Molecular markers for breast cancer: Prediction on tumor behavior

Disease Markers

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Banin Hirata, Bruna Karina ^a   Oda, Julie Massayo Maeda ^a   Losi Guembarovski, Roberta ^a   Ariza, Carolina Batista ^a   Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo Coral De ^a   Watanabe, Maria Angelica Ehara ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF LONDRINA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRCA1 PROTEIN; BRCA2 PROTEIN; CA 15-3 ANTIGEN; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CAVEOLIN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CYCLINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; GROWTH FACTOR; KI 67 ANTIGEN; MICRORNA; MOLECULAR MARKER; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PROTEIN P53; RANTES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXP3; TUMOR MARKER; TUMOR PROTEIN;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; DNA REPAIR; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; INVASIVE CARCINOMA; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; ONCOGENE NEU; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER; VIRUS ONCOGENE; ANIMAL; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PROGNOSIS;

ANIMALS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; MICRORNAS; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; PROGNOSIS; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 84896909739     PISSN: 02780240     EISSN: 18758630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/513158     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. INCA/MS,. Estimativa 2010, Incidência de Câncer no Brasil, 2011
2. Cancer Genome Atlas Network, Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2012 490 7418 61 70
3. INCA/RJ,. Estimativa 2012, Incidência de Câncer no Brasil, 2011
4. Vargo-Gogola T., Rosen J. M., Modelling breast cancer: one size does not fit all. Nature Reviews Cancer 2007 7 9 659 672 2-s2.0-34548268026 10.1038/nrc2193
5. Ketterhagen J. P., Quackenbusch S. R., Haushalter R. A., Tumor histology as a prognostic determinant in carcinoma of the breast. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics 1984 158 2 120 123 2-s2.0-0021351169
6. Sobin L., Wittekind C., TNM classification for esophagus cancer. Hepato-Gastro 2007 14 6 491 492 2-s2.0-37149047431
7. Polyak K., Breast cancer: origins and evolution. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007 117 11 3155 3163 2-s2.0-36048947234 10.1172/JCI33295
8. Matos L. L. M., Leandro N. S., Maurício M. B., Roberta M. P., Maria aparecida da silva tecnologia aplicada na detecção de marcadores tumorais. Arquivos Médicos Do ABC 2005 30 7
9. Pacheco F. A., Paschoal M. E. M., Carvalho M. G. C., Marcadores tumorais no câncer de pulmão: um caminho para uma terapia biológica. Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia 2002 28 7
10. Mishra A., Verma M., Cancer biomarkers: are we ready for the prime time? Cancers 2010 2 1 190 208 2-s2.0-79951757281 10.3390/cancers2010190
11. Ventura A. C., Merajver S. D., Genetic determinants of aggressive breast cancer. Annual Review of Medicine 2008 59 199 212 2-s2.0-39649105682 10.1146/annurev.med.59.060106.184830
12. Sotiriou C., Pusztai L., Gene-expression signatures in breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine 2009 360 8 752 800 2-s2.0-60849097255 10.1056/NEJMra0801289
13. Weigelt B., Reis-Filho J. S., Molecular profiling currently offers no more than tumour morphology and basic immunohistochemistry. Breast Cancer Research 2010 12 4, article S5 2-s2.0-78650918264 10.1186/bcr2734
14. van Beers E. H., Nederlof P. M., Array-CGH and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 2006 8 3, article 210 2-s2.0-34247551135 10.1186/bcr1510
15. Hondermarck H., Vercoutter-Edouart A.-S., Révillion F., Lemoine J., El-Yazidi-Belkoura I., Nurcombe V., Peyrat J.-P., Proteomics of breast cancer for marker discovery and signal pathway profiling. Proteomics 2001 1 10 1216 1232 2-s2.0-0035489608
16. Piccart-Gebhart M. J., New developments in hormone receptor-positive disease. The oncologist 2011 16 40 50 2-s2.0-79959522430 10.1634/theoncologist. 2011-S1-40
17. Haslam S. Z., The ontogeny of mouse mammary gland responsiveness to ovarian steroid hormones. Endocrinology 1989 125 5 2766 2772 2-s2.0-0024436135
18. Rosen P. P., Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast. Human Pathology 1987 18 12 1232 1237 2-s2.0-0023600187
19. Althuis M. D., Fergenbaum J. H., Garcia-Closas M., Brinton L. A., Madigan M. P., Sherman M. E., Etiology of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 2004 13 10 1558 1568 2-s2.0-4944226962
20. Yoo K.-Y., Tajima K., Park S.-K., Kang D., Kim S.-U., Hirose K., Takeuchi T., Miura S., Postmenopausal obesity as a breast cancer risk factor according to estrogen and progesterone receptor status (Japan). Cancer Letters 2001 167 1 57 63 2-s2.0-0035838119 10.1016/S0304-3835(01)00463-3
21. Manjer J., Malina J., Berglund G., Bondeson L., Garne J. P., Janzon L., Smoking associated with hormone receptor negative breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer 2001 91 580
22. Jensen E. V., Jordan V. C., The estrogen receptor: a model for molecular medicine. Clinical Cancer Research 2003 9 6 1980 1989 2-s2.0-0037501319
23. Fisher B., Costantino J. P., Wickerham D. L., Redmond C. K., Kavanah M., Cronin W. M., Vogel V., Robidoux A., Dimitrov N., Atkins J., Daly M., Wieand S., Tan-Chiu E., Ford L., Wolmark N., Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998 90 18 1371 1388 2-s2.0-0032537990
24. Cote R. J. T., Saunders W. B., C.R.: immunohistochemical detection of steroid hormone receptors. Immunomicroscopy: A diagnostic Tool For the surgical pathologist 1994 Philadelphia, Pa, USA
25. Harvey J. M., Clark G. M., Osborne C. K., Allred D. C., Estrogen receptor status by immunohistochemistry is superior to the ligand-binding assay for predicting response to adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999 17 5 1474 1481 2-s2.0-0032896905
26. Wittliff J. L., Steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer. Cancer 1984 53 3 630 643 2-s2.0-0021348486
27. Eisenberg A. L. A., Koifman S., Cancer de mama: marcadores tumorais. Revista Brasileira De Cancerologia 2001 47 11
28. Slamon D. J., Clark G. M., Wong S. G., Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 1987 235 4785 177 182 2-s2.0-0023084858
29. Barnes D. M., C-erbb-2 amplification in mammary-carcinoma. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1993 17 132 138
30. Yamamoto T., Ikawa S., Akiyama T., Similarity of protein encoded by the human c-erb-B-2 gene to epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 1986 319 6050 230 234 2-s2.0-0022588467
31. Citri A., Skaria K. B., Yarden Y., The deaf and the dumb: the biology of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3. Experimental Cell Research 2003 284 1 54 65 2-s2.0-0037429779 10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00101-5
32. Lonardo F., Di Marco E., King C. R., Pierce J. H., Segatto O., Aaronson S. A., Di Fiore P. P., The normal erbB-2 product is an atypical receptor-like tyrosine kinase with constitutive activity in the absence of ligand. New Biologist 1990 2 11 992 1003 2-s2.0-0025687686
33. Slamon D. J., Leyland-Jones B., Shak S., Fuchs H., Paton V., Bajamonde A., Fleming T., Eiermann W., Wolter J., Pegram M., Baselga J., Norton L., Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against her2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 344 11 783 792 2-s2.0-0035869407 10.1056/NEJM200103153441101
34. Molina M. A., Codony-Servat J., Albanell J., Rojo F., Arribas J., Baselga J., Trastuzumab (Herceptin), a humanized anti-HER2 receptor monoclonal antibody, inhibits basal and activated HER2 ectodomain cleavage in breast cancer cells. Cancer Research 2001 61 12 4744 4749 2-s2.0-0035874981
35. Hudis C. A., Trastuzumab-mechanism of action and use in clinical practice. The New England Journal of Medicine 2007 357 1 39 51 2-s2.0-34347395733 10.1056/NEJMra043186
36. Johnston S. R. D., Leary A., Lapatinib: a novel EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor for cancer. Drugs of Today 2006 42 7 441 453 2-s2.0-33747146789 10.1358/dot.2006.42.7.985637
37. Narita T., Funahashi H., Satoh Y., Takagi H., C-erbB-2 protein in the sera of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1992 24 2 97 102 2-s2.0-0027082457
38. Bramwell V. H. C., Doig G. S., Tuck A. B., Wilson S. M., Tonkin K. S., Tomiak A., Perera F., Vandenberg T. A., Chambers A. F., Changes over time of extracellular domain of HER2 (ECD/HER2) serum levels have prognostic value in metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2009 114 3 503 511 2-s2.0-61449122308 10.1007/s10549-008-0033-2
39. Tan L.-D., Xu Y.-Y., Yu Y., Li X.-Q., Chen Y., Feng Y.-M., Serum HER2 level measured by dot blot: a valid and inexpensive assay for monitoring breast cancer progression. PLoS ONE 2011 6 4 2-s2.0-79954614868 10.1371/journal.pone. 0018764 e18764
40. Dent R., Trudeau M., Pritchard K. I., Hanna W. M., Kahn H. K., Sawka C. A., Lickley L. A., Rawlinson E., Sun P., Narod S. A., Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clinical Cancer Research 2007 13 15 4429 4434 2-s2.0-34547661993 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-3045
41. Cadoo K. A., Traina T. A., King T. A., Advances in molecular and clinical subtyping of breast cancer and their implications for therapy. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 2013 22 823 10.1016/j.soc.2013.06.006
42. Cho E. Y., Chang M. H., Choi Y. L., Lee J. E., Nam S. J., Yang J.-H., Park Y. H., Ahn J. S., Im Y.-H., Potential candidate biomarkers for heterogeneity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 2011 68 3 753 761 2-s2.0-80053606688 10.1007/s00280-010-1548-x
43. Sørlie T., Tibshirani R., Parker J., Hastie T., Marron J. S., Nobel A., Deng S., Johnsen H., Pesich R., Geisler S., Demeter J., Perou C. M., Lønning P. E., Brown P. O., Børresen-Dale A.-L., Botstein D., Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003 100 14 8418 8423 2-s2.0-0037478605 10.1073/pnas.0932692100
44. Gerdes J., Lemke H., Baisch H., Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. Journal of Immunology 1984 133 4 1710 1715 2-s2.0-0021212003
45. Reyal F., Bollet M. A., Caly M., Gentien D., Carpentier S., Peyro-Saint-Paul H., Pierga J.-Y., Cottu P., Dieras V., Sigal-Zafrani B., Vincent-Salomon A., Sastre-Garau X., Respective prognostic value of genomic grade and histological proliferation markers in early stage (pN0) breast carcinoma. PLoS ONE 2012 7 4 2-s2.0-84860009382 10.1371/journal.pone.0035184 e35184
46. Vielh P., Chevillard S., Mosseri V., Donatini B., Magdelenat H., Ki67 index and S-phase fraction in human breast carcinomas. Comparison and correlations with prognostic factors. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1990 94 6 681 686 2-s2.0-0025670027
47. Sørlie T., Wang Y., Xiao C., Johnsen H., Naume B., Samaha R. R., Børresen-Dale A.-L., Distinct molecular mechanisms underlying clinically relevant subtypes of breast cancer: gene expression analyses across three different platforms. BMC Genomics 2006 7, article 127 2-s2.0-33745834662 10.1186/1471-2164-7-127
48. Patil A. V., Singhai R., Bhamre R. S., Patil V. W., Ki-67 biomarker in breast cancer of Indian women. North American Journal of Medical Sciences 2011 3 3 119 128 2-s2.0-79953240531 10.4297/najms.2011.3119
49. Tawfik K., Kimler B. F., Davis M. K., Fan F., Tawfik O., Ki-67 expression in axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer is prognostically significant. Human Pathology 2013 44 1 39 46 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.05.007
50. Luporsi E., André F., Spyratos F., Martin P.-M., Jacquemier J., Penault-Llorca F., Tubiana-Mathieu N., Sigal-Zafrani B., Arnould L., Gompel A., Egele C., Poulet B., Clough K. B., Crouet H., Fourquet A., Lefranc J.-P., Mathelin C., Rouyer N., Serin D., Spielmann M., Haugh M., Chenard M.-P., Brain E., de Cremoux P., Bellocq J.-P., Ki-67: level of evidence and methodological considerations for its role in the clinical management of breast cancer: analytical and critical review. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2012 132 3 895 915 2-s2.0-80055046667 10.1007/s10549-011-1837-z
51. Hussain S. P., Harris C. C., p53 biological network: at the crossroads of the cellular-stress response pathway and molecular carcinogenesis. Journal of Nippon Medical School 2006 73 2 54 64 2-s2.0-33646093708 10.1272/jnms.73.54
52. Sørlie T., Perou C. M., Tibshirani R., Aas T., Geisler S., Johnsen H., Hastie T., Eisen M. B., Van De Rijn M., Jeffrey S. S., Thorsen T., Quist H., Matese J. C., Brown P. O., Botstein D., Lønning P. E., Børresen-Dale A.-L., Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001 98 19 10869 10874 2-s2.0-0035845511 10.1073/pnas.191367098
53. Allred D. C., Clark G. M., Elledge R., Fuqua S. A. W., Brown R. W., Chamness G. C., Osborne C. K., McGuire W. L., Association of p53 protein expression with tumor cell proliferation rate and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993 85 3 200 206 2-s2.0-0027394794
54. Dumay A., Feugeas J. P., Wittmer E., Lehmann-Che J., Bertheau P., Espie M., Distinct tumor protein p53 mutants in breast cancer subgroups. International Journal of Cancer 2013 132 5 1227 1231 10.1002/ijc.27767
55. Elledge R. M., Clark G. M., Fuqua S. A. W., Yu Y.-Y., Allred D. C., p53 protein accumulation detected by five different antibodies: relationship to prognosis and heat shock protein 70 in breast cancer. Cancer Research 1994 54 14 3752 3757 2-s2.0-0028142049
56. Lacroix M., Significance, detection and markers of disseminated breast cancer cells. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2006 13 4 1033 1067 2-s2.0-33846815517 10.1677/ERC-06-0001
57. Vizcarra E., Lluch A., Cibrián R., Jarque F., Alberola V., Belloch V., García-Conde J., Value of CA 15.3 in breast cancer and comparison with CEA and TPA: a study of specificity in disease-free follow-up patients and sensitivity in patients at diagnosis of the first metastasis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1996 37 3 209 216 2-s2.0-0030034152 10.1007/BF01806502
58. Geraghty J. G., Coveney E. C., Sherry F., Ohiggins N. J., Duffy M. J., Ca-15-3 in patients with locoregional and metastatic breast-carcinoma. Cancer 1992 70 2831
59. Ebeling F. G., Stieber P., Untch M., Nagel D., Konecny G. E., Schmitt U. M., Fateh-Moghadam A., Seidel D., Serum CEA and CA 15-3 as prognostic factors in primary breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 2002 86 8 1217 1222 2-s2.0-0037156936 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600248
60. Thompson J. A., Grunert F., Zimmermann W., Carcinoembryonic antigen gene family: molecular biology and clinical perspectives. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 1991 5 5 344 366 2-s2.0-0026048664
61. Molina R., Auge J. M., Farrus B., Zanón G., Pahisa J., Muñoz M., Torne A., Filella X., Escudero J. M., Fernandez P., Velasco M., Prospective evaluation of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) in patients with primary locoregional breast cancer. Clinical Chemistry 2010 56 7 1148 1157 2-s2.0-77954355661 10.1373/clinchem.2009.135566
62. Uehara M., Kinoshita T., Hojo T., Akashi-Tanaka S., Iwamoto E., Fukutomi T., Long-term prognostic study of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) in breast cancer. International Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008 13 5 447 451 2-s2.0-54849429384 10.1007/s10147-008-0773-3
63. Thathiah A., Carson D. D., MT1-MMP mediates MUC1 shedding independent of TACE/ADAM17. Biochemical Journal 2004 382 1 363 373 2-s2.0-4344714770 10.1042/BJ20040513
64. Hattrup C. L., Gendler S. J., Structure and function of the cell surface (tethered) mucins. Annual Review of Physiology 2008 70 431 457 2-s2.0-43549126011 10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100659
65. Duffy M. J., Shering S., Sherry F., McDermott E., O'Higgins N., CA 15-3: a prognostic marker in breast cancer. International Journal of Biological Markers 2000 15 4 330 333 2-s2.0-0034520850
66. Sandri M. T., Salvatici M., Botteri E., Passerini R., Zorzino L., Rotmensz N., Luini A., Mauro C., Bagnardi V., Cassatella M. C., Bottari F., Casadio C., Colleoni M., Prognostic role of CA15.3 in 7942 patients with operable breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2012 132 1 317 326 2-s2.0-84857923466 10.1007/s10549-011-1863-x
67. Mendes G. A., Sturmer F. C. R., Basegio D. L., Utilização dos marcadores CA15. 3 e CEA no seguimento de pacientes com neoplasia mamária. NewsLab 2010 102 7
68. Jäger W., Eibner K., Löffler B., Gleixner S., Krämer S., Serial CEA and CA 15-3 measurements during follow-up of breast cancer patients. Anticancer Research 2000 20 6 5179 5182 2-s2.0-0034452449
69. Welcsh P. L., Owens K. N., King M.-C., Insights into the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Trends in Genetics 2000 16 2 69 74 2-s2.0-0034142268 10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01930-7
70. Venkitaraman A. R., Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell 2002 108 2 171 182 2-s2.0-0037169354 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00615-3
71. Bertwistle D., Ashworth A., Functions of the BRCA1 end BRCA2 genes. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 1998 8 1 14 20 2-s2.0-0031594639 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80056-7
72. Rahman N., Stratton M. R., The genetics of breast cancer susceptibility. Annual Review of Genetics 1998 32 95 121 2-s2.0-0032441791 10.1146/annurev. genet.32.1.95
73. Shapira I., Gralla R. J., Akerman M., Weiselberg L. R., John V. S., Raftopoulos H., Does maternal Or paternal inheritance of BRCA Mutation Affect the Age of Cancer Diagnosis in Meeting ASCOA 2011 Texas
74. Senst N., Llacuachaqui M., Lubinski J., Lynch H., Armel S., Neuhausen S., Parental origin of mutation and the risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. Clinical Genetics 2013 84 1 43 46 10.1111/cge.12037
75. Ikeda N., Miyoshi Y., Yoneda K., Shiba E., Sekihara Y., Kinoshita M., Frequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in Japanese breast cancer families. International Journal of Cancer 2001 91 1 83 88
76. Robson M. E., Treatment of hereditary breast cancer. Seminars in Oncology 2007 34 5 384 391 2-s2.0-34848895941 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2007.07.011
77. Schwartz G. F., Hughes K. S., Lynch H. T., Fabian C. J., Fentiman I. S., Robson M. E., Domchek S. M., Hartmann L. C., Holland R., Winchester D. J., Anderson B. O., Arun B. K., Bartolink H., Bernard P., Bonanni B., Cady B., Clough K. B., Feig S. A., Heywang-Kobrunner S. H., Howell A., Isaacs C., Kopans D. B., Mansel R. E., Masood S., Palazzo J. P., Solin L. J., Untch M., Proceedings of the international consensus conference on breast cancer risk, genetics, & risk management, April, 2007. Cancer 2008 113 10 2627 2637 2-s2.0-55849093873 10.1002/cncr.23903
78. Vanstone M., Chow W., Lester L., Ainsworth P., Nisker J., Brackstone M., Recognizing BRCA gene mutation risk subsequent to breast cancer diagnosis in southwestern Ontario. Canadian Family Physician 2012 58 5 E258 E266
79. Rebbeck T. R., Friebel T., Lynch H. T., Neuhausen S. L., Van't Veer L., Garber J. E., Evans G. R., Narod S. A., Isaacs C., Matloff E., Daly M. B., Olopade O. I., Weber B. L., Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE study group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004 22 6 1055 1062 2-s2.0-1842614292 10.1200/JCO.2004.04. 188
80. Apostolou P., Fostira F., Hereditary breast cancer: the era of new susceptibility genes. BioMed Research International 2013 2013 747318 10.1155/2013/747318
81. Moldovan G.-L., Pfander B., Jentsch S., PCNA, the maestro of the replication fork. Cell 2007 129 4 665 679 2-s2.0-34249066085 10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.003
82. Bravo R., Macdonald-Bravo H., Existence of two populations of cyclin/proliferating cell nuclear antigen during the cell cycle: association with DNA replication sites. The Journal of Cell Biology 1987 105 4 1549 1554 2-s2.0-0023579723
83. Elston C. W., Ellis I. O., Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: experience from a large study with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 1991 19 5 403 410 2-s2.0-0026072872
84. Zhao H., Ho P.-C., Lo Y.-H., Espejo A., Bedford M. T., Hung M.-C., Wang S.-C., Interaction of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) with c-Abl in cell proliferation and response to DNA damages in breast cancer. PLoS ONE 2012 7 1 2-s2.0-84855415190 10.1371/journal.pone.0029416 e29416
85. Zhao H., Lo Y.-H., Ma L., Waltz S. E., Gray J. K., Hung M.-C., Wang S.-C., Targeting tyrosine phosphorylation of pcna inhibits prostate cancer growth. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2011 10 1 29 36 2-s2.0-78751558423 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0778
86. Aoki M. N., Amarante M. K., Oda J. M. M., Watanabe M. A. E., Caveolin involvement and modulation in breast cancer. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2011 11 13 1143 1152 2-s2.0-80054057428 10.2174/138955711797655344
87. Hnasko R., Lisanti M. P., The biology of caveolae: lessons from caveolin knockout mice and implications for human disease. Molecular Interventions 2003 3 8 445 464 2-s2.0-2142647335
88. Elsheikh S. E., Green A. R., Rakha E. A., Samaka R. M., Ammar A. A., Powe D., Reis-Filho J. S., Ellis I. O., Caveolin 1 and caveolin 2 are associated with breast cancer basal-like and triple-negative immunophenotype. British Journal of Cancer 2008 99 2 327 334 2-s2.0-48149115981 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604463
89. Karam J. A., Lotan Y., Roehrborn C. G., Ashfaq R., Karakiewicz P. I., Shariat S. F., Caveolin-I overexpression is associated with aggressive prostate cancer recurrence. Prostate 2007 67 6 614 622 2-s2.0-34247589588 10.1002/pros.20557
90. Ho C.-C., Kuo S.-H., Huang P.-H., Huang H.-Y., Yang C.-H., Caveolin-1 expression is significantly associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 2008 59 1 105 110 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.07.024
91. Barresi V., Cerasoli S., Paioli G., Vitarelli E., Giuffrè G., Guiducci G., Tuccari G., Caveolin-1 in meningiomas: expression and clinico-pathological correlations. Acta Neuropathologica 2006 112 5 617 626 2-s2.0-33749666001 10.1007/s00401-006-0097-1
92. Kucia M., Reca R., Miekus K., Wanzeck J., Wojakowski W., Janowska-Wieczorek A., Ratajczak J., Ratajczak M. Z., Trafficking of normal stem cells and metastasis of cancer stem cells involve similar mechanisms: pivotal role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis. Stem Cells 2005 23 7 879 894 2-s2.0-23844513413 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0342
93. Müller A., Homey B., Soto H., Ge N., Catron D., Buchanan M. E., McClanahan T., Murphy E., Yuan W., Wagner S. N., Barrera J. L., Mohar A., Verástegui E., Zlotnik A., Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2001 410 6824 50 56 2-s2.0-0035282432 10.1038/35065016
94. Mukherjee D., Zhao J., The Role of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in breast cancer metastasis. American Journal of Cancer Research 2013 3 1 46 57
95. Schioppa T., Uranchimeg B., Saccani A., Biswas S. K., Doni A., Rapisarda A., Bernasconi S., Saccani S., Nebuloni M., Vago L., Mantovani A., Melillo G., Sica A., Regulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by hypoxia. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2003 198 9 1391 1402 2-s2.0-10744219598 10.1084/jem.20030267
96. Kang H., Watkins G., Parr C., Douglas-Jones A., Mansel R. E., Jiang W. G., Stromal cell derived factor-1: its influence on invasiveness and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro, and its association with prognosis and survival in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 2005 7 4 R402 R410 2-s2.0-33644789290
97. Chu Q. D., Panu L., Holm N. T., Li B. D. L., Johnson L. W., Zhang S., High chemokine receptor CXCR4 level in triple negative breast cancer specimens predicts poor clinical outcome. Journal of Surgical Research 2010 159 2 689 695 2-s2.0-77949489467 10.1016/j.jss.2008.09.020
98. Chen H. W., Du C. W., Wei X. L., Khoo U. S., Zhang G. J., Cytoplasmic CXCR4 high-expression exhibits distinct poor clinicopathological characteristics and predicts poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer. Current Molecular Medicine 2013 13 3 410 416
99. Li J.-K., Yu L., Shen Y., Zhou L.-S., Wang Y.-C., Zhang J.-H., Inhibition of CXCR4 activity with AMD3100 decreases invasion of human colorectal cancer cells in vitro. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008 14 15 2308 2313 10.3748/wjg.14.2308
100. Christopherson K. II, Hromas R., Chemokine regulation of normal and pathologic immune responses. Stem Cells 2001 19 5 388 396 2-s2.0-0034816662
101. Mackay C. R., Chemokines: immunology's high impact factors. Nature Immunology 2001 2 2 95 101 2-s2.0-0035256994 10.1038/84298
102. Zlotnik A., Yoshie O., Nomiyama H., The chemokine and chemokine receptor superfamilies and their molecular evolution. Genome Biology 2006 7 12, article 243 2-s2.0-34249707951 10.1186/gb-2006-7-12-243
103. - phenotype of MCF-7 cells and correlation of CCL5 and CCR5 expression with breast cancer progression. Oncology Reports 2009 21 4 1113 1121 2-s2.0-67449088106 10.3892/or-00000331
104. Fang W. B., Jokar I., Zou A., Lambert D., Dendukuri P., Cheng N., CCL2/CCR2 chemokine signaling coordinates survival and motility of breast cancer cells through Smad3 protein- and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent mechanisms. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2012 287 36593 36608 10.1074/jbc.M112.365999
105. Steiner J. L., Murphy E. A., Importance of chemokine (CC-motif) ligand 2 in breast cancer. The International Journal of Biological Markers 2012 27 3 e179 e185 10.5301/JBM.2012.9345
106. + stromal cells of monocytic origin to promote breast cancer metastasis to lung and bone. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2009 284 42 29087 29096 2-s2.0-70350381008 10.1074/jbc.M109.035899
107. Murooka T. T., Rahbar R., Fish E. N., CCL5 promotes proliferation of MCF-7 cells through mTOR-dependent mRNA translation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2009 387 2 381 386 2-s2.0-67949107932 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.035
108. Velasco-Velazquez M., Pestell R. G., The CCL5/CCR5 axis promotes metastasis in basal breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2013 2 4 e23660 10.4161/onci.23660
109. Luboshits G., Shina S., Kaplan O., Engelberg S., Nass D., Lifshitz-Mercer B., Chaitchik S., Keydar I., Ben-Baruch A., Elevated expression of the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer Research 1999 59 18 4681 4687 2-s2.0-0033568215
110. Cerna M., Narsanska A., Treska V., Kucera R., Topolcan O., IGF1 and tumor markers in different breast cancer stages. Rozhledy v Chirurgii 2011 90 12 688 694
111. Mezi S., Todi L., Orsi E., Angeloni A., Mancini P., Involvement of the Src-cortactin pathway in migration induced by IGF-1 and EGF in human breast cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology 41 6 2128 2138 10.3892/ijo.2012.1642
112. Kucera R., Cerna M., Narsanska A., Svobodova S., Strakova M., Vrzalova J., Fuchsova R., Treskova I., Kydlicek T., Treska V., Pecen L., Topolcan O., Pazdiora P., Growth factors and breast tumors, comparison of selected growth factors with traditional tumor markers. Anticancer Research 2011 31 12 4653 4656 2-s2.0-84855184076
113. Ahmed H. H., Metwally F. M., Mahdy E. S., Shosha W. G., Ramadan S. S., Clinical value of serum hepatocyte growth factor, B-cell lymphoma-2 and nitric oxide in primary breast cancer patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2012 16 958
114. Arias-Pulido H., Chaher N., Gong Y., Qualls C., Vargas J., Royce M., Tumor stromal vascular endothelial growth factor A is predictive of poor outcome in inflammatory breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2012 12 298 10.1186/1471-2407-12-298
115. Oda J. M. M., de Oliveira K. B., Guembarovski R. L., de Lima K. W. A., Herrera A. C. D. D., Guembarovski A. L., TGF- β polymorphism and its expression correlated with CXCR4 expression in human breast cancer. Molecular Biology Reports 2012 39 12 10131 10137 10.1007/s11033-012-1887-2
116. Dumont N., Arteaga C. L., Transforming growth factor- β and breast cancer: tumor promoting effects of transforming growth factor- β Breast Cancer Research 2000 2 2 125 132 2-s2.0-0034468039 10.1186/bcr44
117. Sheen-Chen S.-M., Chen H.-S., Sheen C.-W., Eng H.-L., Chen W.-J., Serum levels of transforming growth factor β 1 in patients with breast cancer. Archives of Surgery 2001 136 8 937 940 2-s2.0-0034911060
118. Figueroa J. D., Flanders K. C., Garcia-Closas M., Anderson W. F., Yang X. R., Matsuno R. K., Duggan M. A., Pfeiffer R. M., Ooshima A., Cornelison R., Gierach G. L., Brinton L. A., Lissowska J., Peplonska B., Wakefield L. M., Sherman M. E., Expression of TGF- β signaling factors in invasive breast cancers: relationships with age at diagnosis and tumor characteristics. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2010 121 3 727 735 2-s2.0-77953120606 10.1007/s10549-009-0590-z
119. de Kruijf E. M., Dekker T. J., Hawinkels L. J., Putter H., Smit V. T., Kroep J. R., The prognostic role of TGF- β signaling pathway in breast cancer patients. Annals of Oncology 2013 24 2 384 390 10.1093/annonc/mds333
120. Eilers M., Eisenman R. N., Myc's broad reach. Genes and Development 2008 22 20 2755 2766 2-s2.0-54349087788 10.1101/gad.1712408
121. Dang C. V., c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1999 19 1 1 11 2-s2.0-0032905924
122. Todorovic-Rakovic N., Neskovic-Konstantinovic Z., Nikolic-Vukosavljevic D., C-myc as a predictive marker for chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2012 12 4 217 223 10.1007/s10238-011-0169-y
123. Singhi A. D., Cimino-Mathews A., Jenkins R. B., Lan F., Fink S. R., Nassar H., Vang R., Fetting J. H., Hicks J., Sukumar S., De Marzo A. M., Argani P., MYC gene amplification is often acquired in lethal distant breast cancer metastases of unamplified primary tumors. Modern Pathology 2012 25 3 378 387 2-s2.0-84857781883 10.1038/modpathol.2011.171
124. Horiuchi D., Kusdra L., Huskey N. E., Chandriani S., Lenburg M. E., Gonzalez-Angulo A. M., MYC pathway activation in triple-negative breast cancer is synthetic lethal with CDK inhibition. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2012 209 4 679 696 10.1084/jem.20111512
125. Rummukainen J. K., Salminen T., Lundin J., Kytölä S., Joensuu H., Isola J. J., Amplification of c-myc by fluorescence in situ hybridization in a population-based breast cancer tissue array. Modern Pathology 2001 14 10 1030 1035 2-s2.0-0034780604 10.1038/modpathol.3880431
126. Oloomi M., Bouzari S., Mohagheghi M. A., Khodayaran-Tehrani H., Molecular markers in peripheral blood of iranian women with breast cancer. Cancer Microenviron 2013 6 1 109 116 10.1007/s12307-012-0118-7
127. Sahin M., Sahin E., Koksoy S., Regulatory T cells in cancer, an overview and perspectives on cyclooxygenase-2 and Foxp3 DNA methylation. Human Immunology 2013 74 9 1061 1068 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.05.009
128. Watanabe M. A. E., Oda J. M. M., Amarante M. K., Cesar Voltarelli J., Regulatory T cells and breast cancer: implications for immunopathogenesis. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 2010 29 4 569 579 2-s2.0-78449285435 10.1007/s10555-010-9247-y
129. Wang L., Liu R., Li W., Chen C., Katoh H., Chen G.-Y., McNally B., Lin L., Zhou P., Zuo T., Cooney K. A., Liu Y., Zheng P., Somatic single hits inactivate the X-linked tumor suppressor FOXP3 in the prostate. Cancer Cell 2009 16 4 336 346 2-s2.0-70349466655 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.08.016
130. Zuo T., Liu R., Zhang H., Chang X., Liu Y., Wang L., Zheng P., Liu Y., FOXP3 is a novel transcriptional repressor for the breast cancer oncogene SKP2. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007 117 12 3765 3773 2-s2.0-36849053106 10.1172/JCI32538
131. Balsari A., Merlo A., Casalini P., Carcangiu M. L., Malventano C., Triulzi T., Menard S., Tagliabue E., FOXP3 expression and overall survival in breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009 27 11 1746 1752 2-s2.0-64649088372 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.9036
132. Chen G.-Y., Chen C., Wang L., Chang X., Zheng P., Liu Y., Cutting edge: broad expression of the FoxP3 locus in epithelial cells: a caution against early interpretation of fatal inflammatory diseases following in vivo depletion of FoxP3-expressing cells. Journal of Immunology 2008 180 8 5163 5166 2-s2.0-45949099261
133. Zuo T., Wang L., Morrison C., Chang X., Zhang H., Li W., Liu Y., Wang Y., Liu X., Chan M. W. Y., Liu J.-Q., Love R., Liu C.-G., Godfrey V., Shen R., Huang T. H.-M., Yang T., Park B. K., Wang C.-Y., Zheng P., Liu Y., FOXP3 is an X-linked breast cancer suppressor gene and an important repressor of the HER-2/ErbB2 oncogene. Cell 2007 129 7 1275 1286 2-s2.0-34250863911 10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.034
134. Overbeck-Zubrzycka D., Ali S., Kirby J., Lennard T., FOXP3 transcription factor regulates metastatic spread of breast cancer via control of expression of CXCR4 chemokine receptor. British Journal of Surgery 2011 98 1 84 85 10.1002/bjs.7308
135. Harvey J. R., Mellor P., Eldaly H., Lennard T. W. J., Kirby J. A., Ali S., Inhibition of CXCR4-mediated breast cancer metastasis: a potential role for heparinoids? Clinical Cancer Research 2007 13 5 1562 1570 2-s2.0-33947410027 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1987
136. Mellor P., Harvey J. R., Murphy K. J., Pye D., O'Boyle G., Lennard T. W. J., Kirby J. A., Ali S., Modulatory effects of heparin and short-length oligosaccharides of heparin on the metastasis and growth of LMD MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells in vivo. British Journal of Cancer 2007 97 6 761 768 2-s2.0-34548585134 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603928
137. Iorio M. V., Ferracin M., Liu C.-G., Veronese A., Spizzo R., Sabbioni S., Magri E., Pedriali M., Fabbri M., Campiglio M., Ménard S., Palazzo J. P., Rosenberg A., Musiani P., Volinia S., Nenci I., Calin G. A., Querzoli P., Negrini M., Croce C. M., MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Research 2005 65 16 7065 7070 2-s2.0-23844555119 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1783
138. Fu S. W., Chen L., Man Y. G., miRNA biomarkers in breast cancer detection and management. Journal of Cancer 2011 2 116 122
139. Bartel D. P., MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004 116 2 281 297 2-s2.0-0347444723 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00045-5
140. Gregory R. I., Shiekhattar R., MicroRNA biogenesis and cancer. Cancer Research 2005 65 9 3509 3512 2-s2.0-18144365478 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0298
141. Taylor D. D., Gercel-Taylor C., MicroRNA signatures of tumor-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 2008 110 1 13 21 2-s2.0-45449093192 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.04.033
142. Chin L. J., Slack F. J., A truth serum for cancer microRNAs have major potential as cancer biomarkers. Cell Research 2008 18 10 983 984 2-s2.0-53349152831 10.1038/cr.2008.290
143. Mitchell P. S., Parkin R. K., Kroh E. M., Fritz B. R., Wyman S. K., Pogosova-Agadjanyan E. L., Peterson A., Noteboom J., O'Briant K. C., Allen A., Lin D. W., Urban N., Drescher C. W., Knudsen B. S., Stirewalt D. L., Gentleman R., Vessella R. L., Nelson P. S., Martin D. B., Tewari M., Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 105 30 10513 10518 2-s2.0-48749122914 10.1073/pnas.0804549105
144. Bartel D. P., MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 2009 136 2 215 233 2-s2.0-58249088751 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.002
145. Guarnieri D. J., Dileone R. J., MicroRNAs: a new class of gene regulators. Annals of Medicine 2008 40 3 197 208 2-s2.0-41649109188 10.1080/07853890701771823
146. Wu X., Somlo G., Yu Y., Palomares M. R., Li A. X., Zhou W., Chow A., Yen Y., Rossi J. J., Gao H., Wang J., Yuan Y.-C., Frankel P., Li S., Ashing-Giwa K. T., Sun G., Wang Y., Smith R., Robinson K., Ren X., Wang S. E., De novo sequencing of circulating miRNAs identifies novel markers predicting clinical outcome of locally advanced breast cancer. Journal of Translational Medicine 2012 10 1, article 42 2-s2.0-84857940459 10.1186/1479-5876-10-42
147. Wang B., Wang H., Yang Z., MiR-122 inhibits cell proliferation and tumorigenesis of breast cancer by targeting IGF1R. PloS ONE 2012 7 10 e47053 10.1371/journal.pone.0047053
148. Shen L., Li J., Xu L., Ma J., Li H., Xiao X., Zhao J., Fang L., miR-497 induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells by targeting Bcl-w. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2012 3 3 475 480 2-s2.0-84855822413 10.3892/etm.2011.428
149. Croce C. M., Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nature Reviews Genetics 2009 10 10 704 714 2-s2.0-70349320158 10.1038/nrg2634
150. Huang Q., Gumireddy K., Schrier M., le Sage C., Nagel R., Nair S., Egan D. A., Li A., Huang G., Klein-Szanto A. J., Gimotty P. A., Katsaros D., Coukos G., Zhang L., Puré E., Agami R., The microRNAs miR-373 and miR-520c promote tumour invasion and metastasis. Nature Cell Biology 2008 10 2 202 210 2-s2.0-38849107424 10.1038/ncb1681