Virus induced inflammation and cancer development

Cancer Letters

Volumn 345, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 174-181

  Read, Scott A ^a   Douglas, Mark W ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b University of Sydney   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cancer; Inflammation; Review; Viruses

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; STAT3 PROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER GROWTH; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL GROWTH; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS INFECTION; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; NONHUMAN; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHORT SURVEY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T CELL LEUKEMIA; TUMOR VIRUS; WART VIRUS;

CANCER; INFLAMMATION; REVIEW; VIRUSES;

ANIMALS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; NEOPLASMS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 84896724616     PISSN: 03043835     EISSN: 18727980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.030     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Parkin D.M. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year. Int. J. Cancer 2002, 118(2006):3030-3044.
2. zur Hausen H. Viruses in human cancers. Curr. Sci. 2001, 81:523-527.
3. Grivennikov S.I., Greten F.R., Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 2010, 140:883-899.
4. Kuraishy A., Karin M., Grivennikov S.I. Tumor promotion via injury- and death-induced inflammation. Immunity 2011, 35:467-477.
5. Aggarwal B.B., Shishodia S., Sandur S.K., Pandey M.K., Sethi G. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link?. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2006, 72:1605-1621.
6. Mantovani A. Cancer: inflammation by remote control. Nature 2005, 435:752-753.
7. Pleasance E.D., Stephens P.J., O'Meara S., McBride D.J., Meynert A., Jones D., Lin M.L., Beare D., Lau K.W., Greenman C., Varela I., Nik-Zainal S., Davies H.R., Ordonez G.R., Mudie L.J., Latimer C., Edkins S., Stebbings L., Chen L., Jia M., Leroy C., Marshall J., Menzies A., Butler A., Teague J.W., Mangion J., Sun Y.A., McLaughlin S.F., Peckham H.E., Tsung E.F., Costa G.L., Lee C.C., Minna J.D., Gazdar A., Birney E., Rhodes M.D., McKernan K.J., Stratton M.R., Futreal P.A., Campbell P.J. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. Nature 2010, 463:184-190.
8. Stephens P.J., McBride D.J., Lin M.L., Varela I., Pleasance E.D., Simpson J.T., Stebbings L.A., Leroy C., Edkins S., Mudie L.J., Greenman C.D., Jia M., Latimer C., Teague J.W., Lau K.W., Burton J., Quail M.A., Swerdlow H., Churcher C., Natrajan R., Sieuwerts A.M., Martens J.W., Silver D.P., Langerod A., Russnes H.E., Foekens J.A., Reis-Filho J.S., van't Veer L., Richardson A.L., Borresen-Dale A.L., Campbell P.J., Futreal P.A., Stratton M.R. Complex landscapes of somatic rearrangement in human breast cancer genomes. Nature 2009, 462:1005-1010.
9. de Martel C., Franceschi S. Infections and cancer: established associations and new hypotheses. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2009, 70:183-194.
10. Moore P.S., Chang Y. Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2010, 10:878-889.
11. Ben-Neriah Y., Karin M. Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-kappaB as the matchmaker. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12:715-723.
12. Fan Y., Mao R., Yang J. NF-kappaB and STAT3 signaling pathways collaboratively link inflammation to cancer. Protein Cell 2013, 4:176-185.
13. Chiba T., Marusawa H., Ushijima T. Inflammation-associated cancer development in digestive organs: mechanisms and roles for genetic and epigenetic modulation. Gastroenterology 2012, 143:550-563.
14. Kamal S.M. Acute hepatitis C: a systematic review. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2008, 103:1283-1297.
15. Thomas D.L., Seeff L.B. Natural history of hepatitis. C. Clin. Liver. Dis. 2005, 9:383-398.
16. Arzumanyan A., Reis H.M., Feitelson M.A. Pathogenic mechanisms in HBV- and HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2013, 13:123-135.
17. Ferlay J., Shin H.R., Bray F., Forman D., Mathers C., Parkin D.M. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 127(2010):2893-2917.
18. Fallot G., Neuveut C., Buendia M.A. Diverse roles of hepatitis B virus in liver cancer. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012, 2:467-473.
19. Roberts L.R., Gores G.J. Hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular pathways and new therapeutic targets. Semin. Liver Dis. 2005, 25:212-225.
20. Suzuki T., Aizaki H., Murakami K., Shoji I., Wakita T. Molecular biology of hepatitis C virus. J. Gastroenterol. 2007, 42:411-423.
21. Simmonds P. Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus - 15 years on. J. Gen. Virol. 2004, 85:3173-3188.
22. Ganem D., Prince A.M. Hepatitis B virus infection - natural history and clinical consequences. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350:1118-1129.
23. Nassal M. Hepatitis B viruses: reverse transcription a different way. Virus Res. 2008, 134:235-249.
24. Bonilla Guerrero R., Roberts L.R. The role of hepatitis B virus integrations in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2005, 42:760-777.
25. Brechot C. Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: old and new paradigms. Gastroenterology 2004, 127:S56-61.
26. Wieland S.F., Chisari F.V. Stealth and cunning: hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. J. Virol. 2005, 79:9369-9380.
27. Caldwell S., Park S.H. The epidemiology of hepatocellular cancer: from the perspectives of public health problem to tumor biology. J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 44(Suppl. 19):96-101.
28. Pekow J.R., Bhan A.K., Zheng H., Chung R.T. Hepatic steatosis is associated with increased frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C-related cirrhosis. Cancer 2007, 109:2490-2496.
29. Rehermann B., Nascimbeni M. Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005, 5:215-229.
30. McGivern D.R., Lemon S.M. Virus-specific mechanisms of carcinogenesis in hepatitis C virus associated liver cancer. Oncogene 2011, 30:1969-1983.
31. Valiante N.M., D'Andrea A., Crotta S., Lechner F., Klenerman P., Nuti S., Wack A., Abrignani S. Life, activation and death of intrahepatic lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C. Immunol. Rev. 2000, 174:77-89.
32. Guidotti L.G., Ishikawa T., Hobbs M.V., Matzke B., Schreiber R., Chisari F.V. Intracellular inactivation of the hepatitis B virus by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1996, 4:25-36.
33. Nuti S., Rosa D., Valiante N.M., Saletti G., Caratozzolo M., Dellabona P., Barnaba V., Abrignani S. Dynamics of intra-hepatic lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C: enrichment for Valpha24+ T cells and rapid elimination of effector cells by apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol. 1998, 28:3448-3455.
34. Falasca K., Ucciferri C., Dalessandro M., Zingariello P., Mancino P., Petrarca C., Pizzigallo E., Conti P., Vecchiet J. Cytokine patterns correlate with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2006, 36:144-150.
35. Shukla R., Yue J., Siouda M., Gheit T., Hantz O., Merle P., Zoulim F., Krutovskikh V., Tommasino M., Sylla B.S. Proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha increases the stability of hepatitis B virus X protein through NF-kappaB signaling. Carcinogenesis 2011, 32:978-985.
36. Radwan M.I., Pasha H.F., Mohamed R.H., Hussien H.I., El-Khshab M.N. Influence of transforming growth factor-beta1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha genes polymorphisms on the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients. Cytokine 2012, 60:271-276.
37. Machida K., Tsukamoto H., Liu J.C., Han Y.P., Govindarajan S., Lai M.M., Akira S., Ou J.H. C-Jun mediates hepatitis C virus hepatocarcinogenesis through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and nitric oxide-dependent impairment of oxidative DNA repair. Hepatology 2010, 52:480-492.
38. Wang Y., Kato N., Hoshida Y., Yoshida H., Taniguchi H., Goto T., Moriyama M., Otsuka M., Shiina S., Shiratori Y., Ito Y., Omata M. Interleukin-1beta gene polymorphisms associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2003, 37:65-71.
39. Saxena R., Chawla Y.K., Verma I., Kaur J. Interleukin-1 polymorphism and expression in hepatitis B virus-mediated disease outcome in India. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2013, 33:80-89.
40. Hernandez-Gea V., Friedman S.L. Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Ann. Rev. Pathol. 2011, 6:425-456.
41. Matsuzaki K. Modulation of TGF-beta signaling during progression of chronic liver diseases. Front Biosci. 2009, 14:2923-2934.
42. Teicher B.A. Malignant cells, directors of the malignant process: role of transforming growth factor-beta. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2001, 20:133-143.
43. Okumoto K., Hattori E., Tamura K., Kiso S., Watanabe H., Saito K., Saito T., Togashi H., Kawata S. Possible contribution of circulating transforming growth factor-beta1 to immunity and prognosis in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2004, 24:21-28.
44. Matsuzaki K., Murata M., Yoshida K., Sekimoto G., Uemura Y., Sakaida N., Kaibori M., Kamiyama Y., Nishizawa M., Fujisawa J., Okazaki K., Seki T. Chronic inflammation associated with hepatitis C virus infection perturbs hepatic transforming growth factor beta signaling, promoting cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2007, 46:48-57.
45. Battaglia S., Benzoubir N., Nobilet S., Charneau P., Samuel D., Zignego A.L., Atfi A., Brechot C., Bourgeade M.F. Liver cancer-derived hepatitis C virus core proteins shift TGF-beta responses from tumor suppression to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4355.
46. Gong G., Waris G., Tanveer R., Siddiqui A. Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-kappa B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:9599-9604.
47. Wang H.C., Huang W., Lai M.D., Su I.J. Hepatitis B virus pre-S mutants, endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Sci. 2006, 97:683-688.
48. Cho H.K., Cheong K.J., Kim H.Y., Cheong J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by hepatitis B virus X protein enhances cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression via activating transcription factor 4. Biochem. J. 2011, 435:431-439.
49. Qadri I., Iwahashi M., Capasso J.M., Hopken M.W., Flores S., Schaack J., Simon F.R. Induced oxidative stress and activated expression of manganese superoxide dismutase during hepatitis C virus replication: role of JNK, p38 MAPK and AP-1. Biochem. J. 2004, 378:919-928.
50. Tardif K.D., Mori K., Siddiqui A. Hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicons induce endoplasmic reticulum stress activating an intracellular signaling pathway. J. Virol. 2002, 76:7453-7459.
51. Moriya K., Fujie H., Shintani Y., Yotsuyanagi H., Tsutsumi T., Ishibashi K., Matsuura Y., Kimura S., Miyamura T., Koike K. The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat. Med. 1998, 4:1065-1067.
52. Okuda M., Li K., Beard M.R., Showalter L.A., Scholle F., Lemon S.M., Weinman S.A. Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and antioxidant gene expression are induced by hepatitis C virus core protein. Gastroenterology 2002, 122:366-375.
53. Hussain S.P., Hofseth L.J., Harris C.C. Radical causes of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2003, 3:276-285.
54. Stiffler J.D., Nguyen M., Sohn J.A., Liu C., Kaplan D., Seeger C. Focal distribution of hepatitis C virus RNA in infected livers. PLoS One 2009, 4:e6661.
55. Rodriguez-Inigo E., Mariscal L., Bartolome J., Castillo I., Navacerrada C., Ortiz-Movilla N., Pardo M., Carreno V. Distribution of hepatitis B virus in the liver of chronic hepatitis C patients with occult hepatitis B virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 2003, 70:571-580.
56. Chen F. JNK-induced apoptosis, compensatory growth, and cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2012, 72:379-386.
57. Gentile I., Carleo M.A., Borgia F., Castaldo G., Borgia G. The efficacy and safety of telaprevir - a new protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus. Expert Opin. Investig Drugs 2010, 19:151-159.
58. Ott J.J., Stevens G.A., Groeger J., Wiersma S.T. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine 2012, 30:2212-2219.
59. Hofmann W.P., Zeuzem S. A new standard of care for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol 2011, 8:257-264.
60. Gallo R.C. Research and discovery of the first human cancer virus, HTLV-1. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 2011, 24:559-565.
61. Poiesz B.J., Ruscetti F.W., Gazdar A.F., Bunn P.A., Minna J.D., Gallo R.C. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980, 77:7415-7419.
62. Hinuma Y., Nagata K., Hanaoka M., Nakai M., Matsumoto T., Kinoshita K.I., Shirakawa S., Miyoshi I. Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1981, 78:6476-6480.
63. Cook L.B., Elemans M., Rowan A.G., Asquith B. HTLV-1: persistence and pathogenesis. Virology 2013, 435:131-140.
64. Boxus M., Willems L. Mechanisms of HTLV-1 persistence and transformation. Br. J. Cancer 2009, 101:1497-1501.
65. Akagi T., Ono H., Shimotohno K. Characterization of T cells immortalized by Tax1 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Blood 1995, 86:4243-4249.
66. Furukawa Y., Kubota R., Tara M., Izumo S., Osame M. Existence of escape mutant in HTLV-I tax during the development of adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 2001, 97:987-993.
67. Satou Y., Yasunaga J., Yoshida M., Matsuoka M. HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor gene mRNA supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:720-725.
68. Watanabe M., Ohsugi T., Shoda M., Ishida T., Aizawa S., Maruyama-Nagai M., Utsunomiya A., Koga S., Yamada Y., Kamihira S., Okayama A., Kikuchi H., Uozumi K., Yamaguchi K., Higashihara M., Umezawa K., Watanabe T., Horie R. Dual targeting of transformed and untransformed HTLV-1-infected T cells by DHMEQ, a potent and selective inhibitor of NF-kappaB, as a strategy for chemoprevention and therapy of adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 2005, 106:2462-2471.
69. Sun S.C., Yamaoka S. Activation of NF-kappaB by HTLV-I and implications for cell transformation. Oncogene 2005, 24:5952-5964.
70. Leung K., Nabel G.J. HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-kappa B-like factor. Nature 1988, 333:776-778.
71. Ballard D.W., Bohnlein E., Lowenthal J.W., Wano Y., Franza B.R., Greene W.C. HTLV-I tax induces cellular proteins that activate the kappa B element in the IL-2 receptor alpha gene. Science 1988, 241:1652-1655.
72. Qu Z., Xiao G. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus: a model of NF-kappaB-associated tumorigenesis. Viruses 2011, 3:714-749.
73. Zhao T., Yasunaga J., Satou Y., Nakao M., Takahashi M., Fujii M., Matsuoka M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 bZIP factor selectively suppresses the classical pathway of NF-kappaB. Blood 2009, 113:2755-2764.
74. Yamada Y., Ohmoto Y., Hata T., Yamamura M., Murata K., Tsukasaki K., Kohno T., Chen Y., Kamihira S., Tomonaga M. Features of the cytokines secreted by adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1996, 21:443-447.
75. Harhaj E.W., Harhaj N.S., Grant C., Mostoller K., Alefantis T., Sun S.C., Wigdahl B. Human T cell leukemia virus type I Tax activates CD40 gene expression via the NF-kappa B pathway. Virology 2005, 333:145-158.
76. Higuchi M., Matsuda T., Mori N., Yamada Y., Horie R., Watanabe T., Takahashi M., Oie M., Fujii M. Elevated expression of CD30 in adult T-cell leukemia cell lines: possible role in constitutive NF-kappaB activation. Retrovirology 2005, 2:29.
77. Cowan E.P., Alexander R.K., Daniel S., Kashanchi F., Brady J.N. Induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human neuronal cells by extracellular human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax. J. Virol. 1997, 71:6982-6989.
78. Albrecht H., Shakhov A.N., Jongeneel C.V. Trans activation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax1 protein. J. Virol. 1992, 66:6191-6193.
79. Tsukasaki K., Miller C.W., Kubota T., Takeuchi S., Fujimoto T., Ikeda S., Tomonaga M., Koeffler H.P. Tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphism associated with increased susceptibility to development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:3770-3774.
80. Guerreiro J.B., Santos S.B., Morgan D.J., Porto A.F., Muniz A.L., Ho J.L., Teixeira A.L., Teixeira M.M., Carvalho E.M. Levels of serum chemokines discriminate clinical myelopathy associated with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) disease from HTLV-1 carrier state. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2006, 145:296-301.
81. Tattermusch S., Bangham C.R. HTLV-1 infection: what determines the risk of inflammatory disease?. Trends Microbiol. 2012, 20:494-500.
82. Zhao T., Matsuoka M. HBZ and its roles in HTLV-1 oncogenesis. Front Microbiol. 2012, 3:247.
83. Bajaj B.G., Murakami M., Robertson E.S. Molecular biology of EBV in relationship to AIDS-associated oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res. 2007, 133:141-162.
84. Bravender T. Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and infectious mononucleosis. Adolesc. Med. State Art Rev. 2010, 21:251-264. (ix).
85. Borza C.M., Hutt-Fletcher L.M. Alternate replication in B cells and epithelial cells switches tropism of Epstein-Barr virus. Nat. Med. 2002, 8:594-599.
86. Epstein M.A., Achong B.G., Barr Y.M. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. Lancet 1964, 1:702-703.
87. Young L.S., Rickinson A.B. Epstein-Barr virus: 40 years on. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2004, 4:757-768.
88. Raab-Traub N. Novel mechanisms of EBV-induced oncogenesis. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012, 2:453-458.
89. Khan G. Epstein-Barr virus, cytokines, and inflammation: a cocktail for the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma?. Exp. Hematol. 2006, 34:399-406.
90. Kaye K.M., Izumi K.M., Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is essential for B-lymphocyte growth transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:9150-9154.
91. Wang D., Liebowitz D., Kieff E. An EBV membrane protein expressed in immortalized lymphocytes transforms established rodent cells. Cell 1985, 43:831-840.
92. Cohen J.I., Wang F., Mannick J., Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 is a key determinant of lymphocyte transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86:9558-9562.
93. Hammerschmidt W., Sugden B. Genetic analysis of immortalizing functions of Epstein-Barr virus in human B lymphocytes. Nature 1989, 340:393-397.
94. Zimber-Strobl U., Strobl L.J. EBNA2 and Notch signalling in Epstein-Barr virus mediated immortalization of B lymphocytes. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2001, 11:423-434.
95. Eliopoulos A.G., Stack M., Dawson C.W., Kaye K.M., Hodgkin L., Sihota S., Rowe M., Young L.S. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 and CD40 mediate IL-6 production in epithelial cells via an NF-kappaB pathway involving TNF receptor-associated factors. Oncogene 1997, 14:2899-2916.
96. Mosialos G., Birkenbach M., Yalamanchili R., VanArsdale T., Ware C., Kieff E. The Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1 engages signaling proteins for the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Cell 1995, 80:389-399.
97. Hinz M., Lemke P., Anagnostopoulos I., Hacker C., Krappmann D., Mathas S., Dorken B., Zenke M., Stein H., Scheidereit C. Nuclear factor kappaB-dependent gene expression profiling of Hodgkin's disease tumor cells, pathogenetic significance, and link to constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a activity. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 196:605-617.
98. Maggio E., van den Berg A., Diepstra A., Kluiver J., Visser L., Poppema S. Chemokines, cytokines and their receptors in Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines and tissues. Ann. Oncol. 2002, 13(Suppl. 1):52-56.
99. Kapp U., Wolf J., Hummel M., Pawlita M., von Kalle C., Dallenbach F., Schwonzen M., Krueger G.R., Muller-Lantzsch N., Fonatsch C., et al. Hodgkin's lymphoma-derived tissue serially transplanted into severe combined immunodeficient mice. Blood 1993, 82:1247-1256.
100. Tedla N., Palladinetti P., Wakefield D., Lloyd A. Abundant expression of chemokines in malignant and infective human lymphadenopathies. Cytokine 1999, 11:531-540.
101. Hanamoto H., Nakayama T., Miyazato H., Takegawa S., Hieshima K., Tatsumi Y., Kanamaru A., Yoshie O. Expression of CCL28 by Reed-Sternberg cells defines a major subtype of classical Hodgkin's disease with frequent infiltration of eosinophils and/or plasma cells. Am J Pathol 2004, 164:997-1006.
102. Samoszuk M., Nansen L. Detection of interleukin-5 messenger RNA in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease with eosinophilia. Blood 1990, 75:13-16.
103. Foss H.D., Herbst H., Oelmann E., Samol J., Grebe M., Blankenstein T., Matthes J., Qin Z.H., Falini B., Pileri S., et al. Lymphotoxin, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6 gene transcripts are present in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of most Hodgkin's disease cases. Br. J. Haematol. 1993, 84:627-635.
104. Foss H.D., Hummel M., Gottstein S., Ziemann K., Falini B., Herbst H., Stein H. Frequent expression of IL-7 gene transcripts in tumor cells of classical Hodgkin's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 1995, 146:33-39.
105. Herbst H., Foss H.D., Samol J., Araujo I., Klotzbach H., Krause H., Agathanggelou A., Niedobitek G., Stein H. Frequent expression of interleukin-10 by Epstein-Barr virus-harboring tumor cells of Hodgkin's disease. Blood 1996, 87:2918-2929.
106. Brito-Melo G.E., Peruhype-Magalhaes V., Teixeira-Carvalho A., Barbosa-Stancioli E.F., Carneiro-Proietti A.B., Catalan-Soares B., Ribas J.G., Martins-Filho O.A. IL-10 produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells emerge as a putative immunoregulatory mechanism to counterbalance the monocyte-derived TNF-alpha and guarantee asymptomatic clinical status during chronic HTLV-I infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007, 147:35-44.
107. Yoon S.I., Jones B.C., Logsdon N.J., Harris B.D., Kuruganti S., Walter M.R. Epstein-Barr virus IL-10 engages IL-10R1 by a two-step mechanism leading to altered signaling properties. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:26586-26595.
108. Bejarano M.T., Masucci M.G. Interleukin-10 abrogates the inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-cell transformation by memory T-cell responses. Blood 1998, 92:4256-4262.
109. Jarrett R.F. Viruses and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. 2002, 13(Suppl. 1):23-29.
110. Cahir-McFarland E., Kieff E. NF-kappaB inhibition in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2002, 159:44-48.
111. Shair K.H., Bendt K.M., Edwards R.H., Bedford E.C., Nielsen J.N., Raab-Traub N. EBV latent membrane protein 1 activates Akt, NFkappaB, and Stat3 in B cell lymphomas. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3:e166.
112. Penn I. Kaposi's sarcoma in organ transplant recipients: report of 20 cases. Transplantation 1979, 27:8-11.
113. Friedman-Kien A.E. Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1981, 5:468-471.
114. Chang Y., Cesarman E., Pessin M.S., Lee F., Culpepper J., Knowles D.M., Moore P.S. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994, 266:1865-1869.
115. Hansen A., Boshoff C., Lagos D. Kaposi sarcoma as a model of oncogenesis and cancer treatment. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 2007, 7:211-220.
116. Martin J.N. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 and Kaposi sarcoma. Adv. Dent. Res. 2011, 23:76-78.
117. Verma S.C., Robertson E.S. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2003, 222:155-163.
118. Holzerlandt R., Orengo C., Kellam P., Alba M.M. Identification of new herpesvirus gene homologs in the human genome. Genome Res. 2002, 12:1739-1748.
119. Guasparri I., Wu H., Cesarman E. The KSHV oncoprotein vFLIP contains a TRAF-interacting motif and requires TRAF2 and TRAF3 for signalling. EMBO Rep. 2006, 7:114-119.
120. Chugh P., Matta H., Schamus S., Zachariah S., Kumar A., Richardson J.A., Smith A.L., Chaudhary P.M. Constitutive NF-kappaB activation, normal Fas-induced apoptosis, and increased incidence of lymphoma in human herpes virus 8 K13 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:12885-12890.
121. Chaudhary P.M., Jasmin A., Eby M.T., Hood L. Modulation of the NF-kappa B pathway by virally encoded death effector domains-containing proteins. Oncogene 1999, 18:5738-5746.
122. Guasparri I., Keller S.A., Cesarman E. KSHV vFLIP is essential for the survival of infected lymphoma cells. J Exp. Med. 2004, 199:993-1003.
123. Punj V., Matta H., Schamus S., Yang T., Chang Y., Chaudhary P.M. Induction of CCL20 production by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: role of viral FLICE inhibitory protein K13-induced NF-kappaB activation. Blood 2009, 113:5660-5668.
124. Ensoli B., Sturzl M. Kaposi's sarcoma: a result of the interplay among inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors and viral agents. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1998, 9:63-83.
125. Sakakibara S., Tosato G. Viral interleukin-6: role in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: associated malignancies. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011, 31:791-801.
126. Aoki Y., Jaffe E.S., Chang Y., Jones K., Teruya-Feldstein J., Moore P.S., Tosato G. Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood 1999, 93:4034-4043.
127. An J., Sun Y., Sun R., Rettig M.B. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoded vFLIP induces cellular IL-6 expression: the role of the NF-kappaB and JNK/AP1 pathways. Oncogene 2003, 22:3371-3385.
128. Montaner S., Sodhi A., Servitja J.M., Ramsdell A.K., Barac A., Sawai E.T., Gutkind J.S. The small GTPase Rac1 links the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vGPCR to cytokine secretion and paracrine neoplasia. Blood 2004, 104:2903-2911.
129. Davis D.A., Rinderknecht A.S., Zoeteweij J.P., Aoki Y., Read-Connole E.L., Tosato G., Blauvelt A., Yarchoan R. Hypoxia induces lytic replication of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Blood 2001, 97:3244-3250.
130. Aoki Y., Yarchoan R., Braun J., Iwamoto A., Tosato G. Viral and cellular cytokines in AIDS-related malignant lymphomatous effusions. Blood 2000, 96:1599-1601.
131. Jones K.D., Aoki Y., Chang Y., Moore P.S., Yarchoan R., Tosato G. Involvement of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and viral IL-6 in the spontaneous growth of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-associated infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Blood 1999, 94:2871-2879.
132. Oksenhendler E., Duarte M., Soulier J., Cacoub P., Welker Y., Cadranel J., Cazals-Hatem D., Autran B., Clauvel J.P., Raphael M. Multicentric Castleman's disease in HIV infection: a clinical and pathological study of 20 patients. AIDS 1996, 10:61-67.
133. Semeere A.S., Busakhala N., Martin J.N. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in resource-rich and resource-limited settings. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2012, 24:522-530.
134. Hosseini-Moghaddam S.M., Soleimanirahbar A., Mazzulli T., Rotstein C., Husain S. Post renal transplantation Kaposi's sarcoma: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and therapy. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 2012, 14:338-345.
135. Bernard H.U., Burk R.D., Chen Z., van Doorslaer K., Hausen H., de Villiers E.M. Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology 2010, 401:70-79.
136. Parkin D.M., Bray F. Chapter 2: The burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine 2006, 24(Suppl. 3). S3/11-25.
137. Munger K., Werness B.A., Dyson N., Phelps W.C., Harlow E., Howley P.M. Complex formation of human papillomavirus E7 proteins with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product. EMBO J. 1989, 8:4099-4105.
138. McCance D.J., Kopan R., Fuchs E., Laimins L.A. Human papillomavirus type 16 alters human epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85:7169-7173.
139. Scheffner M., Werness B.A., Huibregtse J.M., Levine A.J., Howley P.M. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 1990, 63:1129-1136.
140. Halbert C.L., Demers G.W., Galloway D.A. The E7 gene of human papillomavirus type 16 is sufficient for immortalization of human epithelial cells. J. Virol. 1991, 65:473-478.
141. Munger K., Phelps W.C., Bubb V., Howley P.M., Schlegel R. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J. Virol. 1989, 63:4417-4421.
142. Arbeit J.M., Howley P.M., Hanahan D. Chronic estrogen-induced cervical and vaginal squamous carcinogenesis in human papillomavirus type 16 transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:2930-2935.
143. Saha A., Kaul R., Murakami M., Robertson E.S. Tumor viruses and cancer biology: modulating signaling pathways for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2010, 10:961-978.
144. Oh J.M., Kim S.H., Cho E.A., Song Y.S., Kim W.H., Juhnn Y.S. Human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein inhibits hydrogen-peroxide-induced apoptosis by stimulating ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of Bax in human cervical cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31:402-410.
145. Oh J.M., Kim S.H., Lee Y.I., Seo M., Kim S.Y., Song Y.S., Kim W.H., Juhnn Y.S. Human papillomavirus E5 protein induces expression of the EP4 subtype of prostaglandin E2 receptor in cyclic AMP response element-dependent pathways in cervical cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009, 30:141-149.
146. Subbaramaiah K., Dannenberg A.J. Cyclooxygenase-2 transcription is regulated by human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins: evidence of a corepressor/coactivator exchange. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:3976-3985.
147. Wang D., Dubois R.N. Prostaglandins and cancer. Gut 2006, 55:115-122.
148. Bhat P., Mattarollo S.R., Gosmann C., Frazer I.H., Leggatt G.R. Regulation of immune responses to HPV infection and during HPV-directed immunotherapy. Immunol. Rev. 2011, 239:85-98.
149. Delvenne P., al-Saleh W., Gilles C., Thiry A., Boniver J. Inhibition of growth of normal and human papillomavirus-transformed keratinocytes in monolayer and organotypic cultures by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Am. J. Pathol. 1995, 146:589-598.
150. Kyo S., Inoue M., Hayasaka N., Inoue T., Yutsudo M., Tanizawa O., Hakura A. Regulation of early gene expression of human papillomavirus type 16 by inflammatory cytokines. Virology 1994, 200:130-139.
151. Kim K.Y., Blatt L., Taylor M.W. The effects of interferon on the expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes. J. Gen. Virol. 2000, 81:695-700.
152. Tindle R.W. Immune evasion in human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2:59-65.
153. Vandermark E.R., Deluca K.A., Gardner C.R., Marker D.F., Schreiner C.N., Strickland D.A., Wilton K.M., Mondal S., Woodworth C.D. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E 7 proteins alter NF-kB in cultured cervical epithelial cells and inhibition of NF-kB promotes cell growth and immortalization. Virology 2012, 425:53-60.
154. Basile J.R., Zacny V., Munger K. The cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand differentially modulate proliferation and apoptotic pathways in human keratinocytes expressing the human papillomavirus-16 E7 oncoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:22522-22528.
155. Duerksen-Hughes P.J., Yang J., Schwartz S.B. HPV 16 E6 blocks TNF-mediated apoptosis in mouse fibroblast LM cells. Virology 1999, 264:55-65.
156. Villa L.L., Vieira K.B., Pei X.F., Schlegel R. Differential effect of tumor necrosis factor on proliferation of primary human keratinocytes and cell lines containing human papillomavirus types 16 and 18. Mol. Carcinog. 1992, 6:5-9.
157. Vieira K.B., Goldstein D.J., Villa L.L. Tumor necrosis factor alpha interferes with the cell cycle of normal and papillomavirus-immortalized human keratinocytes. Cancer Res. 1996, 56:2452-2457.
158. Woodworth C.D., McMullin E., Iglesias M., Plowman G.D. Interleukin 1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulate autocrine amphiregulin expression and proliferation of human papillomavirus-immortalized and carcinoma-derived cervical epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:2840-2844.
159. Gaiotti D., Chung J., Iglesias M., Nees M., Baker P.D., Evans C.H., Woodworth C.D. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 RNA expression and cyclin-dependent kinase activity in HPV-immortalized keratinocytes by a ras-dependent pathway. Mol. Carcinog. 2000, 27:97-109.
160. Hess S., Smola H., Sandaradura De Silva U., Hadaschik D., Kube D., Baldus S.E., Flucke U., Pfister H. Loss of IL-6 receptor expression in cervical carcinoma cells inhibits autocrine IL-6 stimulation: abrogation of constitutive monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production. J. Immunol. 2000, 165:1939-1948.
161. Kleine-Lowinski K., Rheinwald J.G., Fichorova R.N., Anderson D.J., Basile J., Munger K., Daly C.M., Rosl F., Rollins B.J. Selective suppression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins in human cervical epithelial and epidermal cells. Int. J. Cancer 2003, 107:407-415.
162. Boccardo E., Lepique A.P., Villa L.L. The role of inflammation in HPV carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31:1905-1912.
163. Castle P.E., Hillier S.L., Rabe L.K., Hildesheim A., Herrero R., Bratti M.C., Sherman M.E., Burk R.D., Rodriguez A.C., Alfaro M., Hutchinson M.L., Morales J., Schiffman M. An association of cervical inflammation with high-grade cervical neoplasia in women infected with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2001, 10:1021-1027.
164. Castrilli G., Tatone D., Diodoro M.G., Rosini S., Piantelli M., Musiani P. Interleukin 1alpha and interleukin 6 promote the in vitro growth of both normal and neoplastic human cervical epithelial cells. Br. J. Cancer 1997, 75:855-859.
165. Tartour E., Gey A., Sastre-Garau X., Pannetier C., Mosseri V., Kourilsky P., Fridman W.H. Analysis of interleukin 6 gene expression in cervical neoplasia using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay: evidence for enhanced interleukin 6 gene expression in invasive carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1994, 54:6243-6248.
166. Williams V.M., Filippova M., Soto U., Duerksen-Hughes P.J. HPV-DNA integration and carcinogenesis: putative roles for inflammation and oxidative stress. Future Virol. 2011, 6:45-57.
167. Spurgeon M.E., Lambert P.F. Merkel cell polyomavirus: a newly discovered human virus with oncogenic potential. Virology 2013, 435:118-130.
168. Arora R., Chang Y., Moore P.S. MCV and Merkel cell carcinoma: a molecular success story. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2012, 2:489-498.
169. McLaughlin-Drubin M.E., Munger K. Viruses associated with human cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2008, 1782:127-150.
170. Tricco A.C., Ng C.H., Gilca V., Anonychuk A., Pham B., Berliner S. Canadian oncogenic human papillomavirus cervical infection prevalence: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2011, 11:235.
171. Wu C.Y., Chen Y.J., Ho H.J., Hsu Y.C., Kuo K.N., Wu M.S., Lin J.T. Association between nucleoside analogues and risk of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following liver resection. JAMA 2012, 308:1906-1914.
172. Liaw Y.F., Sung J.J., Chow W.C., Farrell G., Lee C.Z., Yuen H., Tanwandee T., Tao Q.M., Shue K., Keene O.N., Dixon J.S., Gray D.F., Sabbat J. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351:1521-1531.
173. Chen C.J., Yang H.I., Su J., Jen C.L., You S.L., Lu S.N., Huang G.T., Iloeje U.H. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006, 295:65-73.
174. Rothwell P.M., Fowkes F.G., Belch J.F., Ogawa H., Warlow C.P., Meade T.W. Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 2011, 377:31-41.
175. Wang X., Crowe P.J., Goldstein D., Yang J.L. STAT3 inhibition, a novel approach to enhancing targeted therapy in human cancers (review). Int. J. Oncol. 2012.
176. Algra A.M., Rothwell P.M. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2012, 13:518-527.
177. Jang M., Cai L., Udeani G.O., Slowing K.V., Thomas C.F., Beecher C.W., Fong H.H., Farnsworth N.R., Kinghorn A.D., Mehta R.G., Moon R.C., Pezzuto J.M. Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes. Science 1997, 275:218-220.
178. Bengmark S. Curcumin, an atoxic antioxidant and natural NFkappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a shield against acute and chronic diseases. JPEN J. Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2006, 30:45-51.