Do photobiont switch and cephalodia emancipation act as evolutionary drivers in the lichen symbiosis? A case study in the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales)

PLoS ONE

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages

  Magain, Nicolas ^a   Sérusiaux, Emmanuël ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DNA SEQUENCE; FUNGAL STRUCTURES; FUNGUS; FUSCOPANNARIA; KROSWIA; LICHEN (ORGANISM); MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MONOPHYLY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PANNARIA; PARMELIELLA; PARMELIELLA MARIANA; PELTIGERALES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYLOGENETIC TREE; PHYSMA; SPECIES DIVERSITY; UNINDEXED SEQUENCE; WATER AVAILABILITY; ASCOMYCETES; BAYES THEOREM; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOLOGY; CYANOBACTERIUM; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; MADAGASCAR; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NOSTOC; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; REUNION; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; SYMBIOSIS; THAILAND;

ASCOMYCOTA; BASE SEQUENCE; BAYES THEOREM; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; CYANOBACTERIA; LICHENS; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MADAGASCAR; MODELS, GENETIC; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NOSTOC; PHYLOGENY; REUNION; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; SYMBIOSIS; THAILAND;

EID: 84896101003     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089876     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Bačkor M, Peksa O, Škaloud P, Bačkorová M (2010) Photobiont diversity in lichens from metal-rich substrata based on ITS rDNA sequences. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73: 603-612.
2. Guzow-Krzeminska B (2006) Photobiont flexibility in the lichen Protoparmeliopsis muralis as revealed by ITS rDNA analyses. Lichenologist 38: 469-476.
3. Piercey-Normore MD (2006) The lichen-forming ascomycete Evernia mesomorpha associates with multiple genotypes of Trebouxia jamesii. New Phytologist 169: 331-344.
4. Casano LM, del Campo EM, García-Breijo FJ, Reig-Armiñana J, Gasulla F, et al. (2011) Two Trebouxia algae with different physiological performances are ever-present in lichen thalli of Ramalina farinacea. Coexistence versus Competition? Environmental Microbiology 13: 806-818.
5. Del Campo EM, Catala S, Gimeno J, del Hoyo A, Martinez-Alberola F, et al. (2013) The genetic structure of the cosmopolitan three-partner lichen Ramalina farinacea evidences the concerted diversification of symbionts. FEMS microbiology ecology 83: 310-323.
6. Fernandez-Mendoza F, Domaschke S, García M, Jordan P, Martín MP, et al. (2011) Population structure of mycobionts and photobionts of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata. Molecular Ecology 20: 1208-1232.
7. Nelsen MP, Gargas A (2008) Dissociation and horizontal transmission of codispersing lichen symbionts in the genus Lepraria (Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae). New Phytologist 177: 264-275. (Pubitemid 350221993)
8. Yahr R, Vilgalys R, DePriest PT (2006) Geographic variation in algal partners of Cladonia subtenuis (Cladoniaceae) highlights the dynamic nature of a lichen symbiosis. New Phytologist 171: 847-860. (Pubitemid 44175204)
9. Lumbsch HT, Huhndorf SM (2011) Myconet Volume 14. Part One. Outline of Ascomycota - 2009. Part Two. Notes on Ascomycete Systematics. Nos. 4751-5113.
10. Spribille T, Muggia L (2013) Expanded taxon sampling disentangles evolutionary relationships and reveals a new family in Peltigerales (Lecanoromycetidae, Ascomycota). Fungal Diversity 58: 171-184.
11. Wedin M, Jørgensen PM, Wiklund E (2007) Massalongiaceae fam. nov., an overlooked monophyletic group among the cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 39: 61-68.
12. Wedin M, Jørgensen PM, Ekman S (2011) Vahliellaceae, a new family of cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes). Lichenologist 43: 67.
13. Lohtander K, Oksanen I, Rikkinen J (2003) Genetic diversity of green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts in Nephroma (Peltigerales). Lichenologist 35: 325-339. (Pubitemid 38271992)
14. Magain N, Goffinet B, Sérusiaux E (2012) Further photomorphs in the lichen family Lobariaceae from Reunion (Mascarene archipelago) with notes on the phylogeny of Dendriscocaulon cyanomorphs. The Bryologist 115: 243-254.
15. Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2004) Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. American Journal of Botany 91: 449-464. (Pubitemid 38370890)
16. Henskens FL, Green TA, Wilkins A (2012) Cyanolichens can have both cyanobacteria and green algae in a common layer as major contributors to photosynthesis. Annals of botany 110: 555-563.
17. Elvebakk A, Papaefthimiou D, Robertsen EH, Liaimer A (2008) Phylogenetic patterns among Nostoc cyanobionts within bi- and tripartite lichens of the genus Pannaria. Journal of Phycology 44: 1049-1059.
18. Cornejo C, Scheidegger C (2013) New morphological aspects of cephalodium formation in the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 45: 77-87.
19. Wedin M, Wiklund E, Jørgensen PM, Ekman S (2009) Slippery when wet: phylogeny and character evolution in the gelatinous cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53: 862-871.
20. Henssen A (1965) A review of the genera of the Collemataceae with simple spores (excluding Physma). Lichenologist 3: 29-41.
21. Henssen A (1979) New species of Homothecium and Ramalodium from S America. Bot Notiser 132: 257-282.
22. Henssen A (1999) New species of Ramalodium and Staurolemma from Australasia (Collemataceae, lichenized ascomycetes). Nova Hedwigia 68: 117-130.
23. Henssen A (2007) Leciophysma subantarcticum, a new cyanophilic lichen from the Southern Hemisphere. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 96: 129.
24. Jørgensen PM (2007) New discoveries in Asian pannariaceous lichens. Lichenologist 39: 235-244.
25. Jørgensen PM, Henssen A (1999) Further species of the lichen genus Staurolemma (Collemataceae, lichenized ascomycetes). Bryologist: 22-25.
26. Henssen A, Jahns HM, Santesson J (1974) Lichenes: eine Einführung in die Flechtenkunde: G. Thieme.
27. Jørgensen PM (2002) Kroswia, a new genus in the Pannariaceae (lichenized ascomycetes). Lichenologist 34: 297-303.
28. Jørgensen PM (2003) Notes on African Pannariaceae (lichenized ascomycetes). Lichenologist 35: 11-20.
29. Krog H (2000) Corticolous macrolichens of low montane rainforests and moist woodlands of eastern Tanzania: Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo.
30. Swinscow T, Krog H (1986) Some observations on the thallus in Pannaria, with description of a new species. Lichenologist 18: 309-315.
31. Keuck G (1977) Ontogenetisch-systematische Studie über Erioderma: J. Cramer.
32. Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2000) Phylogenetic revision of the genus Peltigera (Lichen-Forming Ascomycota) based on morphological, chemical, and large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA data. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161: 925-958.
33. Lendemer J, O'Brien H (2011) How do you reconcile molecular and non-molecular datasets? A case study where new molecular data prompts a revision of Peltigera hydrothyria sl in North America and the recognition of two species. Opuscula Philolichenum 9: 99-110.
34. Muggia L, Nelson P, Wheeler T, Yakovchenko LS, Tønsberg T, et al. (2011) Convergent evolution of a symbiotic duet: the case of the lichen genus Polychidium (Peltigerales, Ascomycota). American Journal of Botany 98: 1647-1656.
35. Otálora MA, Aragón G, Molina MC, Martinez I, Lutzoni F (2010) Disentangling the Collema-Leptogium complex through a molecular phylogenetic study of the Collemataceae (Peltigerales, lichen-forming Ascomycota). Mycologia 102: 279-290.
36. Spribille T, Pérez-Ortega S, Tønsberg T, Schirokauer D (2010) Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Klondike Gold Rush National Historic Park, Alaska, in a global biodiversity context. The Bryologist 113: 439-515.
37. Otalora MA, Wedin M (2013) Collema fasciculare belongs in Arctomiaceae. Lichenologist 45: 295-304.
38. Jørgensen PM (1994) Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae VI: The taxonomy and phytogeography of Pannaria Del. s. lat. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 76: 197-206.
39. Jørgensen PM (2000) Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent, north of Mexico. The Bryologist 103: 670-704.
40. Jørgensen PM (2001) New species and records of the lichen family Pannariaceae from Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 78: 109-140.
41. Jørgensen PM (2003) Conspectus familiae Pannariaceae (Ascomycetes lichenosae): Botanisk institutt, Universitetet i Bergen.
42. Jørgensen PM (2004) Further contributions to the Pannariaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) of the Southern Hemisphere. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 229-254.
43. Jørgensen PM (2007) Pannariaceae. Nordic Lichen Flora 3: 96-112.
44. Jørgensen PM (2009) A new, Asian species in the Parmeliella mariana complex (Pannariaceae). Lichenologist 41: 257.
45. Jørgensen PM, Schumm F (2010) Parmeliella borbonica, a new lichen species from Réunion. Lichenologist 42: 697.
46. Jørgensen PM, Sipman HJ (2007) The lichen Fuscopannaria leucosticta (Tuck.) PM Jørg. found in the tropics. Lichenologist 39: 305-307. (Pubitemid 46791163)
47. Upreti D, Divakar P, Nayaka S (2005) Notes on some Indian Pannariaceous Lichens. Nova Hedwigia 81: 1-2.
48. Swinscow TDV, Krog H (1988) Macrolichens of East africa: British Museum (Natural History) London.
49. Verdon D, Elix J (1995) A new species and new records of Physma from Australia. Acta Botanica Fennica 150: 209-215.
50. Cubero OF, Crespo A, Fatehi J, Bridge PD (1999) DNA extraction and PCR amplification method suitable for fresh, herbarium-stored, lichenized, and other fungi. Plant Systematics and Evolution 216: 243-249. (Pubitemid 29207935)
51. Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes-application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular ecology 2: 113-118.
52. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications 18: 315-322.
53. Vilgalys R, Hester M (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238-4246. (Pubitemid 20236711)
54. Kauff F, Lutzoni F (2002) Phylogeny of the Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 25: 138-156. (Pubitemid 35169398)
55. Zoller S, Scheidegger C, Sperisen C (1999) PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. Lichenologist 31: 511-516. (Pubitemid 29532221)
56. Stiller JW, Hall BD (1997) The origin of red algae: implications for plastid evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94: 4520-4525. (Pubitemid 27194274)
57. Matheny PB, Liu YJ, Ammirati JF, Hall BD (2002) Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales). American Journal of Botany 89: 688-698. (Pubitemid 34439726)
58. Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ (1991) 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. Journal of bacteriology 173: 697-703.
59. Svenning MM, Eriksson T, Rasmussen U (2005) Phylogeny of symbiotic cyanobacteria within the genus Nostoc based on 16S rDNA sequence analyses. Archives of microbiology 183: 19-26. (Pubitemid 40142878)
60. Wheeler DL, Barrett T, Benson DA, Bryant SH, Canese K, et al. (2007) Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information. Nucleic acids research 35: D5-D12. (Pubitemid 46056160)
61. Maddison D, Maddison W (2005) MacClade v. 4.08. Sinauer Assoc.
62. Stamatakis A (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688-2690.
63. Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Systematic biology 57: 758-771.
64. Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees; 2010. IEEE. 1-8.
65. Lanfear R, Calcott B, Ho SY, Guindon S (2012) PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29: 1695-1701.
66. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755. (Pubitemid 32851390)
67. Nylander J (2008) MrModeltest 2.3 available on https://github.com/ nylander/MrModeltest2.
68. Rambaut A, Drummond A. (2007) Tracer. Version 1.5.
69. Nylander JA, Wilgenbusch JC, Warren DL, Swofford DL (2008) AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinformatics 24: 581-583. (Pubitemid 351256305)
70. Bollback JP (2006) SIMMAP: stochastic character mapping of discrete traits on phylogenies. BMC bioinformatics 7: 88.
71. Maddison W, Maddison D (2006) StochChar: a package of Mesquite modules for stochastic models of character evolution. Version 11.
72. Maddison W, Maddison D (2011) Mesquite: A modular system for evolutionary analysis, version 2.75 [online]. Available at http://mesquiteproject.org.
73. Pagel M, Meade A, Barker D (2004) Bayesian estimation of ancestral character states on phylogenies. Systematic biology 53: 673-684. (Pubitemid 39579641)
74. Schmidt H (2009) Testing tree topologies. The phylogenetic handbook: a practical approach to phylogenetic analysis and hypothesis testing, 2nd ed Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom: 381-404.
75. Shimodaira H, Hasegawa M (1999) Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Molecular biology and evolution 16: 1114-1116. (Pubitemid 29368141)
76. Goldman N, Anderson JP, Rodrigo AG (2000) Likelihood-based tests of topologies in phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 49: 652-670. (Pubitemid 33213083)
77. Kishino H, Hasegawa M (1989) Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in Hominoidea. Journal of molecular evolution 29: 170-179. (Pubitemid 19206089)
78. Strimmer K, Rambaut A (2002) Inferring confidence sets of possibly misspecified gene trees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 269: 137-142. (Pubitemid 34107156)
79. Schmidt HA, Strimmer K, Vingron M, von Haeseler A (2002) TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing. Bioinformatics 18: 502-504. (Pubitemid 34284960)
80. Jørgensen PM (2008) Vahliella, a new lichen genus. Lichenologist 40: 221-225.
81. Elvebakk A (2007) The panaustral lichen Pannaria sphinctrina (Mont.) Tuck. and the related new species P. lobulifera from New Caledonia. Cryptogamie Mycologie 28: 225-235.
82. Elvebakk A (2012) Pannaria howeana and Pannaria streimannii, two related new lichen species endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia. Lichenologist 44: 457-463.
83. Elvebakk A (2012) Pannaria rolfii, a new name for a recently described lichen species. Nova Hedwigia 94: 3-4.
84. Elvebakk A (2013) Pannaria minutiphylla and P. pulverulacea, two new and common, austral species, previously interpreted as Pannaria microphyllizans (Nyl.) PM Jørg. Lichenologist 45: 9-20.
85. Elvebakk A, Bjerke JW (2005) Pannaria isabellina (Vain.) comb. nov., a remarkable lichen species from Chile. Lichenologist 37: 47-54. (Pubitemid 40199106)
86. Elvebakk A, Galloway D (2003) Notes on the heterogeneous genus Psoroma s. lat. New Zealand Australasian Lichenology 53: 4-9.
87. Elvebakk A, Robertsen EH, Park CH, Hong SG (2010) Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma, two new genera for yellow-green, corticolous and squamulose lichen species, previously in Psoroma. Lichenologist 42: 563.
88. Otálora MAG, Martínez I, O'Brien H, Molina MC, Aragón G, et al. (2010) Multiple origins of high reciprocal symbiotic specificity at an intercontinental spatial scale among gelatinous lichens (Collemataceae, Lecanoromycetes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 1089-1095.
89. Rikkinen J (2003) Ecological and evolutionary role of photobiont-mediated guilds in lichens. Symbiosis 34: 99-110.
90. Rikkinen J, Oksanen I, Lohtander K (2002) Lichen guilds share related cyanobacterial symbionts. Science 297: 357-357.
91. Whitton BA, Potts M (2000) The ecology of cyanobacteria: their diversity in time and space:Springer.
92. Hill DR, Peat A, Potts M (1994) Biochemistry and structure of the glycan secreted bydesiccation-tolerant Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria). Protoplasma 182: 126-148.
93. Ekman S, Jørgensen PM (2002) Towards a molecular phylogeny for the lichen family Pannariaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Canadian journal of botany 80: 625-634. (Pubitemid 34979312)
94. Jørgensen PM, Ekman S, Wedin P (2013) Proposal to conserve the name Fuscopannaria against Moelleropsis (lichenized Ascomycota) Taxon 62 : 629.
95. Nelson PR, Wheeler T (2013) Cephalodia found on Fuscopannaria viridescens. Lichenologist 45: 694-696.
96. Passo A, Stenroos S, Calvelo S (2008) Joergensenia, a new genus to accommodate Psoroma cephalodinum(lichenized Ascomycota). Mycological research 112: 1465-1474.
97. Jørgensen PM, Wedin M (1999) On Psoroma species from the Southern Hemisphere with cephalodia producting vegetative dispersal units. Lichenologist 31: 341-347. (Pubitemid 29355191)
98. Passo A, Calvelo S (2006) New reports and combinations in the family Pannariaceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota). Lichenologist 38: 549-555. (Pubitemid 44624089)
99. Moncada B, Coca LF, Lücking R (2013) Neotropical members of Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) forming photosymbiodemes, with the description of seven new species. The Bryologist 116: 169-200.
100. James PW, Henssen A (1976) The morphological and taxonomical significance of cephalodia. In : Brown DH, Hawksworth DL, Bailey RH, editors. Lichenology : progress and problems. London, New York and San Francisco : Academic Press. Pp. 27-88.
101. Moncada B, Lücking R, Suárez A (2013) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota : Lobariaceae) in Columbia. Fungal Diversity : DOI 10.1007/s13225-013-0230-0.
102. Galun M, Kardish N (1995) Lectins as determinants of symbiotic specificity in lichens. Cryptogamic Botany 5: 144-144.
103. Lockhart C, Rowell P, Stewart W (1978) Phytohaemagglutinins from the nitrogen-fixing lichens Peltigera canina and P. polydactyla. FEMS Microbiology Letters 3: 127-130. (Pubitemid 8307560)
104. Petit P, Lallemant R, Savoye D (1983) Purified phytolectin from the lichen Peltigera canina var canina which binds to the phycobiont cell walls and its use as cytochemical marker in situ. New Phytologist 94: 103-110.
105. Díaz EM, Vicente-Manzanares M, Sacristan M, Vicente C, Legaz M-E (2011) Fungal lectin of Peltigera canina induces chemotropism of compatible Nostoc cells by constriction-relaxation pulses of cyanobiont cytoskeleton. Plant signaling & behavior 6: 1525-1536.
106. Rikkinen J (2013) Molecular studies on cyanobacterial diversity in lichen symbioses. Lichens: from genome to ecosystems in a changing world MycoKeys 6: 3-32.
107. Lehr H, Galun M, Ott S, Jahns H-M, Fleminger G (2000) Cephalodia of the lichen Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. Specific recognition of the compatible photobiont. Symbiosis 29: 357-365. (Pubitemid 32214648)
108. Paulsrud P, Rikkinen J, Lindblad P (2001) Field investigations on cyanobacterial specificity in Peltigera aphthosa. New Phytologist 152: 117-123. (Pubitemid 32943694)
109. Legaz M-E, Fontaniella B, Millanes A-M, Vicente C (2004) Secreted arginases from phylogenetically far-related lichen species act as cross-recognition factors for two different algal cells. European journal of cell biology 83: 435-446. (Pubitemid 39307180)
110. Vivas M, Sacristán M, Legaz M, Vicente C (2010) The cell recognition model in chlorolichens involving a fungal lectin binding to an algal ligand can be extended to cyanolichens. Plant Biology 12: 615-621.
111. Miao VP, Manoharan SS, Snæbjarnarson V, Andrésson ÓS (2012) Expression of lec-1, a mycobiont gene encoding a galectin-like protein in the lichen Peltigera membranacea. Symbiosis 57: 23-31.
112. Manoharan SS, Miao VP, Andrésson ÓS (2012) LEC-2, a highly variable lectin in the lichen Peltigera membranacea. Symbiosis: 1-8.
113. Hayes M, Eytan R, Hellberg M (2010) High amino acid diversity and positive selection at a putative coral immunity gene (tachylectin-2). BMC evolutionary biology 10: 150.
114. Iguchi A, Shinzato C, Forêt S, Miller DJ (2011) Identification of fast-evolving genes in the scleractinian coral Acropora using comparative EST analysis. PloS one 6: e20140.
115. Aguileta G, Refregier G, Yockteng R, Fournier E, Giraud T (2009) Rapidly evolving genes in pathogens: methods for detecting positive selection and examples among fungi, bacteria, viruses and protists. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 9: 656-670.
116. Thompson JN (2005) The geographic mosaic of coevolution: University of Chicago Press.
117. Miadlikowska J, Kauff F, Hofstetter V, Fraker E, Grube M, et al. (2006) New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA-and two protein-coding genes. Mycologia 98: 1088-1103. (Pubitemid 46683229)
118. Carlsen T, Bendiksby M, Hofton TH, Reiso S, Bakkestuen V, et al. (2012) Species delimitation, bioclimatic range, and conservation status of the threatened lichen Fuscopannaria confusa. Lichenologist 44: 565.
119. Schmull M, Miadlikowska J, Pelzer M, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Hofstetter V, et al. (2011) Phylogenetic affiliations of members of the heterogeneous lichen-forming fungi of the genus Lecidea sensu Zahlbruckner (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). Mycologia 103: 983-1003.
120. Fedrowitz K, Kaasalainen U, Rikkinen J (2011) Genotype variability of Nostoc symbionts associated with three epiphytic Nephroma species in a boreal forest landscape. The Bryologist 114: 220-230.
121. O'Brien HE, Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2013) Assessing population structure and host specialization in lichenized cyanobacteria. New Phytologist.
122. Lumbsch HT, Schmitt I, Lücking R, Wiklund E, Wedin M (2007) The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes(Ascomycota) revisited. Mycological research 111: 257-267. (Pubitemid 46507746)
123. Cuzman OA, Ventura S, Sili C, Mascalchi C, Turchetti T, et al. (2010) Biodiversity of phototrophic biofilms dwelling on monumental fountains. Microbial ecology 60: 81-95.
124. Stenroos S, Högnabba F, Myllys L, Hyvönen J, Thell A (2006) High selectivity in symbiotic associations of lichenized ascomycetes and cyanobacteria. Cladistics 22: 230-238. (Pubitemid 43877161)
125. Olsson S, Kaasalainen U, Rikkinen J (2012) Reconstruction of structural evolution in the trnL intron P6b loop of symbiotic Nostoc (Cyanobacteria). Current genetics 58: 49-58.
126. Papaefthimiou D, Hrouzek P, Mugnai MA, Lukesova A, Turicchia S, et al. (2008) Differential patterns of evolution and distribution of the symbiotic behaviour in nostocacean cyanobacteria. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 58: 553-564.
127. Turner S, Pryer KM, Miao VP, Palmer JD (1999) Investigating Deep Phylogenetic Relationships among Cyanobacteria and Plastids by Small Subunit rRNA Sequence Analysis. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 46: 327-338. (Pubitemid 29400753)
128. Ishida T, Watanabe MM, Sugiyama J, Yokota A (2001) Evidence for polyphyletic origin of the members of the orders of Oscillatoriales and Pleurocapsales as determined by 16S rDNA analysis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 201: 79-82. (Pubitemid 32607523)
129. Kaasalainen U, Fewer DP, Jokela J, Wahlsten M, Sivonen K, et al. (2012) Cyanobacteria produce a high variety of hepatotoxic peptides in lichen symbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 5886-5891.
130. O'Brien HE, Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F (2005) Assessing host specialization in symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with four closely related species of the lichen fungus Peltigera. European Journal of Phycology 40: 363-378. (Pubitemid 41759249)
131. Palinska KA, Thomasius CF, Marquardt J, Golubic S (2006) Phylogenetic evaluation of cyanobacteria preserved as historic herbarium exsiccata. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 56: 2253-2263. (Pubitemid 44566789)
132. Arima H, Horiguchi N, Takaichi S, Kofuji R, Ishida KI, et al. (2012) Molecular genetic and chemotaxonomic characterization of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and its neighboring species. FEMS microbiology ecology 79: 34-45.
133. Rajaniemi P, Hrouzek P, Kaštovská K, Willame R, Rantala A, et al. (2005) Phylogenetic and morphological evaluation of the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Trichormus and Nostoc (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55: 11-26. (Pubitemid 40185469)
134. Fewer D, Friedl T, Büdel B (2002) Chroococcidiopsis and Heterocyst-Differentiating Cyanobacteria Are Each Other's Closest Living Relatives. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 23: 82-90. (Pubitemid 35181499)
135. Mateo P, Perona E, Berrendero E, Leganés F, Martín M, et al. (2011) Life cycle as a stable trait in the evaluation of diversity of Nostoc from biofilms in rivers. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 76: 185-198.
136. Kaasalainen U, Jokela J, Fewer DP, Sivonen K, Rikkinen J (2009) Microcystin production in the tripartite cyanolichen Peltigera leucophlebia. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 22: 695-702.
137. Myllys L, Stenroos S, Thell A, Kuusinen M (2007) High cyanobiont selectivity of epiphytic lichens in old growth boreal forest of Finland. New Phytologist 173: 621-629. (Pubitemid 46096098)
138. Smith FM, Wood SA, Wilks T, Kelly D, Broady PA, et al. (2012) Survey of Scytonema (Cyanobacteria) and associated saxitoxins in the littoral zone of recreational lakes in Canterbury, New Zealand. Phycologia 51: 542-551.
139. Flechtner VR, Boyer SL, Johansen JR, Denoble ML (2002) Spirirestis rafaelensis gen. et sp. nov.(Cyanophyceae), a new cyanobacterial genus from arid soils. Nova Hedwigia 74: 1-2.
140. Lücking R, Lawrey JD, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Chaves JL, et al. (2009) Do lichens domesticate photobionts like farmers domesticate crops? Evidence from a previously unrecognized lineage of filamentous cyanobacteria. American Journal of Botany 96: 1409-1418.