Invasion and metastasis: Major obstacles to curative cancer therapy

Metastatic Melanoma: Symptoms, Diagnoses and Treatments

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 47-82

  Kuttan, Girija ^a   Pratheeshkumar P , ^a  

^a AMALA CANCER RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Apoptosis and metastasis; Current therapies; Hypoxia and metastasis; Matrix metalloproteases; Metastasis suppressor genes; Metastatic cascade; NF B and metastasis; Nitric oxide and metastasis; Therapeutic targets; Vascular endothelial growth factor

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895372908     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (129)

1. Aberle, H., Schwartz, H. and Kemler, R. 1996. Cadherin-catenin complex: protein interactions and their implications for cadherin function. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 61, 514-523.
2. Adachi, M., Taki, T., Huang, C., Higashiyama, M., Doi, O., Tsuji, T. and Miyake, M. 1998. Reduced integrin alpha3 expression as a factor of poor prognosis of patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16, 1060.
3. Albelda, S. 1993. Role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in tumor progression and metastasis. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 68, 4.
4. Amundson, S., Myers, T., Scudiero, D., Kitada, S., Reed, J. and Fornace, A. 2000. An informatics approach identifying markers of chemosensitivity in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Research, 60, 6101.
5. Antonsson, B. and Martinou, J. 2000. The Bcl-2 protein family. Experimental Cell Research, 256, 50.
6. Azam, F., Mehta, S. and Harris, A. 2010. Mechanisms of resistance to antiangiogenesis therapy. European Journal of Cancer, 46, 1323-1332.
7. Bakkar, N. and Guttridge, D. 2010. NF-{kappa} B Signaling: A Tale of Two Pathways in Skeletal Myogenesis. Physiological reviews, 90, 495.
8. Bao, L., Pigott, R., Matsumura, Y., Baban, D. and Tarin, D. 1993. Correlation of VLA-4 integrin expression with metastatic potential in various human tumour cell lines. Differentiation, 52, 239-246.
9. Baud, V. and Karin, M. 2009. Is NF-B a good target for cancer therapy? Hopes and pitfalls. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 8, 33-40.
10. Blasi, F. and Carmeliet, P. 2002. uPAR: a versatile signalling orchestrator. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 3, 932-943.
11. Bold, R., Termuhlen, P. and McConkey, D. 1997. Apoptosis, cancer and cancer therapy. Surgical oncology, 6, 133-142.
12. Bos, R., van der Groep, P., Greijer, A., Shvarts, A., Meijer, S., Pinedo, H., Semenza, G., van Diest, P. and van der Wall, E. 2003. Levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1 independently predict prognosis in patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma. Cancer, 97, 1573-1581.
13. Bremnes, R., Veve, R., Hirsch, F. and Franklin, W. 2002. The E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion complex and lung cancer invasion, metastasis, and prognosis. Lung Cancer, 36, 115-124.
14. Brew, K. and Nagase, H. 2010. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs): An ancient family with structural and functional diversity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1803, 55-71.
15. Castells, A. and Rustgi, A. K. 2003. Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. In: RUSTGI, A. K. and CRAWFORD, J. M. (Eds.) Gastrointestinal cancers: a companion to Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease. Philadelphia, Saunders.
16. Cavallaro, U. and Christofori, G. 2001. Cell adhesion in tumor invasion and metastasis: loss of the glue is not enough. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1552, 39-45.
17. Chambers, A., Groom, A. and MacDonald, I. 2002. Metastasis: dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2, 563-572.
18. Chin, K., Kurashima, Y., Ogura, T., Tajiri, H., Yoshida, S. and Esumi, H. 1997. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by nitric oxide in human glioblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncogene, 15, 437.
19. Choi, B., Choi, Y., Kang, D., Kim, B., Song, Y. and Cha, H. 2010. Cell behavior on extracellular matrix mimic materials based on mussel adhesive protein fused with functional peptides. Biomaterials, 31, 0e8988.
20. Chong, A., Boussy, I., Jiang, X., Lamas, M. and Graf, L. 1994. CD54/ICAM-1 is a costimulator of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cellular immunology, 157, 92-105.
21. Cokun, U., Günel, N., Sancak, B., Günel, U., Onuk, E., Bayram, O., Yílmaz, E., Candan, S. and Ozkan, S. 2003. Significance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I levels and nitric oxide activity in breast cancer patients. The Breast, 12, 104-110.
22. Coman, D. 1944. Decreased mutual adhesiveness, a property of cells from squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Research, 4, 625.
23. Coman, D. 1953. Mechanisms responsible for the origin and distribution of blood-borne tumor metastases: a review. Cancer Research, 13, 397.
24. Coussens, L. and Werb, Z. 2002. Inflammation and cancer. Nature, 420, 860-867.
25. Curran, S. and Murray, G. 2000. Matrix metalloproteinases:: molecular aspects of their roles in tumour invasion and metastasis. European Journal of Cancer, 36, 1621-1630.
26. Dall, P., Heider, K., Sinn, H., Skroch-Angel, P., Adolf, G., Kaufmann, M., Herrlich, P. and Ponta, H. 1995. Comparison of immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for detection of CD44v-expression, a new prognostic factor in human breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 60, 471-477.
27. Danen, E., Van Muijen, G. and Ruiter, D. 1995. Role of integrins as signal transducing cell adhesion molecules in human cutaneous melanoma. Cancer surveys, 24, 43.
28. Denko, N. 2008. Hypoxia, HIF1 and glucose metabolism in the solid tumour. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8, 705-713.
29. Dong, J., Lamb, P., Rinker-Schaeffer, C., Vukanovic, J., Ichikawa, T., Isaacs, J. and Barrett, J. 1995. KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11. 2. Science, 268, 884.
30. Dong, X., Han, Z. and Yang, R. 2007. Angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy in hematologic malignancies. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 62, 105-118.
31. Ellis, L. and Fidler, I. 1996. Angiogenesis and metastasi. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England: 1990), 32, 2451.
32. Ellis, L. and Hicklin, D. 2008. VEGF-targeted therapy: mechanisms of anti-tumour activity. Nature Reviews Cancer, 8, 579-591.
33. Fidler, I. 1991. Cancer metastasis. British medical bulletin, 47, 157.
34. Foda, H. and Zucker, S. 2001. Matrix metalloproteinases in cancer invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Drug discovery today, 6, 478-482.
35. Folkman, J. 1990. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent? Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 82, 4.
36. Francavilla, C., Maddaluno, L. and Cavallaro, U. 2009. The functional role of cell adhesion molecules in tumor angiogenesis.), Elsevier.
37. Gatti, G., Simsek, S., Zurrida, S., Kurne, A., Giannetti, I., Demirer, S., Smeets, A., Caldarella, P., Vento, A. and Giraldo, A. 2004. Possible role of nitric oxide in the biology of breast carcinoma: review of the available literature. The Breast, 13, 1-6.
38. Geller, D., Nussler, A., Di Silvio, M., Lowenstein, C., Shapiro, R., Wang, S., Simmons, R. and Billiar, T. 1993. Cytokines, endotoxin, and glucocorticoids regulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in hepatocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 522.
39. Giancotti, F. and Mainiero, F. 1994. Integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling in tumorigenesis. Biochimica et biophysica acta, CR. Reviews on cancer, 1198, 47-64.
40. Givant-Horwitz, V., Davidson, B. and Reich, R. 2004. Laminin-induced signaling in tumor cells: The role of the Mr67, 000 laminin receptor. Cancer Research, 64, 3572-3579.
41. Glinsky, G. and Glinsky, V. 1996. Apoptosis and metastasis: a superior resistance of metastatic cancer cells to programmed cell death. Cancer letters, 101, 43-51.
42. Gogali, A., Charalabopoulos, K. and Constantopoulos, S. 2004. Integrin receptors in primary lung cancer. Exp Oncol, 26, 106-10.
43. Green, D. and Evan, G. 2002. A matter of life and death. Cancer cell, 1, 19-30.
44. Guo, W. and Giancotti, F. 2004. Integrin signalling during tumour progression. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 5, 816-826.
45. Guo, Y., Liu, G., Wang, X., Jin, D., Wu, M., Ma, J. and Sy, M. 1994. Potential use of soluble CD44 in serum as indicator of tumor burden and metastasis in patients with gastric or colon cancer. Cancer Research, 54, 422.
46. Gupta, G. and Massagué, J. 2006. Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell, 127, 679-695.
47. Hagemann, T., Biswas, S., Lawrence, T., Sica, A. and Lewis, C. 2009. Regulation of macrophage function in tumors: the multifaceted role of NF-{kappa} B. Blood, 113, 3139.
48. Hainaut, P. and Hollstein, M. 1999. p53 and human cancer: the first ten thousand mutations. Advances in cancer research, 77, 81-86.
49. Horak, C., Lee, J., Marshall, J., Shreeve, S. and Steeg, P. 2008. The role of metastasis suppressor genes in metastatic dormancy. APMIS, 116, 586-601.
50. Horak, C. and Steeg, P. 2005. Metastasis gets site specific. Cancer cell, 8, 93-95.
51. Ikeguchi, M., Yamaguchi, K. and Kaibara, N. 2004. Clinical Significance of the Loss of KiSS-1 and Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (hOT7T175) Gene Expression in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research, 10, 1379.
52. Jadeski, L., Hum, K., Chakraborty, C. and Lala, P. 2000. Nitric oxide promotes murine mammary tumour growth and metastasis by stimulating tumour cell migration, invasiveness and angiogenesis. International Journal of Cancer, 86, 30-39.
53. Karin, M. 2006. Nuclear factor-B in cancer development and progression. Nature, 441, 431-436.
54. Karin, M. and Greten, F. 2005. NF-B: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5, 749-759.
55. Kashima, T., Nakamura, K., Kawaguchi, J., Takanashi, M., Ishida, T., Aburatani, H., Kudo, A., Fukayama, M. and Grigoriadis, A. 2003. Overexpression of cadherins suppresses pulmonary metastasis of osteosarcoma in vivo. International Journal of Cancer, 104, 147-154.
56. Kawaguchi, T. 2005. Cancer metastasis: characterization and identification of the behavior of metastatic tumor cells and the cell adhesion molecules, including carbohydrate. Current Drug Targets-Cardiovascular and# 38; Hematological Disorders, 5, 39-64.
57. Kawai, T. and Akira, S. 2007. Signaling to NF-[kappa] B by Toll-like receptors. Trends in molecular medicine, 13, 460-469.
58. Kessenbrock, K., Plaks, V. and Werb, Z. 2010. Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cell, 141, 52-67.
59. Kohn, E. and Liotta, L. 1995. Molecular insights into cancer invasion: strategies for prevention and intervention. Cancer Research, 55, 1856.
60. Korhonen, M., Laitinen, L., Ylänne, J., Koukoulis, G., Quaranta, V., Juusela, H., Gould, V. and Virtanen, I. 1992. Integrin distributions in renal cell carcinomas of various grades of malignancy. The American journal of pathology, 141, 1161.
61. Koukourakis, M., Bentzen, S., Giatromanolaki, A., Wilson, G., Daley, F., Saunders, M., Dische, S., Sivridis, E. and Harris, A. 2006. Endogenous markers of two separate hypoxia response pathways (hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha and carbonic anhydrase 9) are associated with radiotherapy failure in head and neck cancer patients recruited in the CHART randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 727.
62. Kupai, K., Szucs, G., Cseh, S., Hajdu, I., Csonka, C., Csont, T. and Ferdinandy, P. 2010. Matrix metalloproteinase activity assays: Importance of zymography. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods, 61, 205-209.
63. Leone, A., Flatow, U., King, C., Sandeen, M., Margulies, I., Liotta, L. and Steeg, P. 1991. Reduced tumor incidence, metastatic potential, and cytokine responsiveness of nm23-transfected melanoma cells. Cell, 65, 25.
64. Lesley, J., Hyman, R. and Kincade, P. 1993. CD44 and its interaction with extracellular matrix. Advances in Immunology, 54, 271-335.
65. Liotta, L. 1986. Tumor invasion and metastases-role of the extracellular matrix: Rhoads Memorial Award lecture. Cancer Research, 46, 1.
66. Liu, Y., Smith, P. and Jones, D. 2006. Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 functions as a corepressor by enhancing histone deacetylase 1-mediated deacetylation of RelA/p65 and promoting apoptosis. Molecular and cellular biology, 26, 8683.
67. Lukas, Z. and Dvorak, K. 2004. Adhesion molecules in biology and oncology. Acta Vet Brno, 73, 93-104.
68. Luqman, S. and Pezzuto, J. 2010. NF B: a promising target for natural products in cancer chemoprevention. Phytotherapy Research, 24, 949-963.
69. Marcello, A. and Lakita, G. C. 2005. Nuclear factor-κB and liver carcinogenesis. Cancer letters, 229, 157-169.
70. Mekkawy, A., Morris, D. and Pourgholami, M. 2009. Urokinase plasminogen activator system as a potential target for cancer therapy. Future Oncol., 5, 1487-1499.
71. Mendoza, E., Burd, R., Wachsberger, P. and Dicker, A. 2008. Normalization of Tumor Vasculature and Improvement of Radiation Response by Antiangiogenic Agents. Antiangiogenic Agents in Cancer Therapy, 311-321.
72. Meyer, J. T., Thompson, P. M., Behringer, R., Steiner, R. C., Saxton, W. M. and Oppenheimer, S. B. 1983. Protease activity associated with loss of adhesiveness in mouse teratocarcinoma. Exp. Cell Res., 143, 63-70.
73. Meyer, T. and Hart, I. 1998. Mechanisms of tumour metastasis. European Journal of Cancer, 34, 214-221.
74. Nash, G., Turner, L., Scully, M. and Kakkar, A. 2002. Platelets and cancer. The Lancet Oncology, 3, 425-430.
75. Nash, K., Phadke, P., Navenot, J., Hurst, D., Accavitti-Loper, M., Sztul, E., Vaidya, K., Frost, A., Kappes, J. and Peiper, S. 2007. Requirement of KISS1 secretion for multiple organ metastasis suppression and maintenance of tumor dormancy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 99, 309.
76. Neal, C. and Berry, D. 2006. Basic principles of the molecular biology of cancer II: angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Surgery-Oxford-, 24, 120.
77. Nor, J., Christensen, J., Mooney, D. and Polverini, P. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis is associated with enhanced endothelial cell survival and induction of Bcl-2 expression. American Journal of Pathology, 154, 375.
78. O'hanlon, D., Fitzsimons, H., Lynch, J., Tormey, S., Malone, C. and Given, H. 2002. Soluble adhesion molecules (E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) in breast carcinoma. European Journal of Cancer, 38, 2252-2257.
79. Okegawa, T., Pong, R., Li, Y. and Hsieh, J. 2004. The role of cell adhesion molecule in cancer progression and its application in cancer therapy. Acta Biochimica Polonica-English Edition-, 51, 445-458.
80. Oppenheimer, S. 2006. Cellular basis of cancer metastasis: A review of fundamentals and new advances. Acta Histochemica, 108, 327-334.
81. Oppenheimer, S. B., Edidin, M., Orr, C. W. and Roseman, S. 1969. An L-glutamine requirement for intercellular adhesion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 63, 1395-402.
82. Paget, S. 1989. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer metastasis reviews, 8, 98.
83. Palmieri, D., Chambers, A. F., Felding-Habermann, B., Huang, S. and Steeg, P. S. 2007. The biology of metastasis to a sanctuary site. Clin. Cancer Res., 13, 1656-62.
84. Paschos, K., Canovas, D. and Bird, N. 2009. The role of cell adhesion molecules in the progression of colorectal cancer and the development of liver metastasis. Cellular signalling, 21, 665-674.
85. Peng, F. and Chen, M. 2010. Antiangiogenic therapy: a novel approach to overcome tumor hypoxia. Chinese journal of cancer, 29, 715.
86. Pignatelli, M., Cardillo, M., Hanby, A. and Stamp, G. 1992. Integrins and their accessory adhesion molecules in mammary carcinomas: loss of polarization in poorly differentiated tumors. Human pathology, 23, 1159-1166.
87. Poon, R., Fan, S. and Wong, J. 2001. Clinical implications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 1207.
88. Popow-Woniak, A., Nowak, D. and Malicka-B aszkiewicz, M. 2009. Types of tumor cells movement. Postepy biochemii, 55, 113.
89. Prodromou, C., Siligardi, G., O'Brien, R., Woolfson, D., Regan, L., Panaretou, B., Ladbury, J., Piper, P. and Pearl, L. 1999. Regulation of Hsp90 ATPase activity by tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-domain co-chaperones. The EMBO Journal, 18, 754-762.
90. Ramburan, A. and Govender, D. 2002. Cadherins and catenins in pathology. Current Diagnostic Pathology, 8, 305-317.
91. Ray, J. and Stetler-Stevenson, W. 1994. The role of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors in tumour invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. European Respiratory Journal, 7, 2062.
92. Reed, J. 2003. Apoptosis-targeted therapies for cancer. Cancer cell, 3, 17.
93. Ribatti, D. 2009. Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis:: A historical review. Leukemia research, 33, 638-644.
94. Rice, G. and Bevilacqua, M. 1989. An inducible endothelial cell surface glycoprotein mediates melanoma adhesion. Science, 246, 1303.
95. Rius, J., Guma, M., Schachtrup, C., Akassoglou, K., Zinkernagel, A. S., Nizet, V., Johnson, R. S., Haddad, G. G. and Karin, M. 2008. NF-[kgr]B links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1[agr]. Nature, 453, 807-811.
96. Rüegg, C., Dormond, O. and Mariotti, A. 2004. Endothelial cell integrins and COX-2: mediators and therapeutic targets of tumor angiogenesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer, 1654, 51-67.
97. Samant, R., Seraj, M., Saunders, M., Sakamaki, T., Shevde, L., Harms, J., Leonard, T., Goldberg, S., Budgeon, L. and Meehan, W. 2000. Analysis of mechanisms underlying BRMS1 suppression of metastasis. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis, 18, 683-693.
98. Semenza, G. 2003. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nature Reviews Cancer, 3, 721-732.
99. Serafini, F. and Rosemurgy, A. 2000. Adhesion molecules: clinical implications. Surgery, 127, 481.
100. Sethi, G. and Aggarwal, B. B. 2006. Role of NF-B and NF-B-regulated Gene Products in Chemoresistance and Radioresistance. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews, 2, 115-125.
101. Shepherd, F. and Sridhar, S. 2003. Angiogenesis inhibitors under study for the treatment of lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 41, 63-72.
102. Shiozaki, H., Oka, H., Inoue, M., Tamura, S. and Monden, M. 1996. E-cadherin mediated adhesion system in cancer cells. Cancer, 77, 1605-1613.
103. Siegert, A., Rosenberg, C., Schmitt, W., Denkert, C. and Hauptmann, S. 2002. Nitric oxide of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines promotes tumour cell invasion. British journal of cancer, 86, 1310-1315.
104. Sinicrope, F., Evans, D., Leach, S., Cleary, K., Fenoglio, C., Lee, J. and Abbruzzese, J. 1996. bcl-2 and p53 expression in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinomas: association with clinical outcome. Clinical Cancer Research, 2, 2015.
105. Soriano, J., Liu, N., Gao, Y., Yao, Z., Ishibashi, T., Underhill, C., Burke, T. and Bottaro, D. 2004. Inhibition of angiogenesis by growth factor receptor bound protein 2-Src homology 2 domain bound antagonists. Molecular cancer therapeutics, 3, 1289.
106. Stafford, L., Vaidya, K. and Welch, D. 2008. Metastasis suppressors genes in cancer. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 40, 874-891.
107. Stamenkovic, I. 2000. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumor invasion and metastasis.), Elsevier.
108. Starzinski-Powitz, A., Handrow-Metzmacher, H. and Kotzian, S. 1999. The putative role of cell adhesion molecules in endometriosis: can we learn from tumour metastasis? Molecular medicine today, 5, 304-309.
109. Steeg, P. 2003. Metastasis suppressors alter the signal transduction of cancer cells. Nature Reviews Cancer, 3, 55-63.
110. Symington, B. 1990. Fibronectin receptor overexpression and loss of transformed phenotype in a stable variant of the K562 cell line. Cell Regulation, 1, 637.
111. Thiery, J. 2002. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression. Nature Reviews Cancer, 2, 442-454.
112. Thomas, G., Jones, J. and Speight, P. 1997. Integrins and oral cancer. Oral oncology, 33, 381-388.
113. Tokumo, K., Kodama, J., Seki, N., Miyagi, Y., Yoshinouchi, M. and Kudo, T. 1998. CD44 exon v6 correlates with cellular differentiation but not with progression and metastasis of cervical cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 34, 2107-2111.
114. Tselepis, C., Chidgey, M., North, A. and Garrod, D. 1998. Desmosomal adhesion inhibits invasive behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 8064.
115. Tsiokas, L., Mukhopadhyay, D. and Sukhatme, V. 1995. Hypoxic induction of human vascular endothelial growth factor expression through c-Src activation. Nature, 375, 15.
116. Utrera-Barillas, D., Salcedo-Vargas, M., Gariglio-Vidal, P., Hernandez-Hernandez, D., Gutierrez-Delgado, F. and Benitez-Bribiesca, L. H-ras and Nm23-H1 gene expression and proteolytic activity in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Archives of medical research, 31, 172.
117. Van Seventer, G., Shimizu, Y., Horgan, K. and Shaw, S. 1990. The LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1 provides an important costimulatory signal for T cell receptor-mediated activation of resting T cells. The Journal of Immunology, 144, 4579.
118. Van Uden, P., Kenneth, N. and Rocha, S. 2008. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 by NF-B. Biochemical Journal, 412, 477.
119. Varner, J. 1997. The role of vascular cell integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 in angiogenesis In: GOLDBERG, I. and ROSEN, E. (Eds.) Regulation of Angiogenesis. Switzerland, Birkhauser Verlag Basel.
120. Vogelstein, B., Lane, D. and Levine, A. 2000. Surfing the p53 network. Nature, 408, 307-310.
121. Wachsberger, P., Burd, R. and Dicker, A. 2003. Tumor response to ionizing radiation combined with antiangiogenesis or vascular targeting agents. Clinical Cancer Research, 9, 1957.
122. Wang, H., Hung, Y., Su, C., Peng, S., Guo, Y., Lai, M., Liu, C. and Hsu, J. 2005. CD44 Cross-linking induces integrin-mediated adhesion and transendothelial migration in breast cancer cell line by up-regulation of LFA-1 ([alpha] L [beta] 2) and VLA-4 ([alpha] 4 [beta] 1). Experimental Cell Research, 304, 116-126.
123. Wink, D., Vodovotz, Y., Laval, J., Laval, F., Dewhirst, M. and Mitchell, J. 1998. The multifaceted roles of nitric oxide in cancer. Carcinogenesis, 19, 711.
124. Wong, B., Rahmani, M., Luo, Z., Yanagawa, B., Wong, D., Luo, H. and McManus, B. 2009. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Increases Human Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cell Permeability to Low-Density Lipoproteins. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation, 28, 950-957.
125. Xie, K. and Huang, S. 2003. Contribution of nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis to cancer metastasis inefficiency* 1. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 34, 969-986.
126. Xu, W., Liu, L., Loizidou, M., Ahmed, M. and Charles, I. 2002. The role of nitric oxide in cancer. Cell research, 12, 311.
127. Yang, G., Taboada, S. and Liao, J. 2009. Induced nitric oxide synthase as a major player in the oncogenic transformation of inflamed tissue. Methods Mol. Biol., 512, 119-156.
128. Yang, M. and Wu, K. 2008. TWIST activation by hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1): implications in metastasis and development. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.), 7, 2090.
129. Yasuda, H. 2008. Solid tumor physiology and hypoxia-induced chemo/radio-resistance: novel strategy for cancer therapy: nitric oxide donor as a therapeutic enhancer. Nitric Oxide, 19, 205-216.