Effects of an Early Family Intervention on Children's Memory: The Mediating Effects of Cortisol Levels

Mind, Brain, and Education

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 159-170

  Bugental, Daphne Blunt ^a   Schwartz, Alex ^a   Lynch, Colleen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78449246966     PISSN: 17512271     EISSN: 1751228X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-228X.2010.01095.x     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Amsten, A. F., & Li, B. M. (2005). Neurobiology of executive functions: Catecholamine Influences on prefrontal cortical functions. Biological Psychiatry, 7, 133-146.
2. Azar, S. T. (1997). A cognitive behavioral approach to understanding and treating parents who physically abuse their children. In D. A. Wolfe, R. J. McMahon, & R. D. Peters (Eds.), Child abuse: New directions in prevention and treatment across the lifespan (pp. 79-101). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Baddeley, A. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice. Needham Height, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
4. Beauchamp, M. H., Thompson, D. K., Howard, K., Doyle, L. W., Egan, G. F., Inder, T. E., et al. (2008). Preterm infant hippocampal volumes correlate with later working memory deficits. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 131, 2986-2994.
5. Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context. I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271-301.
6. Breakey, G., & Pratt, B. (1991). Healthy growth for Hawaii's Healthy Start: Toward a systematic statewide approach to the prevention of child abuse and neglect. Zero to Three, 11, 16-22.
7. Bremner, J. D., & Narayan, M. (1998). The effects of stress on memory and the hippocampus throughout the life cycle: Implcations for childhood development and aging. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 871-885.
8. Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. M., Capelli, S., Delaney, R., McCarthy, G., et al. (1995). Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Research, 59, 97-107.
9. Brooks, L. R. (1968). Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 22, 349-368.
10. Bugental, D. B., Beaulieu, D. A., & Schwartz, A. (2008). Hormonal sensitivity of pretermversus full-term infants to the effects of maternal depression. Infant Behavior and Development, 31, 51-61.
11. Bugental, D. B., Ellerson, P. C., Lin, E. K., Raney, B., Kokotovic, A., & O'Hara, N. (2002). A cognitive approach to child abuse prevention. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 243-258.
12. Bugental, D. B., & Johnston, C. (2000). Parental cognitions in the context of the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 315-344.
13. Bugental, D. B., Martorell, G. A., & Barraza, V. (2003). The hormonal costs of subtle forms of infant mistreatment. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 237-244.
14. Bugental, D. B., & Schwartz, A. (2009). A bio-cognitive approach to child mistreatment prevention among medically at-risk infants. Developmental Psychology, 45, 284-288.
15. Cerqueira, J. J., Mailliet, F., Almeida, O. F., Jay, T. M., & Sousa, N (2007). The prefrontal cortex as a key target of the maladaptive response to stress. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2781-2787.
16. Chaffin, M., & Friedrich, B. (2004). Evidence-based treatments in child abuse and neglect. Children and Youth Services Review, 26, 1097-1113.
17. Cicchetti, D. (2007). Intervention and policy implications of research on neurobiological functioning in maltreated children. In J. L. Aber, S. J. Bishop-Josef, S. M. Jones, K. T. McLearn, & D. A. Phillips (Eds.), Child development and social policy: Knowledge for action. APA Decade of Behavior volumes (pp. 167-184). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
18. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001). The impact of child mistreatment. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 783-804.
19. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 349-354.
20. Dawson, G., & Ashman, S. B. (2000). On the origins of vulnerability to depression: The influence of the early social environment on the development of psychobiological systems related to risk of affective disorder. In C. A. Nelson (Ed.), The Minnesota Symposia on child psychology, Vol. 31: The effects of early adversity on neurobehavioral development. Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 31, pp. 245-279). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. De Bellis, M. D., Keshaven, M. S., Shifflettt, H., Iyengar, S., Beers, S. R., Hail, J., et al. (2002). Brain structures in pediatric mistreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A sociodemographically matched study. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 1066-1078.
22. Den Heyer, K., & Barrett, B. (1971). Selective loss of visual and verbal information in STM as measured by means of visual and verb al interpolated tasks. Psychonomic Science, 25, 100-102.
23. Diamond, A., Barrnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science, 318, 1387-1388.
24. Dix, T. (1993). Attributing dispositions to children: An interactional analysis of attribution in socialization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 633-643.
25. Dozier, M, Peloso, E., Lindheim, O., Gordon, M. K., Manni, M., Sepulveda, S., et al. (2006). Developing evidence-based interventions for foster children: An example of a randomized clinical trial with infants and toddlers. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 767-785.
26. Duggan, A., McFarlane, E. C., Fuddy, L., Burrell, L., Higman, S. M., Windham, A. M., et al. (2004). Randomized trial of a statewide home visitation program. Impact in preventing child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 597-622.
27. Duggan, A., McFarlane, E. C., Windham, A. M., Rohde, C. A., Salkever, D. S., Fuddy, L., et al. (1999). Evaluation of Hawaii's Healthy Start program. Future of Children, 9, 66-90.
28. Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Cho, E., & Kalin, N. H. (2002). Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: Effects on cortisol and behavior. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 776-784.
29. Evans, G. W. (2003). A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Developmental Psychology, 39, 924-933.
30. Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 6545-6549.
31. Fisher, P. A., Gunnar, M. R., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (2000). Preventive intervention for maltreated preschool children: Impact on children' behavior, neuroendocrine activity, and foster parent functioning. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1356-1364.
32. Flinn, M. V. (2006). Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child. Developmental Review, 26, 138-174.
33. Golier, J., & Yehuda, R. (1998). Neuroendocrine activity and memory-related impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 857-869.
34. Granger, D. A., Hibel, L. C., Fortunato, C. K., & Kapelewski, C. H. (2009). Medication effects on salivary cortisol: Tactics and strategy to minimize impact on behavioral and developmental sciences. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1437-1438.
35. Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., Fortunato, C., Harmon, A. G., Hibel, L. G., Schwartz, E. B., et al. (2007). Integration of salivary biomarkers in developmental and behaviorally-oriented research: Problems and solutions for collecting specimens. Physiology and Behavior, 92, 583-590.
36. Grusec, J. E., & Mammone, N. (1995). Features and sources of parents' attributions about themselves and their children. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Social development: Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 49-73). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Gunnar, M. R., & Cheatham, C. L. (2003). Brain and behavioral interface: Stress and the developing brain. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24, 195-211.
38. Gunnar, M. R., & Quevedo, K. M. (2007). Early care experiences and HPA axis regulation in children: A mechanism for later trauma vulnerability. Progress in Brain Research, 167, 137-147.
39. Haan, M., Gunnar, M. R., Toust, K., Hart, J., & Stansbury, K. (1998). Familiar and novel contexts yield different associations between cortisol and behavior among 2-year-old children. Developmental Psychobiology, 33, 93-101.
40. Hart, J., Gunnar, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1996). Altered neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children.related to symptoms of depression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 201-214.
41. Heckman, J. J. (2006). Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science, 312, 1900-1902.
42. Jameison, K., & Dinan, T. G. (2001). Glucocorticoids and cognitive function: From physiology to pathophysiology. Human Psychopharmacology, 16, 293-302.
43. Jonides, J., Lewis, R. I., Nee, D. E., Lustig, C. A., Berman, M. G., & Moore, K. S. (2008). The mind and brain of short-term memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 193-224.
44. Kail, R. V. (2007). Longitudinal evidence that increases in processing speed and working memory enhance children's reasoning. Psychological Science, 18, 312-313.
45. Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., Assel, M. A., & Vallet, S. (2001). Does early responsive parenting have a special importance for children's development or is consistency across early childhood necessary? Developmental Psychology, 37, 387-403.
46. Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., Swank, P. R., & Guttentag, C. (2008). A responsive parenting intervention: The optimal timing across early childhood for impacting maternal behaviors and child outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1335-1353.
47. Li, C., Gan, Z., Gong, H., Luo, Q., & Zeng, S. (2003). On short-term memory of prefrontal cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy. Proceedings of the SPIE, 5254, 537-541.
48. Liston, C., McEwen, B. S., & Casey, B. J. (2009). Psychological stress reversibility disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 912-917.
49. Liu, D., Diorio, J., Day, J. C., Francis, D. D., & Meaney, M. J. (2000). Maternal care, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cognitive development in rats. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 799-806.
50. Lupien, S. J., Fiocco, A., Wan, N., Maheu, F., Lord, C., Schramek, T., et al. (2005). Stress hormones and human memory function across the lifespan. Psychoneuroendocrionology, 30, 225-242.
51. Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2000). Child's stress hormone levels correlate with mother's socioeconomic status and depressive state Biological Psychiatry, 48, 976-980.
52. Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2001) Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 653-676.
53. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
54. McCarthy, D. (1972). Manual for the McCarthy scales of children's abilities. New York: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
55. McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual: Mechanism leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093-2101.
56. Mizoguchi, K., Ishige, A., Takeda, S., Aburada, M., & Tabira, T. (2004). Endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for maintaining prefrontal cortical cognitive function. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 5492-5499.
57. Mizoguchi, K., Yuzurihara, M., Ishige, A., Sasaki, H., Chui, D. H., & Tabira, T. (2001). Chronic stress differentially regulates glucocorticoid negative feedback response in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 443-459.
58. Newcomer, J. W., Selke, G., Melson, A. K., Hershey, T., Crfat, S., Richards, K., et al. (1999). Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortsol treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 527-533.
59. Noble, K. G., McCandless, B. D., & Farah, M. J. (2007). Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive development. Developmental Science, 10, 464-480.
60. Preacher, K. H, & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavioral Research Methods, 40, 879-891.
61. Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330-366.
62. Rose, S. A., & Feldman, J. F. (2000). Relation of very low birthweight to basic cognitive skill in infancy and childhood. In C. A. Nelson (Ed.), The effects of early adversity on neurobehavioral development. Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 31, pp. 31-59). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
63. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
64. Shirtcliff, E. A., Granger, D. A., Booth, A., & Johnson, D. (2005). Low salivary cortisol Levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 167-184.
65. Slykerman, R. F., Thompson, J. M. D., Pryor, J. E., Becrof, D. M. O, Robinson, E., Clark, P. M., et al. (2005) Maternal stress, social support and preschool children's intelligence. Early Human Development, 81, 815-821.
66. Smith, K. E., Landry, S. H., & Swank, P. R. (2000). Does the content of mothers' stimulationexplain differences in children's development of verbal and nonverbal cognitive skill? Journal of School Psychology. Special Issue: Developmental Perspectives in Intelligence, 38, 27-49.
67. Smith, K. E., Landry, S. H., Swank, P. R., Baldwin, C. D., Denson, S. E., Wildin, S., et al. (1996). The relation of medical risk and maternal stimulation with preterm infants' development of cognitive, language and daily living skills. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 855-864.
68. Spinelli, S., Chefer, S., Suomi, S. J., Higley, J. D., Barr, C. S., & Stein, E. (2009). Early-life stress induces long-term morphological changes in primate brain. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 658-665.
69. Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
70. Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2006). Child mistreatment and the developing HPA axis. Hormones and Behavior, 50, 632-639.
71. Taylor, S. E., Eisenberger, N. I., Saxbe, D., Lehman, B. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2006). Neural responses to emotional stimuli are associated with childhood family stress. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 296-301.
72. Tu, M. T., Grunau, R. E., Petrie-Thomas, J., Haley, D. W., Weinberg, J., & Whitfield, M. F. (2007). Maternal stress and behavior modulate relationships between neonatal stress, attention, and basal cortisol at 8 months in preterm infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 150-164.
73. Volling, B., McElwain, N. L., Notaro, P. C., & Herrera, C. (2002). Parents' emotional availability and infant emotional competence: Predictors of parent-infant attachment and emerging self-regulation. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 447-465.
74. Watamura, S. E., Donzella, B., Alwin, J., & Gunnar, M. F. (2003). Morning-to-afternoon cortisol concentrations for infants and toddlers at child care: Age differences and behavioral correlates. Child Development, 74, 1006-1020.
75. Watamura, S. E., Sebanc, A. M., & Gunnar, M. F. (2002). Rising cortisol at childcare: Relations with nap, rest, and temperament. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 33-42.