary endothelial cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 1986, 133:1-13.
38. Horimoto Y., Polanska U.M., Takahashi Y., Orimo A. Emerging roles of the tumor-associated stroma in promoting tumor metastasis. Cell Adh Migr 2012, 6(3):193-202.
39. Houot R., Kohrt H.E., Marabelle A., Levy R. Targeting immune effector cells to promote antibody-induced cytotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2011, 32(11):510-516.
40. Ingber D.E. Extracellular matrix as a solid-state regulator in angiogenesis: identification of new targets for anti-cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 1992, 3(2):57-63.
41. Jakóbisiak M., Lasek W., Gołab J. Natural mechanisms protecting against cancer. Immunol Lett 2003, 90(2-3):103-122.
42. Juang C.M., Hung C.F., Yeh J.Y., Horng H.C., Twu N.F., Cheng M.H., et al. Regulatory T cells: potential target in anticancer immunotherapy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 46(3):215-221.
43. Kim Y., Stolarska M.A., Othmer H.G. The role of the microenvironment in tumor growth and invasion. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2011, 106(2):353-379.
44. Kohchi C., Inagawa H., Hino M., Oda M., Nakata K., Yoshida A., et al. Utilization of macrophages in anticancer therapy: the macrophage network theory. Anticancer Res 2004, 24(5C):3311-3320.
45. Laad A.D., Thomas M.L., Fakih A.R., Chiplunkar S.V. Human gamma delta T cells recognize heat shock protein-60 on oral. Tumor cells. Int J Cancer 1999, 80(5):709-714.
46. Lamagna C., Aurrand-Lions M., Imhof B.A. Dual role of macrophages in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2006, 80(4):705-713.
47. Langers I., Renoux V.M., Thiry M., Delvenne P., Jacobs N. Natural killer cells: role in local tumor growth and metastasis. Biologics 2012, 6:73-82.
48. Langowski J.L., Zhang X., Wu L., Mattson J.D., Chen T., Smith K., et al. IL-23 promotes tumor incidence and growth. Nature 2006, 442(7101):461-465.
49. Lee P.P., Yee C., Savage P.A., Fong L., Brockstedt D., Weber J.S., et al. Characterization of circulating T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens in melanoma patients. Nat Med 1999, 5(6):677-685.
50. Lewis C.E., Leek R., Harris A., McGee J.O. Cytokine regulation of angiogenesis in breast cancer: the role of tumor-associated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 1995, 57(5):747-751.
51. Lim H.W., Hillsamer P., Banham A.H., Kim C.H. Cutting edge: direct suppression of B cells by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2005, 175(7):4180-4183.
52. Lin E.Y., Nguyen A.V., Russell R.G., Pollard J.W. Colony-stimulating factor 1 promotes progression of mammary tumors to malignancy. J Exp Med 2001, 193(6):727-740.
53. Lorenzi S., Forloni M., Cifaldi L., Antonucci C., Citti A., Boldrini R., et al. IRF1 and NF-kB restore MHC class I-restricted tumor antigen processing and presentation to cytotoxic T cells in aggressive neuroblastoma. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(10):e46928.
54. Lum H.D., Buhtoiarov I.N., Schmidt B.E., Berke G., Paulnock D.M., Sondel P.M., et al. Tumoristatic effects of anti-CD40 mAb-activated macrophages involve nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor-α. Immunology 2006, 118(2):261-270.
55. Lyamina S.V., Kruglov S.V., Vedenikin T.Y., Borodovitsyna O.A., Suvorova I.A., Shimshelashvili Sh.L., et al. Alternative reprogramming of m{cyrillic}1/m{cyrillic}2 macrophages in vitro by interferon gamma and interleukin 4. Cell Technol Biol Med 2011, 4:235-242.
56. MacLean G.D., Miles D.W., Rubens R.D., Reddish M.A., Longenecker B.M. Enhancing the effect of THERATOPE STn-KLH cancer vaccine in patients with metastatic breast cancer by pretreatment with low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1996, 19(4):309-316.
57. Mantovani A., Allavena P., Sica A., Balkwill F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 2008, 454(7203):436-444.
58. Mantovani A., Sica A., Locati A. New vistas on macrophage differentiation and activation. Eur J Immunol 2006, 37(1):14-16.
59. Mantovani A., Sozzani S., Locati M., Allavena P., Sica A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol 2002, 23(11):549-555.
60. Martinez F.O., Sica A., Mantovani A., Locati M. Macrophage activation and polarization. Front Biosci 2008, 1(13):453-461.
61. Mempel T.R., Pittet M.J., Khazaie K., Weninger W., Weissleder R., von Boehmer H., et al. Regulatory T cells reversibly suppress cytotoxic T cell function independent of effector differentiation. Immunity 2006, 25(1):129-141.
62. Metchnikoff E. Immunity in infectious disease 1905, Cambridge University Press.
63. Moldoveanu B., Otmishi P., Jani P., Walker J., Sarmiento X., Guardiola J., et al. Inflammatory mechanisms in the lung. J Inflamm Res 2009, 2:1-11.
64. Morishima N., Owaki T., Asakawa M., Kamiya S., Mizuguchi J., Yoshimoto T. Augmentation of effector CD8+ T cell generation with enhanced granzyme B expression by IL-27. J Immunol 2005, 175(3):1686-1693.
65. Mrass P., Takano H., Ng L.G., Daxini S., Lasaro M.O., Iparraguirre A., et al. Random migration precedes stable target cell interactions of tumor-infiltrating T cells. J Exp Med 2006, 203(12):2749-2761.
66. Multhoff G. A stress-inducible 72kDa heat shock protein (Hsp72) is expressed on the surface of human tumor cells, but not on normal cells. Int J Cancer 1995, 61:272-279.
67. Nagaraj S., Gupta K., Pisarev V., Kinarsky L., Sherman S., Kang L., et al. Altered recognition of antigen is a mechanism of CD8+ T cell tolerance in cancer. Nat Med 2007, 13(7):828-835.
68. Negus R.P., Stamp G.W., Hadley J., Balkwill F.R. Quantitative assessment of the leukocyte infiltrate in ovarian cancer and its relationship to the expression of C-C chemokines. Am J Pathol 1997, 150(5):1723-1734.
69. Numasaki M., Fukushi J., Ono M., Narula S.K., Zavodny P.J., Kudo T., et al. Interleukin-17 promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth. Blood 2003, 101(7):2620-2627.
70. Oberthuer A., Hero B., Spitz R., Berthold F., Fischer M. The tumor-associated antigen PRAME is universally expressed in high-stage neuroblastoma and associated with poor outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:4307-4313.
71. Ohno S., Inagawa H., Dhar D.K., Fujii T., Ueda S., Tachibana M., et al. The degree of macrophage infiltration into the cancer cell nest is a significant predictor of survival in gastric cancer patients. Anticancer Res 2003, 23(6D):5015-5022.
72. Osajima-Hakomori Y., Miyake I., Ohira M., Nakagawara A., Nakagawa A., et al. Biological role of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in neuroblastoma. Am J Pathol 2005, 167:213-222.
73. Ostrand-Rosenberg S., Sinha P. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: linking inflammation and cancer. J Immunol 2009, 182(8):4499-4506.
74. Papewalis C., Wuttke M., Seissler J., Meyer Y., Kessler C., Jacobs B., et al. Dendritic cell vaccination with xenogenic polypeptide hormone induces tumor rejection in neuroendocrine cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14(13):4298-4305.
75. Pham T.N., Hong C.Y., Min J.J., Rhee J.H., Nguyen T.A., Park B.C., et al. Enhancement of antitumor effect using dendritic cells activated with natural killer cells in the presence of Toll-like receptor agonist. Exp Mol Med 2010, 42(6):407-419.
76. Pittet M., Mempel T. Regulation of T-cell migration and effector functions: insights from in vivo imaging studies. Immunol Rev 2008, 221:107-129.
77. Prussin C., Yin Y., Upadhyaya B. Th2 heterogeneity: does function follow form?. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010, 126(6):1094-1098.
78. Rahat M.A., Bitterman H., Lahat N. Molecular mechanisms regulating macrophage response to hypoxia. Front Immunol 2011, 2:45.
79. Ran S., Montgomery K.E. Macrophage-mediated lymphangiogenesis: the emerging role of macrophages as lymphatic endothelial progenitors. Cancers (Basel) 2012, 4(3):618-657.
80. Robinson S.C., Scott K.A., Balkwil F.R. Chemokine stimulation of monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-9 requires endogenous TNF-alpha. Eur J Immunol 2002, 32:404-412.
81. Robinson S.C., Scott K.A., Wilson J.L., Thompson R.G., Proudfoot A.E., Balkwill F.R. A Chemokine receptor antagonist inhibits experimental breast tumor growth. Cancer Res 2003, 63(23):8360-8365.
82. Ruffell B., Affara N.I., Coussens L.M. Differential macrophage programming in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Immunol 2012, 33(3):119-126.
83. Ruter J., Barnett B.G., Kryczek I., Brumlik M.J., Daniel B.J., Coukos G., et al. Altering regulatory T cell function in cancer immunotherapy: a novel means to boost the efficacy of cancer vaccines. Front Biosci 2009, 14:1761-1770.
84. Sakaguchi S. Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory T cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2004, 22:531-562.
85. Salvesen H.B., Akslen L.A. Significance of tumor-associated macrophages, vascular endothelial growth factor and thrombospondin-1 expression for tumor angiogenesis and prognosis in endometrial carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1999, 84:538-543.
86. Satoh T., Saika T., Ebara S., Kusaka N., Timme T.L., Yang G., et al. Macrophages transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing interleukin 12 suppress tumor growth and metastasis in a preclinical metastatic prostate cancer model. Cancer Res 2003, 63(22):7853-7860.
87. Scanlan M.J., Simpson A.J., Old L.J. The cancer/testis genes: review, standardization, and commentary. Cancer Immun 2004, 4:1.
88. Sessa C., Guibal A., Del Conte G., Rüegg C. Biomarkers of angiogenesis for the development of antiangiogenic therapies in oncology: tools or decorations?. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008, 5(7):378-391.
89. Sharma M. Chemokines and their receptors: orchestrating a fine balance between health and disease. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009, 1-22.
90. Sica A., Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Invest 2012, 122(3):787-795.
91. Smolinska M.J., Page T.H., Urbaniak A.M., Mutch B.E., Horwood N.J. Hck tyrosine kinase regulates TLR4-induced TNF and IL-6 production via AP-1. J Immunol 2011, 187(11):6043-6051.
92. Soling A., Schurr P., Berthold F. Expression and clinical relevance of NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 in neuroblastoma. Anticancer Res 1999, 19:2205-2209.
93. Srivastava P. Interaction of heat shock proteins with peptides and antigen presenting cells: chaperoning of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2002, 20:395-425.
94. Stout R.D., Watkins S.K., Suttles J. Functional plasticity of macrophages: in situ reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2009, 86(5):1105-1109.
95. Street S.E., Cretney E., Smyth M.J. Perforin and interferon-gamma activities independently control tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Blood 2001, 97:192-197.
96. Sutmuller R.P., van Duivenvoorde L.M., van Elsas A., Schumacher T.N., Wildenberg M.E., Allison J.P., et al. Synergism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and depletion of CD25(+) regulatory T cells in anti tumor therapy reveals alternative pathways for suppression of autoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Exp Med 2001, 194(6):823-832.
97. Szczepanski M.J., Szajnik M., Czystowska M., Mandapathil M., Strauss L., Welsh A., et al. Increased frequency and suppression by regulatory T cells in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(10):3325-3332.
98. Taams L.S., van Amelsfort J.M., Tiemessen M.M., Jacobs K.M., de Jong E.C., Akbar A.N., et al. Modulation of monocyte/macrophage function by human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Hum Immunol 2005, 66(3):222-230.
99. Tiemessen M.M., Jagger A.L., Evans H.G., van Herwijnen M.J., John S., Taams L.S. CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induce alternative activation of human monocytes/macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104(49):19446-19451.
100. Tsung K., Dolan J.P., Tsung Y.L., Norton J.A. Macrophages as effector cells in interleukin 12-induced T cell-dependent tumor rejection. Cancer Res 2002, 62(17):5069-5075.
101. Tsutsui S., Yasuda K., Suzuki K., Tahara K., Higashi H., Era S. Macrophage infiltration and its prognostic implications in breast cancer: the relationship with VEGF expression and microvessel density. Oncol Rep 2005, 14(2):425-431.
102. Varney M.L., Olsen K.J., Mosley R.L., Bucana C.D., Talmadge J.E., Singh R.K. Monocyte/macrophage recruitment, activation and differentiation modulate interleukin-8 production: a paracrine role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis. Vivo 2002, 16(6):471-477.
103. Vivier E., Raulet D.H., Moretta A., Caligiuri M.A., Zitvogel L., Lanier L.L., et al. Innate or adaptive immunity? the example of natural killer cells. Science 2011, 331(6013):44-49.
104. Walsh J. "Louis Pasteur". Catholic encyclopedia 1913, Robert Appleton Company, New York.
105. Wang B., Li Q., Qin L., Zhao S., Wang J., Chen X. Transition of tumor-associated macrophages from MHC class II(hi) to MHC class II(low) mediates tumor progression in mice. BMC Immunol 2011, 12:43.
106. Wang L.X., Li Y., Yang G., Pang P.Y., Haley D., Walker E.B., et al. CD122+ CD8+ treg suppress vaccine-induced antitumor immune responses in lymphodepleted mice. Eur J Immunol 2010, 40(5):1375-1385.
107. Wang P., Malkovsky M. Different roles of the CD2 and LFA-1 T-cell co-receptors for regulating cytotoxic, proliferative, and cytokine responses of human V gamma 9/V delta 2 T cells. Mol Med 2000, 6(3):196-207.
108. Wang Y., Seidl T., Whittall T., Babaahmady K., Lehner T. Stress-activated dendritic cells interact with CD4(1) T cells to elicit homeostatic memory. Eur J Immunol 2010, 40:1628-1638.
109. Wieder T., Braumüller H., Kneilling M., Pichler B., Röcken M. T cell-mediated help against tumors. Cell Cycle 2008, 7(19):2974-2977.
110. Wing K., Suri-Prayer E., Rudin A. CD4+CD25+-regulatory T cells from mouse to man Scand. J Immunol 2005, 62:1-15.
111. Wink D.A., Hines H.B., Cheng R.Y., Switzer C.H., Flores-Santana W., Vitek M.P., et al. Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response. J Leukoc Biol 2011, 89(6):873-891.
112. Wyckoff J.B., Wang Y., Lin E.Y., Li J.F., Goswami S., Stanley E.R., et al. Direct visualization of macrophage-assisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 2007, 67(6):2649-2656.
113. Xiao Y.Q., Malcolm K., Worthen G.S., Gardai S., Schiemann W.P., Fadok V.A., et al. Cross-talk between ERK and p38 MAPK mediates selective suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(17):14884-14893.
114. Xu M., Mizoguchi I., Morishima N., Chiba Y., Mizuguchi J., Yoshimoto T. Regulation of antitumor immune responses by the IL-12 family cytokines, IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. Clin Dev Immunol 2010, 2010:832454.
115. Yamaguchi Y., Takahashi H., Satoh T., Okazaki Y., Mizuki N., Takahashi K., et al. Natural killer cells control a T-helper 1 response in patients with BehI{cyrillic, ukrainian}et's disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2010, 12(3):R80.
116. Youn J.I., Gabrilovich D.I. The biology of myeloid-derived suppressor cells: the blessing and the curse of morphological and functional heterogeneity. Eur J Immunol 2010, 40(11):2969-2975.
117. Zhang X., Morrison D.C. Lipopolysaccharide structure-function relationship in activation versus reprogramming of mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 1993, 54(5):444-450.
118. Zhao D.M., Thornton A.M., DiPaolo R.J., Shevach E.M. Activated CD4+CD25+ T cells selectively kill B lymphocytes. Blood 2006, 107(10):3925-3932.