Milestones in understanding platelet production: A historical overview

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 165, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 248-258

  Kuter, David J ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Haematopoietic growth factors; Thrombocytopenia; Thrombopoietin; Thrombopoietin receptor agonists

Indexed keywords

ELTROMBOPAG; HEMATOLOGIC AGENT; RECOMBINANT THROMBOPOIETIN; ROMIPLOSTIM; THROMBOPOIETIN; THROMBOPOIETIN RECEPTOR; THROMBOPOIETIN RECEPTOR AGONIST; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALPHA HELIX; ARTICLE; CELL SIZE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; HUMAN; MEGAKARYOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PLOIDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

HAEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOPOIETIN; THROMBOPOIETIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PLATELETS; BONE MARROW CELLS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; RECEPTORS, THROMBOPOIETIN; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; THROMBOPOIESIS; THROMBOPOIETIN;

EID: 84898056823     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12781     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Afdhal, N.H., Giannini, E.G., Tayyab, G., Mohsin, A., Lee, J.W., Andriulli, A., Jeffers, L., McHutchison, J., Chen, P.J., Han, K.H., Campbell, F., Hyde, D., Brainsky, A. & Theodore, D. (2012) Eltrombopag before procedures in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 716-724.
2. Al Ameri, A., Jabbour, E., Garcia-Manero, G., O'Brien, S., Faderl, S., Ravandi, F., Shan, J., Pierce, S., Cortes, J. & Kantarjian, H. (2011) Significance of thrombocytopenia in myelodysplastic syndromes: associations and prognostic implications. Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia, 11, 237-241.
3. Aster, R.H. (1966) Pooling of platelets in the spleen: role in the pathogenesis of "hypersplenic" thrombocytopenia. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 45, 645-657.
4. Aster, R.H. (1967) Studies of the mechanism of "hypersplenic" thrombocytopenia in rats. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70, 736-751.
5. Bartley, T.D., Bogenberger, J., Hunt, P., Li, Y.S., Lu, H.S., Martin, F., Chang, M.S., Samal, B., Nichol, J.L., Swift, S., Johnson, M.J., Hsu, R.Y., Parker, V.P., Suggs, S., Skrine, J.D., Merewether, L.A., Clogston, C., Hsu, E., Hokom, M.M., Hornkohl, A., Choi, E., Pangelinan, M., Sun, Y., Mar, V., McNinch, J., Simonet, L., Jacobsen, F., Xie, C., Shutter, J., Chute, H., Basu, R., Selander, L., Trollinger, D., Sieu, L., Padilla, D., Trail, G., Elliott, G., Izumi, R., Covey, T., Crouse, J., Garcia, A., Xu, W., Del Castillo, J., Biron, J., Cole, S., Hu, M.C.T., Pacifici, R., Ponting, I., Saris, C., Wen, D., Yung, Y.P., Lin, H. & Bosselman, R.A. (1994) Identification and cloning of a megakaryocyte growth and development factor that is a ligand for the cytokine receptor Mpl. Cell, 77, 1117-1124.
6. Bartocci, A., Mastrogiannis, D.S., Migliorati, G., Stockert, R.J., Wolkoff, A.W. & Stanley, E.R. (1987) Macrophages specifically regulate the concentration of their own growth factor in the circulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84, 6179-6183.
7. Basser, R.L., Rasko, J.E., Clarke, K., Cebon, J., Green, M.D., Hussein, S., Alt, C., Menchaca, D., Tomita, D., Marty, J., Fox, R.M. & Begley, C.G. (1996) Thrombopoietic effects of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) in patients with advanced cancer. Lancet, 348, 1279-1281.
8. Basser, R.L., Rasko, J.E., Clarke, K., Cebon, J., Green, M.D., Grigg, A.P., Zalcberg, J., Cohen, B., O'Byrne, J., Menchaca, D.M., Fox, R.M. & Begley, C.G. (1997) Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled phase I trial of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor with filgrastim after dose-intensive chemotherapy in patients with advanced cancer. Blood, 89, 3118-3128.
9. von Behrens, W. (1972) Evidence of phylogenic canalisation of the circulating platelet mass in man. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica, 27, 159-172.
10. Bessman, J.D., Williams, L.J. & Gilmer, P.R. Jr. (1981) Mean platelet volume. The inverse relation of platelet size and count in normal subjects, and an artifact of other particles. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 76, 289-293.
11. Bizzozero, G. (1882) Su di un nuovo elemento morfologico del sangue nei mammiferi e sulla sua importanza nella trombosi e nella coagulazione. Osservatore Gazzetta delle Cliniche, 17, 785-787.
12. Brecher, G. & Cronkite, E.P. (1950) Morphology and enumeration of human blood platelets. Journal of Applied Physiology, 3, 365-377.
13. Brecher, G., Schneiderman, M. & Cronkite, E.P. (1953) The reproducibility and constancy of the platelet count. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 23, 15-26.
14. Brewer, D.B. (2006) Max Schultze (1865), G. Bizzozero (1882) and the discovery of the platelet. British Journal of Haematology, 133, 251-258.
15. Bricker, L.J. & Zuckerman, K.S. (1984) Serotonin uptake by progeny of murine megakaryocyte precursors (CFU-M) in vitro. Experimental Hematology, 12, 672-675.
16. Broudy, V.C. & Lin, N.L. (2004) AMG531 stimulates megakaryopoiesis in vitro by binding to Mpl. Cytokine, 25, 52-60.
17. Broudy, V.C., Lin, N.L., Sabath, D.F., Papayannopoulou, T. & Kaushansky, K. (1997) Human platelets display high-affinity receptors for thrombopoietin. Blood, 89, 1896-1904.
18. Bryan, J., Jabbour, E., Prescott, H. & Kantarjian, H. (2010) Thrombocytopenia in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Seminars in Hematology, 47, 274-280.
19. Bussel, J.B., Kuter, D.J., George, J.N., McMillan, R., Aledort, L.M., Conklin, G.T., Lichtin, A.E., Lyons, R.M., Nieva, J., Wasser, J.S., Wiznitzer, I., Kelly, R., Chen, C.F. & Nichol, J.L. (2006) AMG 531, a thrombopoiesis-stimulating protein, for chronic ITP. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 1672-1681.
20. Bussel, J.B., Buchanan, G.R., Nugent, D.J., Gnarra, D.J., Bomgaars, L.R., Blanchette, V.S., Wang, Y.M., Nie, K. & Jun, S. (2011) A randomized, double-blind study of romiplostim to determine its safety and efficacy in children with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood, 118, 28-36.
21. Carver-Moore, K., Broxmeyer, H.E., Luoh, S.M., Cooper, S., Peng, J., Burstein, S.A., Moore, M.W. & de Sauvage, F.J. (1996) Low levels of erythroid and myeloid progenitors in thrombopoietin- and c-mpl-deficient mice. Blood, 88, 803-808.
22. Cheng, G., Saleh, M.N., Marcher, C., Vasey, S., Mayer, B., Aivado, M., Arning, M., Stone, N.L. & Bussel, J.B. (2011) Eltrombopag for management of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (RAISE): a 6-month, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet, 377, 393-402.
23. Corash, L., Mok, Y., Levin, J. & Baker, G. (1990) Regulation of platelet heterogeneity: effects of thrombocytopenia on platelet volume and density. Experimental Hematology, 18, 205-212.
24. Corbacioglu, S., Bux, J., Konig, A., Gabrilove, J.L., Welte, K. & Bussel, J.B. (2000) Serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels are not increased in patients with autoimmune neutropenia of infancy. Journal of Pediatrics, 137, 96-99.
25. Cotes, M. & Bangham, D. (1966) The international reference preparation of erythropoietin. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 35, 751-760.
26. Cwirla, S.E., Balasubramanian, P., Duffin, D.J., Wagstrom, C.R., Gates, C.M., Singer, S.C., Davis, A.M., Tansik, R.L., Mattheakis, L.C., Boytos, C.M., Schatz, P.J., Baccanari, D.P., Wrighton, N.C., Barrett, R.W. & Dower, W.J. (1997) Peptide agonist of the thrombopoietin receptor as potent as the natural cytokine. Science, 276, 1696-1699.
27. Duke, W.W. (1910) The relationship of blood platelets to hemorrhagic disease: description of a method for determining the bleeding time and coagulation time. JAMA, 55, 1185-1192.
28. Emmons, R.V., Reid, D.M., Cohen, R.L., Meng, G., Young, N.S., Dunbar, C.E. & Shulman, N.R. (1996) Human thrombopoietin levels are high when thrombocytopenia is due to megakaryocyte deficiency and low when due to increased platelet destruction. Blood, 87, 4068-4071.
29. Erickson-Miller, C.L., DeLorme, E., Tian, S.S., Hopson, C.B., Stark, K., Giampa, L., Valoret, E.I., Duffy, K.J., Luengo, J.L., Rosen, J., Miller, S.G., Dillon, S.B. & Lamb, P. (2005) Discovery and characterization of a selective, nonpeptidyl thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Experimental Hematology, 33, 85-93.
30. Fanucchi, M., Glaspy, J., Crawford, J., Garst, J., Figlin, R., Sheridan, W., Menchaca, D., Tomita, D., Ozer, H. & Harker, L. (1997) Effects of polyethylene glycol-conjugated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor on platelet counts after chemotherapy for lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 404-409.
31. Fielder, P.J., Gurney, A.L., Stefanich, E., Marian, M., Moore, M.W., Carver-Moore, K. & de Sauvage, F.J. (1996) Regulation of thrombopoietin levels by c-mpl-mediated binding to platelets. Blood, 87, 2154-2161.
32. Frederickson, S., Renshaw, M.W., Lin, B., Smith, L.M., Calveley, P., Springhorn, J.P., Johnson, K., Wang, Y., Su, X., Shen, Y. & Bowdish, K.S. (2006) A rationally designed agonist antibody fragment that functionally mimics thrombopoietin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 14307-14312.
33. Gernsheimer, T., Stratton, J., Ballem, P.J. & Slichter, S.J. (1989) Mechanisms of response to treatment in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 974-980.
34. Giagounidis, A., Mufti, G.J., Kantarjian, H.M., Fenaux, P., Sekeres, M.A., Szer, J., Kuendgen, A., Platzbecker, U., Gaidano, G., Jedrzejczak, W., Hu, K., Yang, A.S. & Jun, S. (2011) Treatment with the thrombopoietin (TPO)-receptor agonist romiplostim in thrombocytopenic patients (Pts) with low or intermediate-1 (Int-1) risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo(PBO)-controlled study. Blood, 118, 117.
35. Goodnough, L.T., Kuter, D.J., McCullough, J., Slichter, S.J., DiPersio, J., Romo, J., Peterson, R., Smith, K.J., Raife, T., Tomita, D. & Armstrong, S. (2001) Prophylactic platelet transfusions from healthy apheresis platelet donors undergoing treatment with thrombopoietin. Blood, 98, 1346-1351.
36. Gurney, A.L., Carver-Moore, K., de Sauvage, F.J. & Moore, M.W. (1994) Thrombocytopenia in c-mpl-deficient mice. Science, 265, 1445-1447.
37. Harker, L.A. (1970) Regulation of thrombopoiesis. American Journal of Physiology, 218, 1376-1380.
38. Harker, L.A. & Finch, C.A. (1969) Thrombokinetics in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 48, 963-974.
39. Jackson, C.W., Brown, L.K., Somerville, B.C., Lyles, S.A. & Look, A.T. (1984) Two-color flow cytometric measurement of DNA distributions of rat megakaryocytes in unfixed, unfractionated marrow cell suspensions. Blood, 63, 768-778.
40. Kantarjian, H., Giles, F., List, A., Lyons, R., Sekeres, M.A., Pierce, S., Deuson, R. & Leveque, J. (2007) The incidence and impact of thrombocytopenia in myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer, 109, 1705-1714.
41. Kantarjian, H.M., Mufti, G.J., Fenaux, P., Sekeres, M.A., Szer, J., Platzbecker, U., Kuendgen, A., Gaidano, G., Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, W., Bennett, J.M., Meibohm, A., Yang, A.S. & Giagounidis, A. (2012) Treatment with the thrombopoietin (TPO)-receptor agonist romiplostim in thrombocytopenic patients (Pts) with low or intermediate-1 (int-1) risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): follow-up AML and survival results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled study. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts, 120, 421.
42. Kato, T., Ogami, K., Shimada, Y., Iwamatsu, A., Sohma, Y., Akahori, H., Horie, K., Kokubo, A., Kudo, Y. & Maeda, E. (1995) Purification and characterization of thrombopoietin. Journal of Biochemistry, 118, 229-236.
43. Kaushansky, K., Lok, S., Holly, R.D., Broudy, V.C., Lin, N., Bailey, M.C., Forstrom, J.W., Buddle, M.M., Oort, P.J., Hagen, F.S., Roth, G.J., Papayannopoulou, T. & Foster, D.C. (1994) Promotion of megakaryocyte progenitor expansion and differentiation by the c-Mpl ligand thrombopoietin. Nature, 369, 568-571.
44. Kelemen, E., Cserhati, I. & Tanos, B. (1958) Demonstration and some properties of human thrombopoietin in thrombocythaemic sera. Acta Haematologica, 20, 350-355.
45. Kelemen, E., Lehoczky, D., Perkedy, J., Cserhati, I. & Rak, K. (1960) Serum thrombopoietic activity in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet, 275, 1134.
46. Kelemen, E., Lehoczky, D., Cserhati, I., Krizsa, F. & Rak, K. (1963) Demonstrability of a serum factor inducing thrombocytosis prior to acute rises of platelets in mice and men. Acta Haematologica, 29, 16-26.
47. Kizaki, M., Miyakawa, Y. & Ikeda, Y. (2003) Long-term administration of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor dramatically improved cytopenias in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. British Journal of Haematology, 122, 764-767.
48. Komatsu, N., Okamoto, T., Yoshida, T., Nakeo, S., Urabe, A., Nagasawa, T., Yonemura, Y., Takeshita, A., Ikeda, Y., Sawada, K., Hotta, T., Kanamaru, A., Bessho, M., Minami, N., Okamura, T., Jinnai, I., Kanakura, Y. & Mizoguchi, H. (2000) Pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) increased platelet counts (plt) in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Blood, 96, 296a.
49. Kuter, D.J. (1996) The physiology of platelet production. Stem Cells, 14, 88-101.
50. Kuter, D.J. (2009) Thrombopoietin and thrombopoietin mimetics in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Annual Review of Medicine, 60, 193-206.
51. Kuter, D.J. (2013) The biology of thrombopoietin and thrombopoietin receptor agonists. International Journal of Hematology, 98, 10-23.
52. Kuter, D.J. & Begley, C.G. (2002) Recombinant human thrombopoietin: basic biology and evaluation of clinical studies. Blood, 100, 3457-3469.
53. Kuter, D.J. & Rosenberg, R.D. (1990) Regulation of megakaryocyte ploidy in vivo in the rat. Blood, 75, 74-81.
54. Kuter, D.J. & Rosenberg, R.D. (1995) The reciprocal relationship of thrombopoietin (c-Mpl ligand) to changes in the platelet mass during busulfan-induced thrombocytopenia in the rabbit. Blood, 85, 2720-2730.
55. Kuter, D.J., Greenberg, S.M. & Rosenberg, R.D. (1989) Analysis of megakaryocyte ploidy in rat bone marrow cultures. Blood, 74, 1952-1962.
56. Kuter, D.J., Gminski, D.M. & Rosenberg, R.D. (1992) Transforming growth factor beta inhibits megakaryocyte growth and endomitosis. Blood, 79, 619-626.
57. Kuter, D.J., Beeler, D.L. & Rosenberg, R.D. (1994) The purification of megapoietin: a physiological regulator of megakaryocyte growth and platelet production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 11104-11108.
58. Kuter, D.J., Miyazaki, H. & Kato, T. (1997) The purification of thrombopoietin from thrombocytopenic plasma. In: Thrombopoiesis and Thrombopoietins: Molecular, Cellular, Preclinical, and Clinical Biology (eds. by Kuter, D.J., Hunt, P., Sheridan, W. & Zucker-Franklin, D.), pp. 143-164. Humana Press, Totowa.
59. Kuter, D.J., Goodnough, L.T., Romo, J., DiPersio, J., Peterson, R., Tomita, D., Sheridan, W. & McCullough, J. (2001) Thrombopoietin therapy increases platelet yields in healthy platelet donors. Blood, 98, 1339-1345.
60. Kuter, D.J., Rummel, M., Boccia, R., Macik, B.G., Pabinger, I., Selleslag, D., Rodeghiero, F., Chong, B.H., Wang, X. & Berger, D.P. (2010) Romiplostim or standard of care in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 1889-1899.
61. Kuter, D.J., Mathias, S.D., Rummel, M., Mandanas, R., Giagounidis, A.A., Wang, X. & Deuson, R.R. (2012) Health-related quality of life in nonsplenectomized immune thrombocytopenia patients receiving romiplostim or medical standard of care. American Journal of Hematology, 87, 558-561.
62. Kuter, D.J., Bussel, J.B., Newland, A., Baker, R.I., Lyons, R.M., Wasser, J., Viallard, J.F., Macik, G., Rummel, M., Nie, K. & Jun, S. (2013) Long-term treatment with romiplostim in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: safety and efficacy. British Journal of Haematology, 161, 411-423.
63. Li, J., Xia, Y. & Kuter, D.J. (1996) Analysis of the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) on platelets from normal and essential thrombocythemic (ET) patients. Blood, 88, 545a.
64. Li, J., Yang, C., Xia, Y., Bertino, A., Glaspy, J., Roberts, M. & Kuter, D.J. (2001) Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin. Blood, 98, 3241-3248.
65. Lok, S. & Foster, D.C. (1994) The structure, biology and potential therapeutic applications of recombinant thrombopoietin. Stem Cells, 12, 586-598.
66. Lok, S., Kaushansky, K., Holly, R.D., Kuijper, J.L., Lofton-Day, C.E., Oort, P.J., Grant, F.J., Helpel, M.D., Burkhead, S.K., Kramer, J.M., Bell, L.A., Sprecher, C.A., Blumberg, H., Johnson, R., Prunkard, D., Ching, A.F.T., Mathewes, S.L., Bailey, M.C., Forstrom, J.W., Buddle, M.M., Osborn, S.G., Evans, S.J., Sheppard, P.O., Presnell, S.R., O'Hara, P.J., Hagen, F.S., Roth, G.J. & Foster, D.C. (1994) Cloning and expression of murine thrombopoietin cDNA and stimulation of platelet production in vivo. Nature, 369, 565-568.
67. Makar, R.S., Zhukov, O.S., Sahud, M.A. & Kuter, D.J. (2013) Thrombopoietin levels in patients with disorders of platelet production: diagnostic potential and utility in predicting response to TPO Receptor agonists. American Journal of Hematology, 88, 1041-1044.
68. McDonald, T.P. (1973a) Bioassay for thrombopoietin utilizing mice in rebound thrombocytosis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 144, 1006-1012.
69. McDonald, T.P. (1973b) Regulation of thrombopoiesis. Medicina, 33, 459-466.
70. McDonald, T.P. (1975) Assay of thrombopoietin utilizing human sera and urine fractions. Biochemical Medicine, 13, 101-110.
71. McDonald, T.P. (1981) Assay and site of production of thrombopoietin. British Journal of Haematology, 49, 493-499.
72. McDonald, T.P. (1988) Thrombopoietin: its biology, purification, and characterization. Experimental Hematology, 16, 201-205.
73. McDonald, T.P. & Nolan, C. (1979) Partial purification of a thrombocytopoietic-stimulating factor from kidney cell culture medium. Biochemical Medicine, 21, 146-155.
74. McDonald, T.P., Cottrell, M., Clift, R. & Lane, K. (1974) Purification and assay of thrombopoietin. Experimental Hematology, 2, 355-361.
75. McDonald, T.P., Clift, R., Lange, R.D., Nolan, C., Tribby, I.I. & Barlow, G.H. (1975) Thrombopoietin production by human embryonic kidney cells in culture. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 85, 59-66.
76. McDonald, T.P., Clift, R.E. & Cottrell, M.B. (1989) A four-step procedure for the purification of thrombopoietin. Experimental Hematology, 17, 865-871.
77. McHutchison, J.G., Dusheiko, G., Shiffman, M.L., Rodriguez-Torres, M., Sigal, S., Bourliere, M., Berg, T., Gordon, S.C., Campbell, F.M., Theodore, D., Blackman, N., Jenkins, J. & Afdhal, N.H. (2007) Eltrombopag for thrombocytopenia in patients with cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 2227-2236.
78. McMillan, R., Wang, L., Tomer, A., Nichol, J. & Pistillo, J. (2004) Suppression of in vitro megakaryocyte production by antiplatelet autoantibodies from adult patients with chronic ITP. Blood, 103, 1364-1369.
79. Minot, G. (1916) Studies on a case of idiopathic purpura hemorrhagica. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 152, 48-65.
80. Molineux, G. (2011) The development of romiplostim for patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1222, 55-63.
81. Nomura, S., Dan, K., Hotta, T., Fujimura, K. & Ikeda, Y. (2002) Effects of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood, 100, 728-730.
82. Olnes, M.J., Scheinberg, P., Calvo, K.R., Desmond, R., Tang, Y., Dumitriu, B., Parikh, A.R., Soto, S., Biancotto, A., Feng, X., Lozier, J., Wu, C.O., Young, N.S. & Dunbar, C.E. (2012) Eltrombopag and improved hematopoiesis in refractory aplastic anemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 11-19.
83. Pecci, A., Gresele, P., Klersy, C., Savoia, A., Noris, P., Fierro, T., Bozzi, V., Mezzasoma, A.M., Melazzini, F. & Balduini, C.L. (2010) Eltrombopag for the treatment of the inherited thrombocytopenia deriving from MYH9 mutations. Blood, 116, 5832-5837.
84. Peck-Radosavljevic, M., Zacherl, J., Meng, Y.G., Pidlich, J., Lipinski, E., Langle, F., Steininger, R., Muhlbacher, F. & Gangl, A. (1997) Is inadequate thrombopoietin production a major cause of thrombocytopenia in cirrhosis of the liver? Journal of Hepatology, 27, 127-131.
85. Peck-Radosavljevic, M., Wichlas, M., Zacherl, J., Stiegler, G., Stohlawetz, P., Fuchsjager, M., Kreil, A., Metz-Schimmerl, S., Panzer, S., Steininger, R., Muhlbacher, F., Ferenci, P., Pidlich, J. & Gangl, A. (2000) Thrombopoietin induces rapid resolution of thrombocytopenia after orthotopic liver transplantation through increased platelet production. Blood, 95, 795-801.
86. Penington, D.G. (1967) Regulation of red cell and platelet production. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 60, 1032-1036.
87. Penington, D.G. (1968) Studies of platelet production and sequestration in the experimental animal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 61, 601-603.
88. Penington, D.G. (1970) Isotope bioassay for "thrombopoietin". British Medical Journal, 1, 606-608.
89. Penington, D.G. & Olsen, T.E. (1970) Megakaryocytes in states of altered platelet production: cell numbers, size and DNA content. British journal of Haematology, 18, 447-463.
90. Rak, K., Cserhati, I. & Kelemen, E. (1959) Study of thrombopoietin in a thrombocytopenic patient. Medicina Experimentalis, 1, 125-132.
91. Rice, L., Nichol, J.L., McMillan, R., Roskos, L.K. & Bacile, M. (2001) Cyclic immune thrombocytopenia responsive to thrombopoietic growth factor therapy. American Journal of Hematology, 68, 210-214.
92. Robb, L., Li, R., Hartley, L., Nandurkar, H.H., Koentgen, F. & Begley, C.G. (1998) Infertility in female mice lacking the receptor for interleukin 11 is due to a defective uterine response to implantation. Nature Medicine, 4, 303-308.
93. Saleh, M.N., Bussel, J.B., Cheng, G., Meyer, O., Bailey, C.K., Arning, M. & Brainsky, A. (2013) Safety and efficacy of eltrombopag for treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia: results of the long-term, open-label EXTEND study. Blood, 121, 537-545.
94. de Sauvage, F.J., Hass, P.E., Spencer, S.D., Malloy, B.E., Gurney, A.L., Spencer, S.A., Darbonne, W.C., Henzel, W.J., Wong, S.C. & Kuang, W.J. (1994) Stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by the c-Mpl ligand. Nature, 369, 533-538.
95. de Sauvage, F.J., Carver-Moore, K., Luoh, S.M., Ryan, A., Dowd, M., Eaton, D.L. & Moore, M.W. (1996) Physiological regulation of early and late stages of megakaryocytopoiesis by thrombopoietin. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 183, 651-656.
96. Schick, P.K. & Weinstein, M. (1981) A marker for megakaryocytes: serotonin accumulation in guinea pig megakaryocytes. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 98, 607-615.
97. Schiffer, C.A., Miller, K., Larson, R.A., Amrein, P.C., Antin, J.H., Zani, V.J. & Stone, R.M. (2000) A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor as an adjunct to induction and consolidation therapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 95, 2530-2535.
98. Sloan, A.W. (1951) The normal platelet count in man. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 4, 37-46.
99. Solberg, L. (2013) Solving the puzzle of thrombopoietin. Revista de Hematología, 14, 78-83.
100. Tayrien, G. & Rosenberg, R.D. (1987) Purification and properties of a megakaryocyte stimulatory factor present both in the serum-free conditioned medium of human embryonic kidney cells and in thrombocytopenic plasma. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262, 3262-3268.
101. Tepler, I., Elias, L., Smith, J.W. 2nd, Hussein, M., Rosen, G., Chang, A.Y., Moore, J.O., Gordon, M.S., Kuca, B., Beach, K.J., Loewy, J.W., Garnick, M.B. & Kaye, J.A. (1996) A randomized placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human interleukin-11 in cancer patients with severe thrombocytopenia due to chemotherapy. Blood, 87, 3607-3614.
102. Tocantins, L. (1938) The mammalian blood platelet in health and disease. Medicine, 17, 155-260.
103. Vadhan-Raj, S., Verschraegen, C.F., Bueso-Ramos, C., Broxmeyer, H.E., Kudelka, A.P., Freedman, R.S., Edwards, C.L., Gershenson, D., Jones, D., Ashby, M. & Kavanagh, J.J. (2000) Recombinant human thrombopoietin attenuates carboplatin-induced severe thrombocytopenia and the need for platelet transfusions in patients with gynecologic cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132, 364-368.
104. Vadhan-Raj, S., Kavanagh, J.J., Freedman, R.S., Folloder, J., Currie, L.M., Bueso-Ramos, C., Verschraegen, C.F., Narvios, A.B., Connor, J., Hoots, W.K., Broemeling, L.D. & Lichtiger, B. (2002) Safety and efficacy of transfusions of autologous cryopreserved platelets derived from recombinant human thrombopoietin to support chemotherapy-associated severe thrombocytopenia: a randomised cross-over study. Lancet, 359, 2145-2152.
105. Wendling, F. & Tambourin, P. (1991) The oncogene V-MPL, a putative truncated cytokine receptor which immortalized hemtopoietic progenitors. Nouvelle Revue Francaise d Hematologie, 33, 145-146.
106. White, J.G. (1971) Serotonin storage organelles in human megakaryocytes. The American Journal of Pathology, 63, 403-406.
107. Wright, J.H. (1902) A rapid method for the differential staining of blood films and malarial parasites. The Journal of Medical Research, 7, 138-144.
108. Wright, J.H. (1906) The origin and nature of blood plates. The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 154, 643-645.
109. Wright, J.H. (1910) The histogenesis of the blood platelets. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 21, 263-278.
110. Yang, C., Li, J. & Kuter, D.J. (1999) The physiological response of thrombopoietin (c-Mpl ligand) to thrombocytopenia in the rat. British Journal of Haematology, 105, 478-485.
111. Žvorc, Z., Baric Rafaj, R., Kules, J. & Mrljak, V. (2010) Erythrocyte and platelet indices in babesiosis of dogs. Veterinarski Arhiv, 80, 259-267.