Using caffeine and other adenosine receptor antagonists and agonists as therapeutic tools against neurodegenerative diseases: A review

Life Sciences

Volumn 101, Issue 1-2, 2014, Pages 1-9

  Rivera Oliver, Marla ^a   Díaz Ríos, Manuel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO   (Puerto Rico)

Author keywords

Adenosine receptors; Alzheimer's disease; Caffeine; Parkinson's disease; Spinal cord injury; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CAFFEINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY;

ANIMALIA;

ADENOSINE RECEPTORS; ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE; CAFFEINE; PARKINSON'S DISEASE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; STROKE;

ANIMALS; CAFFEINE; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS; PURINERGIC P1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS;

EID: 84897579298     PISSN: 00243205     EISSN: 18790631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.01.083     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. U. Adén, L. Halldner, H. Lagercrantz, I. Dalmau, C. Ledent, and B.B. Fredholm Aggravated brain damage after hypoxic ischemia in immature adenosine A2A knockout mice Stroke 34 2003 739 744
2. M. Airavaara, M.H. Voutilainen, Y. Wang, and B. Hoffer Neurorestoration Parkinsonism Relat Disord 1 2012 s143 s146
3. L.F. Agnati, G. Leo, A.V. Vergoni, E. Martínez, J. Hockemeyer, and C. Lluis et al. Neuroprotective effect of l-DOPA co-administered with the adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 in an animal model of Parkinson's disease Brain Res Bull 64 2 2004 155 164
4. G.W. Arendash, T. Mori, C. Cao, M. Mamcarz, M. Runfeldt, and A. Dickson et al. Caffeine reverses cognitive impairment and decreases brain amyloid-beta levels in aged Alzheimer's disease mice J Alzheimers Dis 17 3 2009 661 680
5. B. Arosio, L. Mastronardi, C. Gussago, P. Nicolini, A. Casè, and E. Ziglioli et al. Adenosine A(2A) receptor and IL-10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with mild cognitive impairment Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011 484021
6. P. Bermejo, S. Martín-Aragón, J. Benedí, C. Susín, E. Felici, and P. Gil et al. Differences of peripheral inflammatory markers between mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease Immunol Lett 177 2 2008 198 202
7. S.K. Bohn, N.C. Ward, J.M. Hodgson, and K.D. Croft Effects of tea and coffee on cardiovascular disease risk Food Funct 3 6 2012 575 591
8. K. Bonotis, E. Krikki, V. Holeva, C. Aggouridaki, V. Costa, and S. Baloyannis Systemic immune aberrations in Alzheimer's disease patients J Neuroimmunol 193 1-2 2008 183 187
9. T.R. Butler, and M.A. Prendergast Neuroadaptations in adenosine receptor signaling following long-term ethanol exposure and withdrawal Alcohol Clin Exp Res 36 1 2012 4 13
10. F. Camilo, and L.B. Goldstein Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke Stroke 35 7 2004 1769 1775
11. P.M. Canas, L.O. Porciúncula, G.M. Cunha, C.G. Silva, N.J. Machado, and J.M. Oliveira et al. Adenosine A receptor blockade prevents synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction caused by β-amyloid peptides via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway J Neurosci 29 47 2009 14741 14751
12. C. Cao, J.R. Cirrito, X. Lin, L. Wang, D.K. Verges, and A. Dickson et al. Caffeine suppresses amyloid-beta levels in plasma and brain of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice J Alzheimers Dis 17 3 2009 681 697 [Erratum in: J Alzheimers Dis 18 (3):727]
13. D.C. Cassada, C.G. Tribble, J.S. Young, J.J. Gangemi, A.R. Gohari, and P.D. Butler et al. Adenosine A2A analogue improves neurologic outcome after spinal cord trauma in the rabbit J Trauma 53 2002 225 229 [discussion 229-231]
14. G.Q. Chen, Y.Y. Chen, X.S. Wang, S.Z. Wu, H.M. Yang, and H.Q. Xu et al. Chronic caffeine treatment attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by guinea pig spinal cord homogenates in Wistar rats Brain Res 1309 2010 116 125
15. J.F. Chen, and Y. Chern Impacts of methylxanthines and adenosine receptors on neurodegeneration: human and experimental studies Handb Exp Pharmacol 200 2011 267 310
16. G.J. Chen, B.K. Harvey, H. Shen, J. Chou, A. Victor, and Y. Wang Activation of adenosine A3 receptors reduces ischemic brain injury in rodents J Neurosci Res 84 8 2006 1848 1855
17. J.F. Chen, and F. Pedata Modulation of ischemic brain injury and neuroinflammation by adenosine A2A receptors Curr Pharm Des 14 15 2008 1490 1499
18. J.F. Chen, R. Moratalla, F. Impagnatiello, D.K. Grandy, B. Cuellar, and M. Rubinstein et al. The role of the D(2) dopamine receptor (D(2)R) in A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R)-mediated behavioral and cellular responses as revealed by A(2A) and D(2) receptor knockout mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 4 2001 1970 1975
19. Y.F. Chu, W.H. Chang, R.M. Black, J.R. Liu, P. Sompol, and Y. Chen et al. Crude caffeine reduces memory impairment and amyloid β (1-42) levels in an Alzheimer's mouse model Food Chem 135 3 2012 2095 2102
20. R. Coccurello, N. Breysse, and M. Amalric Simultaneous blockade of adenosine A2A and metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptors increase their efficacy in reversing Parkinsonian deficits in rats Neuropsychopharmacology 29 8 2004 1451 1461
21. L.E. Collins, D.J. Galtieri, P. Collins, S.K. Jones, R.G. Port, and N.E. Paul et al. Interactions between adenosine and dopamine receptor antagonists with different selectivity profiles: effects on locomotor activity Behav Brain Res 211 2 2010 148 155
22. B. Csóka, and G. Haskó Adenosine, inflammation pathways and therapeutic challenges Joint Bone Spine 78 1 2011 4 6
23. T.L. Cupino, and M.K. Zabel Alzheimer's silent partner: cerebral amyloid angiopathy Transl Stroke Res 2013 [Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]]
24. S.S. Dai, W. Li, J.H. An, H. Wang, N. Yang, and X.Y. Chen et al. Adenosine A2A receptors in both bone marrow cells and non-bone marrow cells contribute to traumatic brain injury J Neurochem 113 6 2010 1536 1544
25. S.S. Dai, Y.G. Zhou, W. Li, J.H. An, P. Li, and N. Yang et al. Local glutamate level dictates adenosine A2A receptor regulation of neuroinflammation and traumatic brain injury J Neurosci 30 16 2010 5802 5810
26. S.S. Dai, and Y.G. Zhou Adenosine A2 receptor: a crucial neuromodulators with bidirectional effect in neuroinflammation and brain injury Rev Neurosci 22 2 2011 231 239
27. Y. Ding, J. Restrepo, L. Won, D.Y. Hwang, K.S. Kim, and U.J. Kang Chronic 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine treatment induces dyskinesia in aphakia mice, a novel genetic model of Parkinson's disease Neurobiol Dis 27 1 2007 11 23
28. A.S. Doré, N. Robertson, J.C. Errey, I. Ng, K. Hollenstein, and B. Tehan et al. Structure of the adenosine A(2A) receptor in complex with ZM241385 and the xanthines XAC and caffeine Structure 19 9 2011 1283 1293
29. N. Dragicevic, V. Delic, C. Cao, N. Copes, X. Lin, and M. Mamcarz et al. Caffeine increases mitochondrial function and blocks melatonin signaling to mitochondria in Alzheimer's mice and cells Neuropharmacology 63 8 2012 1368 1379
30. A.A. Erdmann, Z.G. Gao, U. Jung, J. Foley, T. Borenstein, and K.A. Jacobson et al. Activation of Th1 and Tc1 cell adenosine A receptors directly inhibits IL-2 secretion in vitro and IL-2-driven expansion in vivo Blood 105 12 2005 4707 4714
31. M.H. Eskelinen, and M. Kivipelto Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 20 Suppl. 1 2010 S167 S174 10.3233/JAD-2010-1404
32. S. Federico, and G. Spalluto Therapeutic potential of A2 and A3 adenosine receptor: a review of novel patented ligands Expert Opin Ther Pat 22 4 2012 369 390
33. S. Ferré An update on the mechanisms of the psychostimulant effects of caffeine J Neurochem 105 2008 1067 1079
34. B.B. Fredholm, A.P. Ijzerman, K.A. Jacobson, K.N. Klotz, and J. Linden International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors Pharmacol Rev 53 4 2001 527 552
35. B.B. Fredholm, G. Arslan, L. Halldner, B. Kull, G. Schulte, and W. Wasserman Structure and function of adenosine receptors and their genes Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 362 4-5 2000 364 374
36. M. Gahr, D.A. Nowak, B.J. Connemann, and C. Schönfeldt-Lecuona Cerebral amyloidal angiopathy - a disease with implications for neurology and psychiatry Brain Res 26 1519 2013 19 30
37. Y. Gao, and J.W. Phillis CGS 15943, an adenosine A2 receptor antagonist, reduces cerebral ischemic injury in the Mongolian gerbil Life Sci 55 1994 PL61 PL65
38. R.P. Gelber, H. Petrovitch, K.H. Masaki, G.W. Ross, and L.R. White Coffee intake in midlife and risk of dementia and its neuropathologic correlates J Alzheimers Dis 23 4 2011 607 615
39. T. Genovese, A. Melani, E. Esposito, E. Mazzon, R. Di Paola, and P. Bramanti et al. The selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 reduces JNK MAPK activation in oligodendrocytes in injured spinal cord Shock 32 2009 578 585
40. T. Genovese, A. Melani, E. Esposito, I. Paterniti, E. Mazzon, and R. Di Paola et al. Selective adenosine A(2a) receptor agonists reduce the apoptosis in an experimental model of spinal cord trauma J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 24 2010 73 86
41. M.J. Glade Caffeine - not just a stimulant Nutrition 10 2010 932 938 [Review]
42. H. Hall, S. Cuellar-Baena, C. Dahlberg, R. In't Zandt, V. Denisov, and D. Kirik Magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods for the assessment of metabolic functions in the diseased brain Curr Top Behav Neurosci 11 2012 169 198
43. G. Haskó, M.V. Sitkovsky, and C. Szabó Immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of inosine Trends Pharmacol Sci 25 3 2004 152 157
44. G. Haskó, J. Linden, B. Cronstein, and P. Pacher Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 9 2008 759 770
45. H. Higashi, J.R. Meno, A.S. Marwaha, and H.R. Winn Hippocampal injury and neurobehavioral deficits following hyperglycemic cerebral ischemia: effect of theophylline and ZM241385 J Neurosurg 96 2002 117 126
46. H. Horiuchi, T. Ogata, T. Morino, and H. Yamamoto Adenosine A1 receptor agonists reduce hyperalgesia after spinal cord injury in rats Spinal Cord 48 9 2010 685 690
47. S. Hu, H. Dong, H. Zhang, S. Wang, L. Hou, and S. Chen et al. Noninvasive limb remote ischemic preconditioning contributes neuroprotective effects via activation of adenosine A1 receptor and redox status after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats Brain Res 1459 2012 81 90
48. P. Jenner, A. Mori, R. Hauser, M. Morelli, B.B. Fredholm, and J.F. Chen Adenosine, adenosine A2A antagonists, and Parkinson's disease Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15 6 2009 406 413
49. P.A. Jones, R.A. Smith, and T.W. Stone Protection against hippocampal kainate excitotoxicity by intracerebral administration of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist Brain Res 800 1998 328 335
50. P.A. Jones, R.A. Smith, and T.W. Stone Protection against kainate-induced excitotoxicity by adenosine A2A receptor agonists and antagonists Neuroscience 85 1998 229 237
51. J.E. Kelsey, N.A. Langelier, B.S. Oriel, and C. Reedy The effects of systemic, intrastriatal, and intrapallidal injections of caffeine and systemic injections of A2A and A1 antagonists on forepaw stepping in the unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat Psychopharmacology (Berl) 201 4 2009 529 539
52. E.A. Kowaluk Adenosine modulation: a novel approach to analgesia and inflammation Expert Opin Investig Drugs 7 4 1998 535 543
53. T. Kitta, M.B. Chancellor, W.C. de Groat, S. Kuno, K. Nonomura, and N. Yoshimura Suppression of bladder overactivity by adenosine A2a receptor antagonist in a rat model of Parkinson's disease J Urol 187 5 2012 1890 1897
54. C.M. Lappas, J.M. Rieger, and J. Linden A adenosine receptor induction inhibits IFN-γ production in murine CD4 T cells J Immunol 174 2 2005 1073 1080
55. C.M. Lappas, G.W. Sullivan, and J. Linden Adenosine A2A agonists in development for the treatment of inflammation Expert Opin Investig Drugs 14 7 2005 797 806
56. S.C. Larsson, J. Virtamo, and A. Wolk Coffee consumption and risk in women Stroke 42 4 2011 908 912
57. Y. Li, R.J. Oskouian, Y.J. Day, J.M. Rieger, L. Liu, and J.A. Kern et al. Mouse spinal cord compression injury is reduced by either activation of the adenosine A2A receptor on bone marrow-derived cells or deletion of the A2A receptor on non-bone marrow-derived cells Neuroscience 141 2006 2029 2039
58. W. Li, S. Dai, J. An, P. Li, X. Chen, and R. Xiong et al. Chronic but not acute treatment with caffeine attenuates traumatic brain injury in the mouse cortical impact model Neuroscience 151 4 2008 1198 1207
59. H.E. Marjo, and K. Miia Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 20 2010 167 174
60. S. Marques, V.L. Batalha, L.V. Lopes, and T.F. Outeiro Modulating Alzheimer's disease through caffeine: a putative link to epigenetics J Alzheimers Dis 24 Suppl. 2 2011 161 171
61. A. Melani, L. Pantoni, F. Bordoni, M. Gianfriddo, L. Bianchi, and M.G. Vannucchi et al. The selective A2A receptor antagonist Sch 58261 reduces striatal transmitter outflow, turning behavior and ischemic brain damage induced by permanent focal ischemia in the rat Brain Res 959 2003 243 250
62. A. Melani, M. Gianfriddo, M.G. Vannucchi, S. Cipriani, P.G. Baraldi, and M.G. Giovannini et al. The selective A(2A) receptor antagonist Sch 58261 protects from neurological deficit, brain damage and activation of p38 MAPK in rat focal cerebral ischemia Brain Res 1073-1074 2006 470 480
63. A. Monopoli, C. Casati, G. Lozza, A. Forlani, and E. Ongini Cardiovascular pharmacology of the A2A adenosine receptor antagonist, Sch 58261, in the rat J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285 1998 9 15
64. A. Monopoli, G. Lozza, A. Forlani, A. Mattavelli, and E. Ongini Blockade of adenosine A2A receptors by Sch 58261 results in neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia in rats Neuroreport 9 1998 3955 3959
65. M. Montagnana, E.J. Favaloro, and G. Lippi Coffee intake and cardiovascular disease: virtue does not take center stage Semin Thromb Hemost 28 2 2012 164 177
66. M. Morelli, F. Blandini, N. Simola, and R.A. Hauser A(2A) receptor antagonism and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease Park Dis 2012 2012 489853
67. J.E. Morley, and S.A. Farr The role of amyloid-beta in the regulation of memory Biochem Pharmacol 2014 [Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]]
68. E. Mostofsky, G. Schlaug, K.J. Mukamal, W.D. Rossamond, and M.A. Mittleman Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: the stroke onset study Neurology 75 18 2010 1583 1588
69. C.E. Müller, and K.A. Jacobson Recent developments in adenosine receptor ligands and their potential as novel drugs Biochim Biophys Acta 1808 5 2011 1290 1308
70. A. Nehlig, J.L. Daval, and G. Debry Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects Brain Res Brain Res Rev 17 2 1992 139 170
71. C. Ojeda-López, A. Cervantes-Arriaga, M. Rodríguez- Violante, and T. Corona Caffeine drinking, cigarette smoking, and dopaminergic replacement therapy dose in Parkinson's disease Neurol Sci 34 6 2012 979 983
72. D.O. Okonkwo, T.B. Reece, J.J. Laurent, A.S. Hawkins, P.I. Ellman, and J. Linden et al. A comparison of adenosine A2A agonism and methylprednisolone in attenuating neuronal damage and improving functional outcome after experimental traumatic spinal cord injury in rabbits J Neurosurg Spine 4 1 2006 64 70
73. N. Palacios, X. Gao, M.L. McCullough, M.A. Schwarzschild, R. Shah, and S. Gapstur et al. Caffeine and risk of Parkinson's disease in a large cohort of men and women Mov Disord 27(10 2012 1276 1282
74. H.L. Pan, and S.R. Chen Sensing tissue ischemia: another new function for capsaicin receptors? Circulation 110 13 2004 1826 1831
75. I. Paterniti, A. Melani, S. Cipriani, F. Corti, T. Mello, and E. Mazzon et al. Selective adenosine A2A receptor agonists and antagonists protect against spinal cord injury through peripheral and central effects J Neuroinflammation 12 2011 8 31
76. S. Paul, S. Khanapur, A.A. Rybczynska, C. Kwizera, J.W. Sijbesma, and K. Ishiwata et al. Small-animal PET study of adenosine A(1) receptors in rat brain: blocking receptors and raising extracellular adenosine J Nucl Med 52 8 2011 1293 1300
77. F. Pedata, M. Gianfriddo, D. Turchi, and A. Melani The protective effect of adenosine A2A receptor antagonism in cerebral ischemia Neurol Res 27 2005 169 174
78. J.D. Peterson, J.A. Goldberg, and D.J. Surmeier Adenosine A2a receptor antagonist attenuate striatal adaptations following dopamine depletion Neurobiol Dis 45 1 2012 409 416
79. R.B. Postuma, A.E. Lang, R.P. Munhoz, K. Charland, A. Pelletier, and M. Moscovich et al. Caffeine for treatment of Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial Neurology 79 7 2012 651 658
80. Erratum in: Neurology 79 16 2012 1744 [Oct 16]
81. J.R. Prasanthi, B. Dasari, G. Marwarha, T. Larson, X. Chen, and J.D. Geiger et al. Caffeine protects against oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in rabbit hippocampus induced by cholesterol-enriched diet Free Radic Biol Med 49 7 2010 1212 1220
82. H.W. Querfurth, and F.M. LaFerla Alzheimer's disease N Engl J Med 362 4 2010 329 344
83. A.F. Ramlackhansingh, S.K. Bose, I. Ahmed, F.E. Turkheimer, N. Pavese, and D.J. Brooks Adenosine A2 receptor availability in dyskinetic and nondyskinetic patients with Parkinson's disease Neurology 76 21 2011 1811 1816
84. T.B. Reece, J.D. Davis, D.O. Okonkwo, T.S. Maxey, P.I. Ellman, and X. Li et al. Adenosine A2A analogue reduces long-term neurologic injury after blunt spinal trauma J Surg Res 121 2004 130 134
85. R.L. Rodnitzky Upcoming treatments in Parkinson's disease, including gene therapy Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18 Suppl. 1 2012 S37 S40
86. F.E. Rosim, D.S. Persike, A. Nehlig, R.P. Amorim, D.M. de Oliveira, and M.J. Fernandes Differential neuroprotection by A(1) receptor activation and A(2A) receptor inhibition following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus Epilepsy Behav 22 2 2011 207 213
87. D. Salvemini, S.F. Kim, and V. Mollace Reciprocal regulation of the nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathway in pathophysiology: relevance and clinical implications Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 304 7 2013 R473 R487
88. J. Sawynok, and A.R. Reid Caffeine inhibits antinociception by acetaminophen in the formalin test by inhibiting spinal adenosine A1 receptors Eur J Pharmacol 674 2-3 2011 248 254
89. S. Schenone, C. Brullo, F. Musumeci, O. Bruno, and M. Botta A1 receptors ligands: past, present and future trends Curr Top Med Chem 10 9 2010 878 901 [Review]
90. M.A. Schwarzschild, L. Agnati, K. Fuxe, J.F. Chen, and M. Morelli Targeting adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson's disease Trends Neurosci 29 11 2006 647 654
91. A.M. Sebastião, and J.A. Ribeiro Adenosine receptors and the central nervous system Handb Exp Pharmacol 193 2009 471 534
92. J. Snel, and M.M. Lorist Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition Prog Brain Res 190 2011 105 117 [Review]
93. L. Song, M. Kong, Y. Ma, M. Ba, and Z. Liu Inhibitory effect of 8-(3-chlorostryryl) caffeine on levodopa-induced motor fluctuation is associated with intracellular signaling pathway in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats Brain Res 1276 2009 171 179
94. P.K. Sonsalla, L.Y. Wong, S.L. Harris, J.R. Richardson, I. Khobahy, and W. Li et al. Delayed caffeine treatment prevents nigral dopamine neuron loss in a progressive rat model of Parkinson's disease Exp Neurol 234 2 2012 482 487
95. T.W. Stone, S. Ceruti, and M.P. Abbracchio Adenosine receptors and neurological disease: neuroprotection and neurodegeneration Handb Exp Pharmacol 193 2009 535 587
96. E. Tarkowski, K. Blennow, A. Wallin, and A. Tarkowski Intracerebral production of tumor necrosis factor-α, a local neuroprotective agent, in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia J Clin Immunol 19 4 1999 223 230
97. E. Tarkowski, A.M. Liljeroth, a Nilsson, L. Minthon, and K. Blennow Decreased levels of intrathecal interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in Alzheimer's disease Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 12 5 2001 314 317
98. M.A. Tomić, S.M. Vucković, R.M. Stepanović- Petrović, N. Ugresić, M.S. Prostran, and B. Bosković Peripheral anti-hyperalgesia by oxcarbazepine: involvement of adenosine A1 receptors Pharmazie 61 6 2006 566 568
99. S. Tsutsui, J. Schnermann, F. Noorbakhsh, S. Henry, V.W. Yong, and B.W. Winston et al. A1 adenosine receptor upregulation and activation attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis J Neurosci 24 6 2004 1521 1529
100. D.K. Von Lubitz, R.C. Lin, and K.A. Jacobson Cerebral ischemia in gerbils: effects of acute and chronic treatment with adenosine A2A receptor agonist and antagonist Eur J Pharmacol 287 1995 295 302
101. C.J. Wei, W. Li, and J.F. Chen Normal and abnormal functions of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system revealed by genetic knockout studies Biochim Biophys Acta 1808 5 2011 1358 1379
102. T. Wyss-Coray Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response? Nat Med 12 9 2006 1005 1015
103. D. Xiao, J.J. Cassin, B. Healy, T.C. Burdett, J.F. Chen, and B.B. Fredholm et al. Deletion of adenosine A or A(2a) receptors reduces l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesia in a model of Parkinson's disease Brain Res 1367 2011 310 318
104. X. Xie, V. Ramkumar, and L.A. Toth Adenosine and dopamine receptor interactions in striatum and caffeine-induced behavioral activation Comp Med 57 6 2007 538 545 [Review]
105. C. Xuesong, G. Othman, and D.G. Jonathan Caffeine protects against disruptions of the BBB in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease J Alzheimers Dis 20 2010 127 146
106. S. Yaday, S.P. Gupta, G. Srivastava, P.K. Srivastava, and M.P. Singh Role of secondary mediators in caffeine-mediated neuroprotection in maneb- and paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease phenotype in the mouse Neurochem Res 37 4 2012 875 884
107. R. Zeitlin, S. Patel, S. Burgess, G.W. Arendash, and V. Echeverria Caffeine induces beneficial changes in PKA signaling and JNK and ERK activities in the striatum and cortex of Alzheimer's transgenic mice Brain Res 12 1417 2011 127 136