Food and beverage advertising to children on U.S. television: Did national food advertisers respond?

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 795-810

  Warren, Ron ^a   LeBlanc Wicks, Jan ^a   Wicks, Robert H ^a   Fosu, Ignatius ^a   Chung, Donghung ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERTISING; FOOD INDUSTRY; POLICY IMPLEMENTATION; TELEVISION;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 42449142383     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900708400409     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Prevalence of Overweight Among U.S. Children and Adolescents," National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (January 5, 2004), http:/ /www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overwght99.htm.
2. W. Michael Brown, Kim Sibille, Lisa Phelps, and Keri J. McFarlane, "Obesity in Children and Adolescents," Clinics in Family Practice 4 (2002): 603-21.
3. Patricia M. Anderson, Kristin F. Butcher, and Phillip B. Levine, "Economic Perspectives on Childhood Obesity," Economic Perspectives 3Q (Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2003): 30-48.
4. Institute of Medicine (IOM), "Overview of the IOM Report on Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?" (Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, December 2005): 1-4, http:/ /www.iom.edu/CMS/3788/21939/31330.aspx or http://www.iom.edu/CMS/3788 /21939/31330/31337.aspx.
5. Katharine A. Coon, Jeanne Goldberg, Beatrice L. Rogers, and Katherine L. Tucker, "Relationships Between Use of Television During Meals and Children's Food Consumption Patterns," Pediatrics 107 (January 2001): 7-15;
6. Sara C. Folta, Jeanne P. Goldberg, Christina Economos, Rick Bell, and Rachel Meltzer, "Food Advertising Targeted at School-Age Children: A Content Analysis," Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 38 (July /August 2006): 244-48.
7. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Communications, "Children, Adolescents, and Advertising" Pediatrics 118 (6, 2006): 2563-69. Available online at http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ content/full/118/6/2563 and http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/ reprint/118/6/2563
8. Walter Gantz and Nancy Schwartz, "Food Advertising Seen by Children: Incorporating Viewing Patterns in Content Analyses of Nonprogramming Content," (paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, CA, May 2007);
9. Walter Gantz, Nancy Schwartz, James R. Angelini, and Victoria Rideout, Food for Thought: Television Food Advertising to Children in the United States (Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2007): 1-56, http://kff.org/entmedia/upload/7618.pdf.
10. Kristen Harrison and Amy L. Marske, "Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised During the TV Programs Children Watch Most," American Journal of Public Health 95 (2005): 1568-74.
11. Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), Pestering Parents: How Food Companies Market Obesity to Children (Washington, DC: CSPI, 2003), http://www.cspinet.org/new/200311101.html.
12. Vani R. Henderson and Bridget Kelly, "Food Advertising in the Age of Obesity: Content Analysis of Food Advertising on General Market and African American Television," Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 37 (2005): 191-96;
13. Carol Byrd-Bredbenner and Darlene A. Grasso, "A Comparative Analysis of Television Food Advertisements and Current Dietary Recommendations," American Journal of Health Studies 15 (4, 1999): 169-80;
14. Harrison and Marske, "Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised."
15. Susan Connor, "Food-Related Advertising on Preschool Television: Building Brand Recognition in Young Viewers," Pediatrics 118 (4, 2006): 1478-85.
16. Dale Kunkel and Walter Gantz, "Children's Television Advertising in the Multichannel Environment," Journal of Communication 42 (3, 1992): 134-52;
17. M. K. Lewis and Andrew J. Hill, "Food Advertising on British Children's Television: A Content Analysis and Experimental Study with Nine-Year Olds," International Journal of Obesity 22 (March 3, 1998): 206-14.
18. Henderson and Kelly, "Food Advertising in the Age of Obesity."
19. Folta et al., "Food Advertising Targeted at School-Age Children";
20. Harrison and Marske, "Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised";
21. Kunkel and Gantz, "Children's Television Advertising";
22. Krista Kotz and Mary Story, "Food Advertisements During Children's Saturday Morning Television Programming: Are They Consistent with Dietary Recommendations?" Journal of the American Dietetic Association 94 (November 1994): 1296-1300.
23. Byrd-Bredbenner and Grasso, "A Comparative Analysis."
24. Harrison and Marske, "Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised."
25. Owen B. J. Carter, "The Weighty Issue of Australian Television Food Advertising and Childhood Obesity," Health Promotion Journal of Australia 17 (2006): 5-11. Also available online at http:// www.cbrcc.curtin.edu.au/reports/journal%20articles/hpja%2017%205-11.pdf;
26. Gerard Hastings, Martine Stead, Laura McDermott, Alasdair Forsyth, Anne Marie MacKintosh, Mike Rayner, Christine Godfrey, Martin Caraher, and Kathryn Angus, Review of Research on the Effects of Food Promotion to Children. Final Report Prepared for the Food Standards Agency (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Centre for Social Marketing, September 22, 2003), http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/ foodpromotiontochildren1.pdf.
27. Dina L. G. Borzekowski and Thomas N.Robinson, "The 30-Second Effect: An Experiment Revealing the Impact of Television Commercials on Food Preferences of Preschoolers," Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101 (January 2001): 42-46.;
28. Moniek Buijzen and Patti M. Valkenburg, "The Effects of Television Advertising on Materialism, Parent-Child Conflict, and Unhappiness: A Review of Research," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 24 (September 2003): 437-56;
29. Moniek Buijzen and Patti M. Valkenburg, "The Unintended Effects of Television Advertising: A Parent-Child Survey," Communication Research 30 (5, 2003): 483-503;
30. Maureen O'Dougherty, Mary Story, and Jamie Stang, "Observations of Parent-Child Co-Shoppers in Supermarkets: Children's Involvement in Food Selections, Parental Yielding, and Refusal Strategies," Journal of Nutritional Education and Behavior 38 (3, 2006): 183-88;
31. Carine A. Vereecken, Joanna Todd, Chris Roberts, Caroline Mulvihill, and Lea Maes, "Television Viewing Behaviour and Associations with Food Habits in Different Countries," Public Health and Nutrition 9 (April 2006): 244-50;
32. Gerald J. Gorn and Marvin E. Goldberg, "Behavioral Evidence of the Effects of Televised Food Messages on Children," Journal of Consumer Research 9 (September 2, 1982): 200-05.
33. AAP, "Children, Adolescents, and Advertising," 19.
34. Jean Piaget, Genetic Epistemology, trans. E. Duckworth (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970);
35. Jean Piaget, "Problems in Equilibration," in Topics in Cognitive Development, Vol. 1. Equilibration: Theory, Research, and Application, ed. M. Appel and S. Goldberg (New York: Plenum, 1977), 3-13.
36. Daniel R. Anderson and Stephen R. Levin, "Young Children's Attention to 'Sesame Street,'" Child Development 47 (September 1976): 806-11;
37. Sandra L. Calvert and Tracy L. Gersh, "The Selective Use of Sound Effects and Visual Inserts for Children's Television Story Comprehension," Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 8 (1987): 363-75;
38. Jill Maher, Michael Y. Hu, and Richard Kolbe, "Children's Recall of Television Ad Elements: An Examination of Audiovisual Effects," Journal of Advertising 35 (1, 2006): 23-33.
39. Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development, 3d ed. (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2004).
40. Herbert Ginsburg and Sylvia Opper, Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1979).
41. Deborah L. Roedder, "Age Differences in Children's Responses to Television Advertising: An Information-Processing Approach," Journal of Consumer Research 8 (September 2, 1981): 144-53.
42. Marvin E. Goldberg, Gerald J. Gorn, and Wendy Gibson, "TV Messages for Snack and Breakfast Foods: Do They Influence Children's Preferences?" Journal of Consumer Research 5 (September 1978): 73-81.
43. Louis J. Moses and Dare A. Baldwin, "What Can the Study of Cognitive Development Reveal About Children's Ability to Appreciate and Cope With Advertising?" Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 24 (2, 2005): 186-201;
44. Barrie Gunter, Caroline Oates, and Mark Blades, Advertising to Children on TV: Content, Impact, and Regulation (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005);
45. Dale Kunkel, "Children and Television Advertising," in Handbook of Children and the Media, ed. Dorothy G. Singer and Jerome L. Singer (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001), 375-93;
46. Lewis and Hill, "Food Advertising on British Children's Television: A Content Analysis and Experimental Study With Nine-Year Olds."
47. Caroline Oates, Mark Blades, Barrie Gunter, and Jacquie Don, "Children's Understanding of Television Advertising: A Qualitative Approach," Journal of Marketing Communications 9 (June 2003): 59-71;
48. Chris Preston, "Are Children Seeing Through ITC Advertising Regulations?" International Journal of Advertising 19 (1, 2000): 117-36.
49. Folta et al., "Food Advertising Targeted at School-Age Children";
50. Kunkel and Gantz, "Children's Television Advertising";
51. Lewis and Hill, "Food Advertising on British Children's Television";
52. D. W. Rajecki, Donald G. McTavish, Jeffrey Lee Rasmussen, Madelon Schreuders, Diane C. Byers, and K. Sean Jessup, "Violence, Conflict, Trickery, and Other Story Themes in TV Ads of Food for Children," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24 (October 19, 1994): 1685-1700.
53. Folta et al., "Food Advertising Targeted at School-Age Children."
54. Connor, "Food-Related Advertising."
55. Allison Romano and Anne Becker, "Kids TV's Health Kick," Broadcasting and Coble, 135, March 14, 2005, 16.
56. Nielsen Media Research, 2000 Report on Television (New York: A. C. Nielsen, 2000);
57. Victoria J. Rideout, Elizabeth A. Vandewater, and Ellen A. Wartella, Zero to Six: Electronic Media in the Lives of Infants, Toddlers and Preschoolers (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, Fall 2003). Available online at http://www.kff.org/entmedia/loader.cfm?url=/ commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=22754;
58. Donald F. Roberts, Ulla G. Foehr, and Victoria Rideout, Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year-olds (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2005). Available online at http://kff.org/entmedia/ upload/Generation-M-Media-in-the-Lives-of-8-18-Year-olds-Report.pdf
59. Harrison and Marske, "Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised."
60. The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the graduate student coders for this project: Kathryn Basore, Bethany Castleberry, Aaron Cedeno, Marcella Cisneros, Rhian Drain, Rachel Dunnahoe, Torree Dyson, Jason Edgar, Laura Grote, Freddie Jennings, Leah King, Sarah Kresse, Crystal Lewis, Jeremy Miller, Tamara St. Marthe, and Evease Tucker.
61. Byrd-Bredbenner and Grasso, "A Comparative Analysis"; CSPI, Pestering Parents;
62. Harrison and Marske, "Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised";
63. Kunkel and Gantz, "Children's Television Advertising."
64. Byrd-Bredbenner and Grasso, "A Comparative Analysis";
65. Kotz and Story, "Food Advertisements";
66. Kunkel and Gantz, "Children's Television Advertising."
67. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), "FTC, HHS Release Report on Food Marketing and Childhood Obesity," (press release dated May 2, 2006), http:// www.ftc.gov/opa/2006/05/childhoodobesity.shtm;
68. Federal Trade Commission, Perspectives on Marketing, Self-Regulation and Childhood Obesity: A Report on a Joint Workshop of the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Health and Human Services (Washington, DC: FTC, HHS, April 2006), http://www.ftc.gov/os/2006/05/ PerspectivesOnMarketingSelf-Regulation&ChildhoodObesity FTCandHHSReportonJointWorkshop.pdf;
69. Melanie Warner, "Industry Urged to Offer More Nutritious Foods for Children," New York Times, May 3, 2006, sec. C, p. 5, col. 1.
70. The ten charter companies committing to the initiative, which it is estimated account for more than two-thirds of children's food and beverage advertising expenditures, include Cadbury Schweppes U.S.A, Campbell Soup Company, The Coca-Cola Company, General Mills Inc., The Hershey Company, Kellogg Company, Kraft Foods Inc., McDonald's, PepsiCo Inc., and Unilever.
71. Better Business Bureau, "New Food, Beverage Initiative to Focus Kids' Ads on Healthy Choices; Revised Guidelines Strengthen CARU's Guidance to Food Advertisers," (press release dated November 14, 2006), http://www.bbb.org/Alerts/article.asp?ID=728;
72. also see http://U.S..bbb.org/storage/16/documents/ InitiativeProgramDocument.pdf
73. Harrison and Marske, "Nutritional Content of Foods Advertised";
74. Gantz and Schwartz, "Food Advertising Seen by Children";
75. Kunkel and Gantz, "Children's Television Advertising."