Women's Managerial Aspirations: An Organizational Development Perspective

Journal of Management

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 703-730

  Hoobler, Jenny M ^a,b   Lemmon, Grace ^c   Wayne, Sandy J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^c WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

careers; gender; leadership; training and development; women

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894691737     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: 15571211     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0149206311426911     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Aguinis H.,Kraiger K.Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society.Annual Review of Psychology. 2009;60:451-474.
2. Anderson J. C.,Gerbing D. W.Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach.Psychological Bulletin. 1988;103:411-423.
3. Arthur M. B.,Rousseau D. M.The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996:.
4. Arthur W.,Bennett W. J.,Edens P.,Bell S. T.Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2003;88:234-245.
5. Belkin L.The opt-out revolution.New York Times Magazine. 2003;26:42-49.
6. Benschop Y.,Halsema L.,Schreurs P.The division of labour and inequalities between the sexes: An ideological dilemma.Gender, Work and Organization. 2001;8:1-18.
7. Berlew D. E.,Hall D. T.The socialization of managers: Effects of expectations on performance.Administrative Science Quarterly. 1966;11:207-223.
8. Bilimoria D.,Joy S.,Liang X.Breaking barriers and creating inclusiveness: Lessons of organizational transformation to advance women faculty in academic science and engineering.Human Resource Management. 2008;47:423-441.
9. Blau F.,Ferber M.,Winkler A.The economics of women, men, and work. 1998. The economics of women, men, and work (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1998:.
10. Blickle G.,Witzki A.,Schneider P. B.Self-initiated mentoring and career success: A predictive field study.Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2009;74:94-101.
11. Bliese P. D.Multi-level theory, research, and methods in organizations. Klein K. J.Kozlowski S. W. J., ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2000:349-381.
12. Brenner O. C.,Tomkiewicz J.,Schein Y. E.The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited.Academy of Management Journal. 1989;32:662-669.
13. Cannings K.,Montmarquette C.Managerial momentum: A simultaneous model of the career progress of male and female managers.Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 1991;44:212-228.
14. Women in corporate leadership 2003. New York: Catalyst; 2004:.
15. The 2006 Catalyst census of women corporate officers and top earners. New York: Catalyst; 2007:.
16. Women in law in the U.S. New York: Catalyst; 2009:.
17. Cialdini R. B.,Trost M. R.The handbook of social psychology. 1998. Social influence: Social norms, conformity, and compliance. In GilbertD. T.FiskeS. T.LindzeyG. (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed.): 151-192. Boston: McGraw-Hill.Gilbert D. T.Fiske S. T.Lindzey G., ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 1998:151-192.
18. Correll S. J.Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments.American Journal of Sociology. 2001;106:1691-1730.
19. Correll S. J.,Benard S.,Paik I.Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?.American Journal of Sociology. 2007;112:1297-1338.
20. Cortina L. M.Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations.Academy of Management Review. 2008;33:55-75.
21. Dansereau F.,Alutto J. A.,Yammarino F. J.Theory testing in organizational behavior: The variant approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1984:.
22. Davies J.,Easterby-Smith M.Learning and developing from managerial work experiences.Journal of Management Studies. 1984;21:169-183.
23. Davies-Netzley S. A.Women above the glass ceiling: Perceptions on corporate mobility and strategies for success.Gender and Society. 1998;12:339-355.
24. Day R.,Allen T. D.The relationship between career-motivation and self-efficacy with protégé career success.Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2004;64:72-91.
25. De Pater I. E.,Van Vianen A. E. M.,Bechtoldt M. N.Gender differences in job challenge: A matter of task.Gender, Work and Organization. 2010;17:433-453.
26. Diekman A. B.,Eagly A. H.Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2000;26:1171-1188.
27. Dizik A.A female face on Executive M.B.A.s: Business schools step up efforts to attract more women to pricey degree.Wall Street Journal. 2009;:B11.
28. Dodge K. A.,Gilroy F. D.,Fenzel L. M.Requisite management characteristics revisited: Two decades later.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1995;10:253-264.
29. Donnell S. M.,Hall J.Men and women as managers: A case of no significant difference.Organizational Dynamics. 1980;8:60-77.
30. Duehr E.,Bono J. E.Men, women, and managers: Are stereotypes finally changing?.Personnel Psychology. 2006;59:815-846.
31. Dragoni L.,Tesluk P. E.,Russell J. E. A.,Oh I.Understanding managerial development: Integrating developmental assignments, learning orientation, and access to developmental opportunities in predicting managerial competencies.Academy of Management Journal. 2009;52:731-743.
32. Eagly A. H.,Johannesen-Schmidt M. C.,van Engen M.Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: A meta-analysis comparing women and men.Psychological Bulletin. 2003;129:569-591.
33. Eagly A. H.,Karau S. J.Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.Psychological Review. 2002;109:573-598.
34. Eagly A. H.,Karau S. J.,Miner J. B.,Johnson B. T.Gender and motivation to manage in hierarchic organizations: A meta-analysis.Leadership Quarterly. 1994;5:135-159.
35. Eagly A. H.,Wood W.,Diekman A. B.Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2000:.
36. Eby L. T.,Casper W. J.,Lockwood A.,Bordeaux C.,Brinley A.Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature 1980-2002.Journal of Vocational Behavior. 2005;66:124-197.
37. Fiske S. T.,Cuddy A. J.,Glick P.,Xu J.A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002;82:878-902.
38. Fornell C.,Larcker D.Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.Journal of Marketing Research. 1981;28:39-50.
39. Galinsky E.,Salmond K.,Bond J. T.,Kropf M. B.,Moore M.,Harrington B.Leaders in a global economy: A study of executive women and men. New York: Families and Work Institute; 2003:.
40. Glass J. L.,Riley L.Family responsive policies and employee retention following childbirth.Social Forces. 1998;76:1401-1435.
41. Gregg G.Women entrepreneurs: The second generation.Across the Board. 1985;22:10-18.
42. Grotevant H. D.,Thorbecke W. L.Sex differences in styles of occupational identity formation in late adolescence.Developmental Psychology. 1982;18:396-405.
43. Hatcher L.A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute; 1994:.
44. Hebl M. R.,King E. B,Glick P.,Singletary S. L.,Kazama S.Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: Complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;92:1499-1511.
45. Heilman M. E.Research in organizational behavior. Staw B.Cummings L., ed. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1983:269-298.
46. Heilman M. E.Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder.Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57:657-674.
47. Heilman M. E.,Haynes M. C.No credit where credit is due: Attributional rationalization of women's success in male-female teams.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2005;90:905-916.
48. Heilman M. E.,Martell R.,Simon M.The vagaries of sex bias: Conditions regulating the undervaluation, equivaluation, and overvaluation of female job applicants.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1988;41:98-110.
49. Heilman M. E.,Okimoto T. G.Averting penalties for women's success: Rectifying the perceived communality deficiency.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;92:81-92.
50. Hoobler J. M.,Lemmon G.,Wayne S. J.Women's underrepresentation in upper management: New insights on a persistent problem.Organizational Dynamics. 2011;40:151-156.
51. Hoobler J. M.,Wayne S. J.,Lemmon G.Bosses' perceptions of family-work conflict and women's promotability: Glass ceiling effects.Academy of Management Journal. 2009;52:939-957.
52. Hymowitz C.,Schellhardt T. D.The glass ceiling.The Wall Street Journal: A Special Report, The Corporate Woman. 1986;D1:4-5.
53. Jago A. G.,Vroom V. H.Sex differences in the incidence and evaluation of participative leader behavior.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1982;67:776-783.
54. Jarvis C. B.,MacKenzie S. B.,Podsakoff P. M.A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research.Journal of Consumer Research. 2003;30:199-218.
55. Jöreskog K. G.,Sörbom D.Lisrel VIII users' reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software; 1993:.
56. Kelloway E. K.Using LISREL for structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998:.
57. King E. B.The effect of bias on the advancement of working mothers: Disentangling legitimate concerns from inaccurate stereotypes as predictors of advancement in academe.Human Relations. 2008;61:1677-1711.
58. King E. B.,Botsford W.,Hebl M. R.,Kazama S.,Dawson J. F.,Perkins A.Benevolent sexism at work: Gender differences in the distribution of challenging developmental experiences.Journal of Management. 2012;38:1835-1866.
59. Kline R. B.Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press; 2004:.
60. Kozlowski S. W. J.,Gully S. M.,Brown K. G.,Salas E.,Smith E. M.,Nason E. R.Effects of training goals and goal orientation traits on multidimensional training outcomes and performance adaptability.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2001;85:1-31.
61. Kraimer M. L.,Seibert S. E.,Wayne S. J.,Liden R. C.,Bravo J.Antecedents and outcomes of organizational support for development: The critical role of career opportunities.Journal of Applied Psychology. in press;:.
62. Kram K. E.,Hall D. T.Managing diversity: Human resource strategies for transforming the workplace. Kossek E. E.Lobel S. A., ed. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell; 1996:108-136.
63. Lin N.Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2001:.
64. London M.Work careers: A developmental perspective. Feldman D. C., ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002:323-345.
65. Lueptow L. B.,Garovich-Szabo L.,Lueptow M. B.Social change and the persistence of sex typing: 1974-1997.Social Forces. 2001;80:1-36.
66. Lyness K. S.,Judiesch M. K.Are female managers quitters? The relationships of gender, promotions, and family leaves of absence to voluntary turnover.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2001;86:1167-1178.
67. Lyness K. S.,Thompson D. E.Above the glass ceiling? A comparison of matched samples of female and male executives.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1997;82:359-375.
68. Lyness K. S.,Thompson D. E.Climbing the corporate ladder: Do female and male executives follow the same route?.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2000;85:86-101.
69. Mainiero L. A.,Sullivan S. E.Kaleidoscope careers: An alternate explanation for the "opt-out" revolution.Academy of Management Executive. 2005;19:106-123.
70. Martins L. L.,Eddleston K. A.,Veiga J. F.Moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and career satisfaction.Academy of Management Journal. 2002;45:399-409.
71. Mattis M. C.Women entrepreneurs: Out from under the glass ceiling.Women in Management Review. 2004;19:154-163.
72. McCall M. W.,Lombardo M. M.,Morrison A. M.The lessons of experience: How successful executives develop on the job. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books; 1988:.
73. McCauley C. D.,Ruderman M. N.,Ohlott P. J.,Morrow J. E.Assessing the developmental components of managerial jobs.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1994;79:544-560.
74. McCracken D. M.Winning the talent war for women: Sometimes it takes a revolution.Harvard Business Review. 2000;78:159-167.
75. Mero J.,Sellers P.Power: Do women really want it?.Fortune. 2003;:80-88.
76. Meyerson D. E.,Fletcher J. K.A modest manifesto for shattering the glass ceiling.Harvard Business Review. 2000;78:126-136.
77. Mitchell T. R.,Holtom B. C.,Lee T. W.,Sablynski C. J.,Erez M.Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover.Academy of Management Journal. 2001;44:1102-1121.
78. Moore D. P.Careerpreneurs: Lessons from leading women entrepreneurs on building a career without boundaries. Palo Alto, CA: Davis-Black; 2000:.
79. Moore D. P.,Buttner E. H.Women entrepreneurs: Moving beyond the glass ceiling. London: Sage; 1997:.
80. Morrison A. M.,White R. P.,Van Velsor E.Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America's largest corporations?. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1987:.
81. Moya M.,Glick P.,Expósito F.,de Lemus S.,Hart J.It's for your own good: Benevolent sexism and women's reactions to protectively justified restrictions.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007;33:1421-1434.
82. Ng T. W. H.,Eby L. T.,Sorensen K. L.,Feldman D. C.Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis.Personnel Psychology. 2005;58:367-408.
83. Ohlott P. J.,Ruderman M. N.,McCauley C. D.Gender differences in managers' developmental job experiences.Academy of Management Journal. 1994;37:46-67.
84. Okamoto D.,England P.Is there a supply-side to occupational sex segregation?.Sociological Perspectives. 1999;42:557-582.
85. Pichler S.,Simpson P. A.,Stroh L. K.The glass ceiling in human resources: Exploring the link between women's representation in management and the practices of strategic human resource managements and employee involvement.Human Resource Management. 2008;47:463-479.
86. Pinker S.The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking Adult; 2002:.
87. Pomerleau A.,Bolduc D.,Malcuit G.,Cossette L.Pink or blue: Environmental gender stereotypes in the first two years of life.Sex Roles. 1990;22:359-367.
88. Powell G. N.,Butterfield D. A.Investigating the "glass ceiling" phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top management.Academy of Management Journal. 1994;37:68-86.
89. Powell G. N.,Butterfield A.,Parent J. D.Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed?.Journal of Management. 2002;28:177-193.
90. Prince C. J.The truth about the opt out hype.NAFE Magazine. 2004;2:15-18.
91. Ragins B. R.,Cotton J. L.Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1999;84:529-550.
92. Ragins B. R.,McFarlin D. B.Perceptions of mentor roles in cross-gender mentoring relationships.Journal of Vocational Behavior. 1990;37:321-339.
93. Rindova V. P.,Williamson I. O.,Petkova A. P.,Sever J. M.Being good or being known: An empirical examination of the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of organizational reputation.Academy of Management Journal. 2005;48:1033-1049.
94. Ruderman M. N.,Ohlott P. J.,Kram K. E.Managerial promotion: The dynamics for men and women. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership; 1996:.
95. Rupp D. E.,Cropanzano R.Multifoci justice and social exchange relationships.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2002;89:925-946.
96. Sass D. A.,Smith P. L.The effects of parceling unidimensional scales on structural parameter estimates in structural equation modeling.Structural Equation Modeling. 2006;13:566-586.
97. Schein V. E.The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1973;57:95-100.
98. Schein V. E.A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management.Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57:675-688.
99. Schein V. E.,Mueller R.,Jacobson C.The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among college students.Sex Roles. 1989;20:103-110.
100. Schneer J. A.,Reitman F.Effects of employment gaps on careers of MBAs: More damaging for men than for women.Academy of Management Journal. 1990;33:391-406.
101. Schneer J. A.,Reitman F.The impact of gender as managerial careers unfold.Journal of Vocational Behavior. 1995;47:290-315.
102. Scott K. A.,Brown D. J.Female first, leader second? Gender bias in the encoding of leadership behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2006;101:230-242.
103. Sools A. M.,Van Engen M. L.,Baerveldt C.Gendered career-making practices: On "doing ambition" or how managers discursively position themselves in a multinational corporation.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2007;80:413-435.
104. Stone P.Opting out? Why women really quit careers and head home. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2007:.
105. Stroh L. K.,Brett J. M.,Reilly A. H.All the right stuff: A comparison of female and male managers' career progression.Journal of Applied Psychology. 1992;77:251-260.
106. Sullivan S. E.The changing nature of careers: A review and research agenda.Journal of Management. 1999;25:457-484.
107. Tekleab A. G.,Takeuchi R.,Taylor M. S.Extending the chain of relationships among organizational justice, social exchange, and employee reactions: The role of contract violations.Academy of Management Journal. 2005;48:146-157.
108. Terjesen S.Senior women managers: Leveraging embedded career capital in new ventures.Career Development International. 2005;10:246-259.
109. Tharenou P.Going up? Do traits and informal social processes predict advancing in management?.Academy of Management Journal. 2001;44:1005-1017.
110. Tharenou P.,Conroy D. K.Men and women managers' advancement: Personal or situational determinants?.Applied Psychology: An International Review. 1994;43:5-31.
111. Turban D. B.,Dougherty T. W.Role of protégé personality in receipt of mentoring and career success.Academy of Management Journal. 1994;37:688-702.
112. Women in the labor force: A databook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2008:.
113. Van Velsor E.,Hughes M. W.Gender differences in the development of managers: How women managers learn from experience. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership; 1990:.
114. Watson C. M.,Quatman T.,Edler E.Career aspirations of adolescent girls: Effects of achievement level, grade, and single-sex school environment.Sex Roles. 2002;46:323-335.
115. Welle B.,Heilman M. E.Research in social issues in management. Steiner D.Gilliland S. W.Skarlicki D., ed. Westport, CT: Information Age; 2005:23-40.
116. Williams J. C.,Segal N.Beyond the maternal wall: Relief for family caregivers who are discriminated against on the job.Harvard Women's Law Journal. 2003;26:77-162.
117. Winn J.Entrepreneurship: Not an easy path to top management for women.Women in Management Review. 2004;19:143-153.
118. Woodall J.,Edwards C.,Welchman R.Organizational restructuring and the achievement of an equal opportunity culture.Gender, Work and Organization. 1997;4:2-12.