Interventions to improve cortisol regulation in children: A systematic review

Pediatrics

Volumn 133, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 312-326

  Slopen, Natalie ^a,b,c   McLaughlin, Katie A ^a,d,e   Shonkoff, Jack P ^a,b,c,d,e  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c HARVARD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION   (United States)

^d BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^e HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Childhood adversity; Children; Cortisol; Hypothalamic pituitaryadrenal axis; Infants; Life course; Prevention; Quasi experimental study; Randomized controlled trial; Toxic stress

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENTS; CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY; CHILDREN; CORTISOL; HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS; INFANTS; LIFE COURSE; PREVENTION; QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TOXIC STRESS;

CHILD; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84893303913     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1632     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Gunnar MR, Fisher PA; Early Experience, Stress, and Prevention Network. Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children. Dev Psychopathol. 2006;18(3): 651-677
2. Gunnar M, Quevedo K. The neurobiology of stress and development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:145-173
3. Teicher MH, Tomoda A, Andersen SL. Neurobiological Consequences of Early Stress and Childhood Maltreatment: Are Results from Human and Animal Studies Comparable?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006;1071:313-323
4. Danese A, McEwen BS. Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiol Behav. 2012; 106(1):29-39
5. Hunter AL, Minnis H, Wilson P. Altered stress responses in children exposed to early adversity: a systematic review of salivary cortisol studies. Stress. 2011;14(6): 614-626
6. Shonkoff JP, Boyce WT, McEwen BS. Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA. 2009;301(21): 2252-2259
7. Miller GE, Chen E, Parker KJ. Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychol Bull. 2011;137(6): 959-997
8. Johnson SB, Riley AW, Granger DA, Riis J. The science of early life toxic stress for pediatric practice and advocacy. Pediatrics. 2013;131(2):319-327
9. Fisher PA, Gunnar MR, Dozier M, Bruce J, Pears KC. Effects of Therapeutic Interventions for Foster Children on Behavioral Problems, Caregiver Attachment, and Stress Regulatory Neural Systems. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2006;1094:215-225
10. Dozier M, Albus K, Fisher PA, Sepulveda S. Interventions for foster parents: implications for developmental theory. Dev Psychopathol. 2002;14(4):843-860
11. Bruce J, Gunnar MR, Pears KC, Fisher PA. Early adverse care, stress neurobiology, and prevention science: lessons learned. Prev Sci. 2013;14(3):247-256
12. Leve LD, Harold GT, Chamberlain P, Landsverk JA, Fisher PA, Vostanis P. Practitioner review: children in foster care - vulnerabilities and evidence-based interventions that promote resilience processes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(12):1197-1211
13. Sapolsky RM, Romero LM, Munck AU. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev. 2000;21(1):55-89
14. Miller GE, Chen E, Zhou ES. If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(1):25-45
15. Adam EK, Kumari M. Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34 (10):1423-1436
16. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13(3):677-693
17. Gunnar MR, Morison SJ, Chisholm K, Schuder M. Salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13(3):611-628
18. Gunnar MR, Quevedo KM. Early care experiences and HPA axis regulation in children: a mechanism for later trauma vulnerability. Prog Brain Res. 2008;167:137-149
19. Heim C, Ehlert U, Hellhammer DH. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000; 25(1):1-35
20. Goldman-Mellor S, Hamer M, Steptoe A. Early-life stress and recurrent psychological distress over the lifecourse predict divergent cortisol reactivity patterns in adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012; 37(11):1755-1768
21. Gunnar MR, Vazquez DM. Low cortisol and a flattening of expected daytime rhythm: potential indices of risk in human development. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13(3): 515-538
22. Bruce J, McDermott JM, Fisher PA, Fox NA. Using behavioral and electrophysiological measures to assess the effects of a preventive intervention: a preliminary study with preschool-aged foster children. Prev Sci. 2009;10(2):129-140
23. van der Vegt EJM, van der Ende J, Kirschbaum C, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Early neglect and abuse predict diurnal cortisol patterns in adults: a study of international adoptees. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(5):660-669
24. Suglia SF, Staudenmayer J, Cohen S, Wright RJ. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to community violence and children's diurnal cortisol response in an urban community-dwelling sample. Int J Behav Med. 2010;17(1):43-50
25. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Gunnar MR, Toth SL. The differential impacts of early physical and sexual abuse and internalizing problems on daytime cortisol rhythm in school-aged children. Child Dev. 2010;81(1): 252-269
26. Dozier M, Manni M, Gordon MK, et al. Foster children's diurnal production of cortisol: an exploratory study. Child Maltreat. 2006;11 (2):189-197
27. Saridjan NS, Huizink AC, Koetsier JA, et al. Do social disadvantage and early family adversity affect the diurnal cortisol rhythm in infants? The Generation R Study. Horm Behav. 2010;57(2):247-254
28. Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML, Cicchetti D, Cummings EM. The role of child adrenocortical functioning in pathways between interparental conflict and child maladjustment. Dev Psychol. 2007;43(4):918-930
29. MacMillan HL, Georgiades K, Duku EK, et al. Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(1):62-68
30. Carpenter LL, Shattuck TT, Tyrka AR, Geracioti TD, Price LH. Effect of childhood physical abuse on cortisol stress response. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;214(1):367-375
31. Ouellet-Morin I, Danese A, Bowes L, et al. A discordant monozygotic twin design shows blunted cortisol reactivity among bullied children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(6):574-582, e573
32. Smeekens S, Marianne Riksen-Walraven J, van Bakel HJA. Cortisol reactions in five-year-olds to parent-child interaction: the moderating role of ego-resiliency. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(7):649-656
33. Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. Hypothalamic origin of the metabolic Syndrome X. In: Hansen BC, Saye J, Wennogle LP, eds. The Metabolic Syndrome X: Convergence of Insulin Resistance, Glucose Intolerance, Hypertension, Obesity, and Dyslipidemias - Searching for the Underlying Defects. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences; 1999:297-307
34. Nijm J, Jonasson L. Inflammation and cortisol response in coronary artery disease. Ann Med. 2009;41(3):224-233
35. McEwen BS. The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Res. 2000;886(1-2):172-189
36. Yehuda R, Bierer LM. Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk. In: DeKloet ER, Vermetten E, eds. Stress Hormones and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Studies and Clinical Perspectives. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science BV; 2007:121-135
37. Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM. Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011; 35(3):722-729
38. Sephton S, Spiegel D. Circadian disruption in cancer: a neuroendocrine-immune pathway from stress to disease? Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17(5):321-328
39. Epel ES, McEwen B, Seeman T, et al. Stress and body shape: stress-induced cortisol secretion is consistently greater among women with central fat. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(5):623-632
40. Demitrack MA, Dale JK, Straus SE, et al. Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(6):1224-1234
41. Crofford LJ, Pillemer SR, Kalogeras KT, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis perturbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37(11):1583-1592
42. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097
43. Shadish WR, Cook TD, Campbell DT. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 2002
44. Fisher PA, Stoolmiller M, Gunnar MR, Burraston BO. Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32(8-10):892-905
45. Fisher PA, Van Ryzin MJ, Gunnar MR. Mitigating HPA axis dysregulation associated with placement changes in foster care. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(4): 531-539
46. Graham AM, Yockelson M, Kim HK, Bruce J, Pears KC, Fisher PA. Effects of maltreatment and early intervention on diurnal cortisol slope across the start of school: a pilot study. Child Abuse Negl. 2012;36(9): 666-670
47. Carlson M, Earls F. Psychological and neuroendocrinological sequelae of early social deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;807(1): 419-428
48. Field TM, Scafidi F, Pickens J, et al. Polydrug-using adolescent mothers and their infants receiving early intervention. Adolescence. 1998;33(129):117-143
49. Dozier M, Peloso E, Lewis E, Laurenceau J-P, Levine S. Effects of an attachment-based intervention on the cortisol production of infants and toddlers in foster care. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(3):845-859
50. Dozier M, Peloso E, Lindhiem O, et al. Developing evidence-based interventions for foster children: an example of a randomized clinical trial with infants and toddlers. J Soc Issues. 2006;62(4):767-785
51. Brotman LM, Gouley KK, Huang KY, Kamboukos D, Fratto C, Pine DS. Effects of a psychosocial family-based preventive intervention on cortisol response to a social challenge in preschoolers at high risk for antisocial behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(10):1172-1179
52. Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van Ijzendoorn MH, Mesman J, Alink LRA, Juffer F. Effects of an attachment-based intervention on daily cortisol moderated by dopamine receptor D4: a randomized control trial on 1- to 3-year-olds screened for externalizing behavior. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(3):805-820
53. Weigensberg MJ, Lane CJ, Winners O, et al. Acute effects of stress-reduction Interactive Guided Imagery(SM) on salivary cortisol in overweight Latino adolescents. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(3):297-303
54. Bugental DB, Schwartz A, Lynch C. Effects of an early family intervention on children's memory: the mediating effects of cortisol levels. Mind Brain Educ. 2010;4(4):156-218
55. Luecken LJ, Hagan MJ, Sandler IN, Tein J-Y, Ayers TS, Wolchik SA. Cortisol levels sixyears after participation in the Family Bereavement Program. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010;35(5):785-789
56. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Toth SL, Sturge-Apple ML. Normalizing the development of cortisol regulation in maltreated infants through preventive interventions. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23(special issue 03):789-800
57. Letourneau N, Stewart M, Dennis CL, Hegadoren K, Duffett-Leger L, Watson B. Effect of home-based peer support on maternal-infant interactions among women with postpartum depression: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2011;20(5):345-357
58. Urizar GG Jr, Muñoz RF. Impact of a prenatal cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention on salivary cortisol levels in low-income mothers and their infants. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36 (10):1480-1494
59. Fisher PA, Gunnar MR, Chamberlain P, Reid JB. Preventive intervention for maltreated preschool children: impact on children's behavior, neuroendocrine activity, and foster parent functioning. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(11): 1356-1364
60. Lindblad F, Hogmark A, Theorell T. Music intervention for 5th and 6th graders - effects on development and cortisol secretion. Stress Health. 2007;23(1):9-14
61. Fernald LCH, Gunnar MR. Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(12):2180- 2189
62. Bernard K, Butzin-Dozier Z, Rittenhouse J, Dozier M. Cortisol production patterns in young children living with birth parents vs children placed in foster care following involvement of Child Protective Services. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(5):438-443
63. Adam EK. Emotion-cortisol transactions occur over multiple time scales in development: implications for research on emotion and the development of emotional disorders. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2012; 77(2):17-27
64. Gunnar MR, Talge NM, Herrera A. Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: what does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(7):953-967
65. Hruschka DJ, Kohrt BA, Worthman CM. Estimating between- and within-individual variation in cortisol levels using multilevel models. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30(7):698-714
66. Fekedulegn DB, Andrew ME, Burchfiel CM, et al. Area under the curve and other summary indicators of repeated waking cortisol measurements. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(7):651-659
67. Van Ryzin MJ, Chatham M, Kryzer E, Kertes DA, Gunnar MR. Identifying atypical cortisol patterns in young children: the benefits of group-based trajectory modeling. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(1):50-61
68. Fries E, Dettenborn L, Kirschbaum C. The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol. 2009;72(1):67-73
69. Clow A, Thorn L, Evans P, Hucklebridge F. The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance. Stress. 2004;7(1):29-37
70. Granger DA, Kivlighan KT, Fortunato C, et al. Integration of salivary biomarkers into developmental and behaviorally-oriented research: problems and solutions for collecting specimens. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(4):583-590
71. Fisher PA, Stoolmiller M. Intervention effects on foster parent stress: associations with child cortisol levels. Dev Psychopathol. 2008;20(3):1003-1021
72. Adam EK, Sutton JM, Doane LD, Mineka S. Incorporating hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis measures into preventive interventions for adolescent depression: are we there yet? Dev Psychopathol. 2008; 20(3):975-1001
73. Evans GW. A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Dev Psychol. 2003;39 (5):924-933
74. Seeman T, Epel E, Gruenewald T, Karlamangla A, McEwen BS. Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: cumulative allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186(1):223-239
75. McEwen BSE, Stellar E. Stress and the individual: mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093-2101
76. Pace TWW, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, et al. Engagement with Cognitively-Based Compassion Training is associated with reduced salivary C-reactive protein from before to after training in foster care program adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013; 38(2):294-299
77. Shirtcliff EA, Coe CL, Pollak SD. Early childhood stress is associated with elevated antibody levels to herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009; 106(8):2963-2967
78. McDade TW, Williams S, Snodgrass JJ. What a drop can do: dried blood spots as a minimally invasive method for integrating biomarkers into population-based research. Demography. 2007;44(4):899-925
79. Dickersin K. The existence of publication bias and risk factors for its occurrence. JAMA. 1990;263(10):1385-1389
80. Kirkham JJ, Dwan KM, Altman DG, et al. The impact of outcome reporting bias in randomised controlled trials on a cohort of systematic reviews. BMJ. 2010;340:c365
81. Garner AS, Shonkoff JP, Siegel BS, et al; Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care; Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: translating developmental science into lifelong health. Pediatrics. 2012;129(1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/129/1/e224
82. Shonkoff JP. Leveraging the biology of adversity to address the roots of disparities in health and development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(suppl 2):17302-17307
83. Shonkoff JP, Garner AS; Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care; Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics. 2012; 129(1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/129/1/e232
84. Cicchetti D. Annual research review: resilient functioning in maltreated children - past, present, and future perspectives. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(4):402-422