Population structure of mycobionts and photobionts of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata

Molecular Ecology

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1208-1232

  Fernandez Mendoza F ^a,b   Domaschke, S ^a,b   Garcia M A ^c   Jordan, P ^a   Martin M P ^c   Printzen, C ^a,b  

^a SENCKENBERG RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

^b BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH CENTRE BIK F   (Germany)

^c CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

Cetraria aculeata; lichens; photobiont selection; phylogeography; polar lichens; Trebouxia jamesii

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; CLIMATE; GENETICS; GEOGRAPHY; LICHENS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY;

CLIMATE; GEOGRAPHY; LICHENS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY;

CETRARIA ACULEATA; CHLOROPHYTA; CYANOBACTERIA; FUNGI; TREBOUXIA JAMESII;

EID: 79952422779     PISSN: 09621083     EISSN: 1365294X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04993.x     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Ahmadjian V, (1987) Coevolution in lichens. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 503, 307-315.
2. Armaleo D, Clerc P, (1991) Lichen chimeras: DNA analysis suggests that one fungus forms two morphotypes. Experimental Mycology, 15, 1-10.
3. Arnerup J, Högberg N, Thor G, (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of multiple loci reveal the population structure within Letharia in the Caucasus and Morocco. Mycological Research, 108, 311-316. (Pubitemid 38681765)
4. Avise JC, Ball RM, (1990) Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 7, 45-67.
5. Baker AC, (2003) Flexibility and specificity in coral-algal symbiosis: diversity, ecology, and biogeography of Symbiodinium. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 34, 661-689. (Pubitemid 38171434)
6. Barták M, Váczi P, Hájek J, Smykla J, (2007) Low-temperature limitation of primary photosynthetic processes in Antarctic lichens Umbilicaria antarctica and Xanthoria elegans. Polar Biology, 31, 47-51. (Pubitemid 350105300)
7. Beck A, Friedl T, Rambold G, (1998) Selectivity of photobiont choice in a defined lichen community: inferences from cultural and molecular studies. New Phytologist, 139, 709-720. (Pubitemid 28424126)
8. Beck A, Kasalicky T, Rambold G, (2002) Myco-photobiont selection in a Mediterranean cryptogam community with Fulgensia fulgida. New Phytologist, 153, 317-326. (Pubitemid 34140146)
9. Beerli P, Felsenstein J, (1999) Maximum-likelihood estimation of migration rates and effective population numbers in two populations using a coalescent approach. Genetics, 152, 763-773. (Pubitemid 29272726)
10. Beerli P, Felsenstein J, (2001) Maximum likelihood estimation of a migration matrix and effective population sizes in n subpopulations by using a coalescent approach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 98, 4563-4568. (Pubitemid 32295016)
11. Blaha J, Baloch E, Grube M, (2006) High photobiont diversity associated with the euryoecious lichen-forming ascomycete Lecanora rupicola (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88, 283-293. (Pubitemid 43807435)
12. Bonde EK, (1969) Plant disseminules in wind-blown debris from a glacier in Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research, 1, 135-140.
13. Borcard D, Legendre P, (2002) All-scale spatial analysis of ecological data by means of principal coordinates of neighbour matrices. Ecological Modelling, 153, 51-68. (Pubitemid 34689042)
14. Borcard D, Legendre P, Drapeau P, (1992) Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology, 73, 1045-1055.
15. Buschbom J, (2007) Migration between continents: geographical structure and long-distance gene flow in Porpidia flavicunda (Lichen-forming Ascomycota). Molecular Ecology, 9, 1835-1846. (Pubitemid 46639974)
16. Cailliez F, (1983) The analytical solution of the additive constant problem. Psychometrika, 48, 305-310.
17. Chessel D, Dufour AB, Thioulouse J, (2004) The ade4 package-I: One-table methods. R News, 4, 5-10.
18. Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA, (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657-1660.
19. Conow C, Fielder D, Ovadia Y, Libeskind-Hadas R, (2010) Jane: a new tool for the cophylogeny reconstruction problem. Algorithms for Molecular Biology, 5, 1-10.
20. Correa AMS, Baker AC, (2009) Understanding diversity in coral-algal symbiosis: a cluster-based approach to interpreting fine-scale genetic variation in the genus Symbiodinium. Coral Reefs, 28, 81-93.
21. Dahlkild Å, Källersjö M, Lohtander K, Tehler A, (2001) Photobiont diversity in the Physciaceae (Lecanorales). Bryologist, 104, 527-536. (Pubitemid 34085374)
22. Dodge CW, Baker GE, (1938) Botany of the second Byrd Antarctic expedition. II. Lichens and lichen parasites. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 25, 515-718.
23. Doering M, Piercey-Normore MD, (2009) Genetically divergent algae shape an epiphytic lichen community on Jack Pine in Manitoba. Lichenologist, 41, 69-80.
24. Dray S, Dufour AB, (2007) The ade4 package: implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. Journal of Statistical Software, 22, 4, 1-20.
25. Dray S, Dufour AB, Chessel D, (2007) The ade4 package-II: Two-table and K-table methods. R News, 7, 2, 47-52.
26. Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM, (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics, 131, 479-491.
27. Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK, (2003) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics, 164, 1567-1587. (Pubitemid 37102217)
28. Friedl T, (1987) Aspects of thallus development in the parasitic lichen Diploschistes muscorum. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 25, 95-97.
29. Gaio-Oliveira G, Dahlman L, Máguas C, Palmqvist K, (2004) Growth in relation to microclimatic conditions and physiological characteristics of four Lobaria pulmonaria populations in two contrasting habitats. Ecography, 27, 13-28. (Pubitemid 38370259)
30. Gardes M, Bruns TD, (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes-application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology, 2, 113-118.
31. Geml J, Kauff F, Brochmann C, Taylor DL, (2010) Surviving climate changes: high genetic diversity and transoceanic gene flow in two arctic-alpine lichens, Flavocetraria cucullata and F. nivalis (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Journal of Biogeography, 37, 1529-1542.
32. Goffinet B, Bayer RJ, (1997) Characterization of mycobionts of photomorph pairs in the Peltigerineae (lichenized ascomycetes) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 21, 228-237. (Pubitemid 27332205)
33. Goward T, (1999) The lichens of British Columbia. Part 2-Fruticose species. Ministry of Forest Research Program, Special Report 9. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
34. Green TGA, Schroeter B, Sancho LG, (1999) Plant life in Antarctica. In: Handbook of functional plant ecology (eds, Pugnaire FI, Valladares F,), pp. 495-543. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, Basel.
35. Guzow-Krzeminska B, (2006) Photobiont flexibility in the lichen Protoparmeliopsis muralis as revealed by ITS rDNA analyses. Lichenologist, 38, 469-476. (Pubitemid 44284828)
36. Hájek J, Bartak M, Gloser J, (2001) Effects of thallus temperature and hydration on photosynthetic parameters of Cetraria islandica from contrasting habitats. Photosynthetica, 39, 427-435. (Pubitemid 34253627)
37. Hall TA, (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95-98.
38. Hauck M, Helms G, Friedl T, (2007) Photobiont selectivity in the epiphytic lichens Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora conizaeoides. Lichenologist, 39, 195-204. (Pubitemid 46340600)
39. Heinken T, (1999) Dispersal patterns of terricolous lichens by thallus fragments. Lichenologist, 31, 603-612.
40. Helms G, Friedl T, Rambold G, Mayrhofer H, (2001) Identification of photobionts from the lichen family Physciaceae using algal-specific ITS rDNA sequencing. Lichenologist, 33, 73-86. (Pubitemid 32592741)
41. Hertel H, (1977) Gesteinsbewohnende Arten der Sammelgattung Lecidea (Lichenes) aus Zentral-, Ost- und Südasien. Eine erste Übersicht. Khumbu Himal, 6, 145-378.
42. Hertel H, (1988) Problems in monographing Antarctic crustose lichens. Polarforschung, 58, 65-76.
43. Hey J, Wakeley J, (1997) A coalescent estimator of the population recombination rate. Genetics, 145, 833-846. (Pubitemid 27108037)
44. Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A, (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965-1978. (Pubitemid 43013915)
45. Hill DJ, (2009) Asymmetric co-evolution in the lichen symbiosis caused by a limited capacity for adaptation in the photobiont. Botanical Reviews, 75, 326-338.
46. Högberg N, Kroken S, Thor G, Taylor JW, (2002) Reproductive mode and genetic variation suggest a North American origin of European Letharia vulpina. Molecular Ecology, 11, 1191-1196. (Pubitemid 34793661)
47. Huelsenbeck JP, Andolfatto P, (2007) Inference of population structure under a Dirichlet process model. Genetics, 175, 1787-1802. (Pubitemid 46789963)
48. Ihaka R, Gentleman R, (1996) R: a language for data analysis and graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5, 299-314.
49. James PW, Henssen A, (1976) The morphological and taxonomic significance of cephalodia. In: Lichenology: progress and problem (eds, Brown DH, Hawksworth DL, Bailey RH,), pp. 27-78. Academic Press, London.
50. Jost L, (2008) Gst and its relatives do not measure differentiation. Molecular Ecology, 17, 4015-4026.
51. Jukes TH, Cantor CR, (1969) Evolution of protein molecules. In: Mammalian protein metabolism (ed, Munro HN,), pp. 21-132. Academic Press, New York.
52. Kappen L, (1983) Ecology and physiology of the antarctic fruticose lichen Usnea sulphurea (Koenig) Th.Fries. Polar Biology, 1, 249-255.
53. Kappen L, (1985) Water relations and net photosynthesis of Usnea. A comparison between Usnea fasciata (maritime Antarctic) and Usnea sulphurea (continental Antarctic). In: Lichen physiology and cell biology (ed, Brown DH,), pp. 41-56. Plenum Press, New York, London.
54. Kappen L, (1989) Field measurements of carbon dioxide exchange of the antarctic lichen Usnea sphacelata in the frozen state. Antarctic Science, 1, 31-34. (Pubitemid 19325988)
55. Kappen L, (1993) Plant activity under snow and ice, with particular reference to lichens. Arctic, 46, 297-302. (Pubitemid 24417547)
56. Kappen L, Redon J, (1987) Photosynthesis and water relations of three maritime antarctic lichen species. Flora, 179, 215-229.
57. Kappen L, Sommerkorn M, Schroeter B, (1995) Carbon acquisition and water relation of lichens in polar regions-potentials and limitations. Lichenologist, 27, 531-545.
58. Kärnefelt I, (1986) The genera Bryocaulon, Coelocaulon and Cornicularia and formerly associated taxa. Opera Botanica, 86, 1-90.
59. Kärnefelt I, Mattsson JE, Thell A, (1993) The lichen genera Arctocetraria, Cetraria, and Cetrariella (Parmeliaceae) and their presumed evolutionary affinities. Bryologist, 96, 394-404.
60. Kroken S, Taylor JW, (2000) Phylogenetic species, reproductive mode, and specificity of the green alga Trebouxia forming lichens with the fungal genus Letharia. Bryologist, 103, 645-660. (Pubitemid 32108953)
61. Kronholm I, Loudet O, de Meaux J, (2010) Influence of mutation rate on estimators of genetic differentiation-lessons from Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genetics, 11, 33.
62. LaJeunesse TC, Trench RK, (2000) Biogeography of two species of Symbiodinium (Freudenthal) inhabiting the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt). Biological Bulletin, 199, 126-134.
63. Lange OL, Kappen L, (1972) Photosynthesis of lichens from Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series, Antarctic Terrestrial Biology, 20, 83-95.
64. Legendre P, Gallagher ED, (2001) Ecologically meaningful transformations for ordination of species data. Oecologia, 129, 271-280. (Pubitemid 32996572)
65. Legendre P, Desdevises Y, Bazin E, (2002) A statistical test for host-parasite coevolution. Systematic Biology, 51, 217-234. (Pubitemid 35180705)
66. Librado P, Rozas J, (2009) DnaSP v.5 A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 15, 1451-1452.
67. Lien YT, Nakano Y, Plathong S, Fukami H, Wang JT, Chen CA, (2007) Occurrence of the putatively heat-tolerant Symbiodinium phylotype D in high-latitudinal outlying coral communities. Coral Reefs, 26, 35-44. (Pubitemid 46491145)
68. Macdonald AHH, Sampayo EM, Ridgway T, Schleyer MH, (2008) Latitudinal symbiont zonation in Stylophora pistillata. Marine Biology, 154, 209-217.
69. ST and related measures. Molecular Ecology Resources, doi:.
70. Muggia L, Grube M, Tretiach M, (2008a) Genetic diversity and photobiont associations in selected taxa of the Tephromela atra group (Lecanorales, lichenised Ascomycota). Mycological Progress, 7, 147-160.
71. Muggia L, Grube M, Tretiach M, (2008b) A combined molecular and morphological approach to species delimitation in black-fruited, endolithic Caloplaca: high genetic and low morphological diversity. Mycological Research, 112, 36-49.
72. Myllys L, Stenroos S, Thell A, (2002) New genes for phylogenetic studies of lichenized fungi: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-tubulin genes. Lichenologist, 34, 237-246. (Pubitemid 38271962)
73. Myllys L, Stenroos S, Thell A, Ahti T, (2003) Phylogeny of bipolar Cladonia arbuscula and Cladonia mitis (Lecanorales, Euascomycetes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 27, 58-69. (Pubitemid 36453112)
74. Nelsen MP, Gargas A, (2008) Dissociation and horizontal transmission of codispersing lichen symbionts in the genus Lepraria. New Phytologist, 177, 264-275. (Pubitemid 350221993)
75. Nylander JAA, (2004) MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
76. O'Brien HE, Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F, (2005) Assessing host specialization in symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with four closely related species of the lichen fungus Peltigera. European Journal of Phycology, 40, 363-378. (Pubitemid 41759249)
77. Ohmura YM, Kawachi M, Kasai F, Watanabe MM, Takeshita S, (2006) Genetic combinations of symbionts in a vegetatively reproducing lichen, Parmotrema tinctorum, based on ITS rDNA sequences. Bryologist, 109, 43-59. (Pubitemid 43375835)
78. Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, et al. (2010) vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 1150. Retrieved from.
79. Opanowicz M, Grube M, (2004) Photobiont genetic variation in Flavocetraria nivalis from Poland (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota). Lichenologist, 36, 125-131. (Pubitemid 38610785)
80. Øvstedal DO, Lewis Smith RI, (2001) Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia. A guide to their identification and ecology, Studies in Polar Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
81. Palice Z, Printzen C, (2004) Genetic variability in tropical and temperate populations of Trapeliopsis glaucolepidea: evidence against long range dispersal in a lichen with disjunct distribution. Mycotaxon, 90, 43-54. (Pubitemid 39415425)
82. Pannewitz S, Green TGA, Schlensog M, Seppelt R, Sancho L, Schroeter B, (2006) Photosynthetic performance of Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge in coastal habitats, Ross Sea region, continental Antarctica. Lichenologist, 38, 67-81. (Pubitemid 41816362)
83. Paradis E, Claude J, Strimmer K, (2004) APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics, 20, 289-290. (Pubitemid 38195693)
84. Paulsrud P, Rikkinen J, Lindblad P, (2000) Spatial patterns of photobiont diversity in Nostoc-containing lichens. New Phytologist, 146, 291-299. (Pubitemid 30334185)
85. Pella J, Masuda M, (2006) The Gibbs and split-merge sampler for population mixture analysis from genetic data with incomplete baselines. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63, 576-596. (Pubitemid 43773977)
86. Peres-Neto P, Legendre P, (2010) Estimating and controlling for spatial structure in the study of ecological communities. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19, 174-184.
87. Peres-Neto P, Legendre P, Dray S, Borcard D, (2006) Variation partitioning of species data matrices: estimation and comparison of fractions. Ecology, 87, 2614-2625. (Pubitemid 44885972)
88. Piercey-Normore MD, (2004) Selection of algal genotypes by three species of lichen fungi in the genus Cladonia. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82, 947-961. (Pubitemid 39275341)
89. Piercey-Normore MD, (2006) The lichen-forming ascomycete Evernia mesomorpha associates with multiple genotypes of Trebouxia jamesii. New Phytologist, 169, 331-344.
90. Piercey-Normore MD, DePriest PT, (2001) Algal switching among lichen symbioses. American Journal of Botany, 88, 1490-1498.
91. Printzen C, (2002) Fungal specific primers for PCR-amplification of mitochondrial LSU in lichens. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2002, 130-132. (Pubitemid 34635197)
92. Printzen C, (2008) Uncharted terrain: the phylogeography of arctic and boreal lichens. Plant Ecology and Diversity, 1, 265-271.
93. Printzen C, Ekman S, (2002) Genetic variability and its geographical distribution in the widely disjunct Cavernularia hultenii. Lichenologist, 34, 101-111.
94. Printzen C, Ekman S, (2003) Local population subdivision in the lichen Cladonia subcervicornis as revealed by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 intron sequences. Mycologia, 95, 399-406. (Pubitemid 36914679)
95. Printzen C, Lumbsch HT, Schmitt I, Feige GB, (1999) A study on the genetic variability of Biatora helvola using RAPD markers. Lichenologist, 31, 491-499. (Pubitemid 29532219)
96. Printzen C, Ekman S, Tønsberg T, (2003) Phylogeography of Cavernularia hultenii: evidence for slow genetic drift in a widely disjunct lichen. Molecular Ecology, 12, 1473-1486. (Pubitemid 36708454)
97. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P, (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155, 945-959. (Pubitemid 30397141)
98. R Development Core Team (2008) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL.
99. Rambold G, Friedl T, Beck A, (1998) Photobionts in lichens: possible indicators of phylogenetic relationships? Bryologist, 101, 392-397. (Pubitemid 28460972)
100. Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Loh WKW, Carter D, Hoegh-Guldberg O, (2001) Latitudinal variability in symbiont specificity within the widespread scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora. Marine Biology, 138, 1175-1181. (Pubitemid 32620738)
101. Romeike J, Friedl T, Helms G, Ott S, (2002) Genetic diversity of algal and fungal partners in four species of Umbilicaria (Lichenized Ascomycetes) along a transect of the Antarctic Peninsula. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19, 1209-1217.
102. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP, (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 12, 1572-1574. (Pubitemid 37038874)
103. Rosenberg NA, (2004) DISTRUCT: a program for the graphical display of population structure. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, 137-138. (Pubitemid 38261335)
104. Sancho LG, Pintado A, Valladares F, Schroeter B, Schlensog M, (1997a) Photosynthetic performance of cosmopolitan lichens in the maritime Antarctic. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 67, 197-210.
105. Sancho LG, Valladares F, Pintado A, Schlensog M, Schroeter B, (1997b) Comportamiento fotosintético de líquenes cosmopolitas en la Antártida marítima. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Español de Historia Natural (Secciõn Biología), 93, 113-118.
106. Sancho LG, Schulz F, Schroeter B, Kappen L, (1999) Bryophyte and lichen flora of South Bay (Livingston Island: South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Nova Hedwigia, 68, 301-337. (Pubitemid 29284997)
107. Schroeter B, (1994) In situ photosynthetic differentiation of the green algal and the cyanobacterial photobiont in the crustose lichen Placopsis contortuplicata. Oecologia, 98, 212-220. (Pubitemid 2099067)
108. Schroeter B, Scheidegger C, (1995) Water relations in lichens at subzero temperatures: structural changes and carbon dioxide exchange in the lichen Umbilicaria aprina from continental Antarctica. New Phytologist, 131, 273-285.
109. Schroeter B, Green TGA, Kappen L, Seppelt RD, (1994) Carbon dioxide exchange at subzero temperatures. Field measurements on Umbilicaria aprina in Antarctica. Cryptogamic Botany, 4, 233-241.
110. Schroeter B, Olech M, Kappen L, Heitland W, (1995) Ecophysiological investigations of Usnea antarctica in the maritime Antarctic. I. Annual microclimatic conditions and potential primary production. Antarctic Science, 7, 251-260. (Pubitemid 26439283)
111. Schroeter B, Kappen L, Green TGA, Seppelt RD, (1997) Lichens and the antarctic environment: effects of temperature and water availability on photosynthesis. In: Ecosystem processes in Antarctic ice-free landscape (eds, Lyons WB, Howard-Williams C, Hawes I,), pp. 103-117. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
112. Silvestro D, Michalak I, 2010. raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Available at
113. Sojo F, Valladares F, Sancho LG, (1997) Structural and physiological plasticity of the lichen Catillaria corymbosa in different microhabitats of the maritime Antarctic. Bryologist, 100, 171-179. (Pubitemid 27322282)
114. Stamatakis A, (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics, 22, 2688-2690. (Pubitemid 44642609)
115. Stenroos S, Stocker-Wörgötter E, Yoshimura I, Myllys L, Thell A, Hyvönen J, (2003) Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobaria photomorphs. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81, 232-247. (Pubitemid 36704407)
116. Stevens J, (2004) Computational aspects of host-parasite phylogenies. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 5, 339-349.
117. Thell A, Stenroos S, Myllys L, (2000) A DNA study of the Cetraria aculeata and C. islandica groups. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica, 32, 113-122.
118. Thell A, Stenroos S, Feuerer T, Kärnefelt I, Myllys L, Hyvönen J, (2002) Phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) inferred from ITS and b-tubulin sequences, morphology, anatomy and secondary chemistry. Mycological Progress, 1, 335-354.
119. Tschermak-Woess E, (1980) Chaenothecopsis consociata- kein parasitischer Pilz, sondern lichenisiert mit Dictyochloropsis symbiontica, spec. nova. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 136, 287-306.
120. Werth S, (2010) Population genetics of lichen-forming fungi: a review. The Lichenologist, 42, 499-519.
121. Werth S, Sork VL, (2008) Local genetic structure in a North American epiphytic lichen, Ramalina menziesii (Ramalinaceae). American Journal of Botany, 95, 568-576. (Pubitemid 351724550)
122. Werth S, Sork VL, (2010) Identity and genetic structure of the photobiont of the epiphytic lichen Ramalina menziesii on three oak species in southern California. American Journal of Botany, 97, 821-830.
123. Werth S, Wagner HH, Gugerli F, et al. (2006) Quantifying dispersal and establishment limitation in a population of an epiphytic lichen. Ecology, 87, 2037-2046. (Pubitemid 44215729)
124. Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner HH, Csencsics D, Scheidegger C, (2007) Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen. Molecular Ecology, 16, 2807-2815. (Pubitemid 47012152)
125. Wirtz N, Lumbsch HT, Green TGA, et al. (2003) Lichen fungi have low cyanobiont selectivity in maritime Antarctica. New Phytologist, 160, 177-183. (Pubitemid 37155984)
126. Wornik S, Grube M, (2009) Joint dispersal does not imply maintenance of partnerships in lichen symbioses. Microbial Ecology, 59, 150-157.
127. Yahr R, Vilgalys R, DePriest PT, (2004) Strong fungal specificity and selectivity for algal symbionts in Florida scrub Cladonia lichens. Molecular Ecology, 13, 3367-3378. (Pubitemid 39415672)
128. Yahr R, Vilgalys R, DePriest PT, (2006) Geographic variation in algal partners of Cladonia subtenuis (Cladoniaceae) highlights the dynamic nature of a lichen symbiosis. New Phytologist, 171, 847-860. (Pubitemid 44175204)