Constraints to partial cutting in the boreal forest of Canada in the context of natural disturbance-based management: A review

Forestry

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 11-28

  Bose, Arun K ^a   Harvey, Brian D ^a   Brais, Suzanne ^a   Beaudet, Marilou ^b   Leduc, Alain ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC EN ABITIBI TÉMISCAMINGUE   (Canada)

^b MINISTÈRE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET DE LA FAUNE   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOREAL FOREST; CLEARCUTTING; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FORESTRY POLICY; LITERATURE REVIEW; MORTALITY; SILVICULTURE;

CANADA;

EID: 84892760454     PISSN: 0015752X     EISSN: 14643626     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cpt047     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Aakala, T. , Kuuluvainen, T. , Gauthier, S. and De Grandpré, L. 2008 Standing dead trees and their decay-class dynamics in the northeastern boreal old-growth forests of Quebec. For. Ecol. Manag. 255(3-4), 410-420.
2. Angelstam, P. K. 1998 Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes. J. Veg. Sci. 9(4), 593-602.
3. Angers, V. A. , Messier, C. , Beaudet, M. and Leduc, A. 2005 Comparing composition and structure in old-growth and harvested (selection and diameter-limit cuts) northern hardwood stands in Quebec. For. Ecol. Manag. 217(2-3), 275-293.
4. Anielski, M. and Wilson, S. 2009Counting Canada'sNatural Capital: Assessing the Real Value of Canada's Boreal Ecosystems. Revised edition. The Canadian Boreal Initiative and The Pembina Institute.
5. Asselin, H. , Fortin, M.-J. and Bergeron, Y. 2001 Spatial distribution of late-successional coniferous species regeneration following disturbance in southwestern Québec boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 140(1), 29-37.
6. Attiwill, P. M. 1994 The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. For. Ecol. Manag. 63(2-3), 247-300.
7. Baldwin, K. A. , MacKenzie, W. H. , Pfalz, J. , Meades, W. J. , Meidinger, D. V. and Robitaille, A. et al. 2012 Level 4 map, version 1, Canadian component of the circumboreal vegetation map (CBVM). Canadian Regional Team of the Circumboreal Vegetation Map Project. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre (Unpublished map).
8. Baldocchi, D. , Kelliher, F. M. , Black, T. A. and Jarvis, P. 2000 Climate and vegetation controls on boreal zone energy exchange. Glob. Change Biol. 6(S1), 69-83.
9. Bamber, R. and Burley, J. 1983 The wood properties of radiata pine. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
10. Barbour, R. J. , Fayle, D. C. , Chauret, G. , Cook, J. , Karsh, M. B. and Ran, S. 1994 Breast-height relative density and radial growth in mature jack pine (Pinus banksiana) for 38 years after thinning. Can. J. For. Res. 24(12), 2439-2447.
11. Barg, A. K. and Edmonds, R. L. 1999 Influence of partial cutting on site microclimate, soil nitrogen dynamics, and microbial biomass in Douglas-fir stands inwesternWashington. Can. J. For. Res. 29(6), 705-713.
12. Beaudet, M. , Harvey, B. D. , Messier, C. , Coates, K. D. , Poulin, J. and Kneeshaw, D. D. et al. 2011Managing understory light conditions in boreal mixedwoods throughvariation in the intensityand spatial pattern of harvest: a modelling approach. For. Ecol. Manag. 261(1), 84-94.
13. Bergeron, Y. 2000 Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec's southern boreal forest. Ecology. 81(6), 1500-1516.
14. Bergeron, Y. and Dubue, M. 1989 Succession in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest. Vegetation. 79(1-2), 51-63.
15. Bergeron, Y. and Harvey, B. 1997 Basing silviculture on natural ecosystem dynamics: an approach applied to the southern boreal mixedwood forest of Quebec. For. Ecol. Manag. 92(1-3), 235-242.
16. Bergeron, Y. , Engelmark, O. , Harvey, B. , Morin, H. and Sirois, L. 1998 Key issues in disturbance dynamics in boreal forests: introduction. J. Veg. Sci. 9(4), 464-468.
17. Bergeron, Y. , Harvey, B. , Leduc, A. and Gauthier, S. 1999Forestmanagement guidelines based on natural disturbance dynamics: Stand-and forest-level considerations. For. Chron. 75(1), 49-54.
18. Bergeron, Y. , Leduc, A. , Harvey, B. D. and Gauthier, S. 2002 Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn. 36(1), 81-95.
19. Bergeron, Y. , Flannigan, M. , Gauthier, S. , Leduc, A. and Lefort, P. 2004 Past, current and future fire frequency in the Canadian boreal forest: Implications for sustainable forest management. Ambio. 33(6), 356-360.
20. Bladon, K. D. , Silins, U. , Landhäusser, S. M. and Lieffers, V. J. 2006 Differential transpiration by three boreal tree species in response to increased evaporative demand after variable retention harvesting. Agric. For. Meteorol. 138(1-4), 104-119.
21. Bladon, K. D. , Silins, U. , Landhäusser, S. M. , Messier, C. and Lieffers, V. J. 2007 Carbon isotope discrimination and water stress in trembling aspen following variable retention harvesting. Tree Physiol. 27(7), 1065-1071.
22. Bladon, K. D. , Lieffers, V. J. , Silins, U. , Landhäusser, S. M. and Blenis, P. V. 2008 Elevated mortality of residual trees following structural retention harvesting in boreal mixedwoods. Forest. Chron. 84(1), 70-75.
23. Blais, J. 1983 Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 13(4), 539-547.
24. Bouchard, M. 2009 Silviculture in a context of forest ecosystem management in boreal and southern boreal forests (Chapter 13). In Gauthier, S. , Vaillancourt, M. A. , Leduc, A. , De Grandpré , L. , Kneeshaw, D. , Morin, H. , Drapeau, P. and Bergeron, Y. (eds. ). Ecosystem Management in the Boreal Forest. PUQ (319-342).
25. Boudreault, C. , Bergeron, Y. , Gauthier, S. and Drapeau, P. 2002 Bryophyte and lichen communities in mature to old-growth stands in eastern boreal forests of Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 32(6), 1080-1093.
26. Bourgeois, L. , Messier, C. and Brais, S. 2004 Mountain maple and balsam fir early response to partial and clear-cut harvesting under aspen stands of northern Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 34(10), 2049-2059.
27. Bradbury, S. 2004 Understorey plant communities in boreal cutblocks with different sizes and numbers of residual tree patches. Can. J. For. Res. 34(6), 1220-1227.
28. Brais, S. , Harvey, B. D. , Bergeron,Y. , Messier, C. , Greene, D. andBelleau, A. et al. 2004 Testing forest ecosystem management in boreal mixedwoods of northwestern Quebec: initial response of aspen stands to different levels of harvesting. Can. J. For. Res. 34(2), 431-446.
29. Brais, S. ,Work, T. T. , Robert,É . , O'Connor, C. D. , Strukelj, M. and Bose, A. et al. 2013 Ecosystem responses to partial harvesting in eastern boreal mixedwood stands. Forests. 4(2), 364-385.
30. Brandt, J. P. 2009Theextent of the NorthAmericanboreal zone. Environ. Rev. 17, 101-161.
31. Brassard, B. W. and Chen, H. Y. H. 2006 Stand structural dynamics of North American boreal forests. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 25(2), 115-137.
32. Burton, P. J. , Messier, C. , Smith, D. W. and Adamowicz, W. L. (eds). 2003 Towards SustainableManagement of the Boreal Forest. NRCResearch Press.
33. Burton, P. J. , Messier, C. , Adamowicz, W. L. and Kuuluvainen, T. 2006 Sustainable management of Canada's boreal forests: progress and prospects. Ecoscience. 13(2), 234-248.
34. Burton, P. , Bergeron, Y. , Bogdanski, B. , Juday, G. , Kuuluvainen, T. and McAfee, B. et al. 2010 Sustainability of boreal forests and forestry in a changing environment. IUFROWorld Series. 25, 249-282.
35. Carlson, D. W. and Groot, A. 1997 Microclimate of clear-cut, forest interior, and small openings in trembling aspen forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 87(4), 313-329.
36. CFS. 1999 Silvicultural Terms in Canada. 2nd edn. Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada [Online]. Available at http://nfdp. ccfm. org/ silvaterm/silvi-e/silvitermintroe. htm.
37. Chen, H. Y. and Popadiouk, R. V. 2002 Dynamics of North American boreal mixedwoods. Environ. Rev. 10(3), 137-166.
38. Cimon-Morin, J. , Ruel, J.-C. and Darveau, M. 2010 Short term effects of alternative silvicultural treatments on stand attributes in irregular balsam fir-black spruce stands. For. Ecol. Manag. 260(5), 907-914.
39. Coates, K. D. 1997 Windthrow damage 2 years after partial cutting at the Date Creek silvicultural systems study in the Interior Cedar-Hemlock forests of northwestern British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 27(10), 1695-1701.
40. Coates, K. D. 2002 Tree recruitment in gaps of various size, clearcuts and undisturbed mixed forest of interior British Columbia, Canada. For. Ecol. Manag. 155(1-3), 387-398.
41. Coates, K. D. ,Canham,C. D. , Beaudet, M. , Sachs, D. L. andMessier, C. 2003Use of a spatially explicit individual-tree model (SORTIE/BC) to explore the implications of patchiness in structurally complex forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 186(1-3), 297-310.
42. Comeau, P. G. , Wang, J. R. and Letchford, T. 2003 Influences of paper birch competition on growth of understory white spruce and subalpine fir following spacing. Can. J. For. Res. 33(10), 1962-1973.
43. Cooke, B. J. , Nealis, V. G. and Régnière, J. 2007 Insect defoliators as periodic disturbances in northern forest ecosystems. In Plant Disturbance Ecology: the Process and the Response. Johnson, E. A. and Miyanishi, K. (eds). Elsevier Academic Press, pp. 487-525.
44. Cumming, S. G. , Schmiegelow, F. K. A. and Burton, P. J. 2000 Gap dynamics in boreal aspen stands: is the forest older than we think? Ecol. Appl. 10(3), 744-759.
45. Cyr, D. , Bergeron, Y. , Gauthier, S. and Larouche, A. C. 2005 Are the old-growth forests of the Clay Belt part of a fire-regulated mosaic? Can. J. For. Res. 35(1), 65-73.
46. De Grandpré , L. , Morissette, J. and Gauthier, S. 2000 Long-term post-fire changes in the northeastern boreal forest of Quebec. J. Veg. Sci. 11(6), 791-800.
47. Elie, J.-G. and Ruel, J.-C. 2005 Windthrowhazard modelling in boreal forests of black spruce and jack pine. Can. J. For. Res. 35(11), 2655-2663.
48. Etheridge, D. A. and Kayahara, G. J. 2013 Challenges and implications of incorporating multi-cohort management in northeastern Ontario, Canada: a case study. Forest. Chron. 89(03), 315-326.
49. Fauteux, D. , Imbeau, L. , Drapeau, P. and Mazerolle, M. J. 2012 Small mammal responses to coarse woody debris distribution at different spatial scales in managed and unmanaged boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 266(0), 194-205.
50. Fenton, N. , Lecomte, N. , Légaré, S. and Bergeron, Y. 2005 Paludification in black spruce (Picea mariana) forests of eastern Canada: Potential factors and management implications. For. Ecol. Manag. 213(1-3), 151-159.
51. Fenton, N. J. and Bergeron, Y. 2007 Sphagnum community change after partial harvest in black spruce boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 242(1), 24-33.
52. Fenton, N. J. , Simard, M. and Bergeron, Y. 2009 Emulating natural disturbances: the role of silviculture in creating even-aged and complex structures in the black spruce boreal forest of eastern North America. J. For. Res. 14(5), 258-267.
53. Fenton, N. J. , Imbeau, L. , Work, T. , Jacobs, J. , Bescond, H. and Drapeau, P. et al. 2013 Lessons learned from 12 years of ecological research on partial cuts in black spruce forests of northwestern Québec. Forest. Chron. 89(03), 350-359.
54. Fisher, J. T. and Bradbury, S. M. 2006 Understorey protection harvest expedites recolonisation of boreal forest stands by North American red squirrels. For. Ecol. Manag. 234(1-3), 40-47.
55. Franklin, J. F. 1989 Towards a new forestry. Am. For. 95, 37-44.
56. Frey, B. R. , Lieffers, V. J. , Munson, A. D. and Blenis, P. V. 2003 The influence of partial harvesting and forest floor disturbance on nutrient availability and understory vegetation in boreal mixedwoods. Can. J. For. Res. 33(7), 1180-1188.
57. Fuglem, G. , Sabourin, M. and Lundqvist, S. 2003 Influence of spruce wood properties on thermomechanical pulping-pilot scale results. Proceedings of International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Quebec City. 2-5.
58. Gauthier, S. , Vaillancourt, M.-A. , Leduc, A. , Grandpre, L. D. , Kneeshaw, D. and Morin, H. et al. 2009 Ecosystem Management in the Boreal Forest. PUQ.
59. Gendreau-Berthiaume, B. , Kneeshaw, D. D. and Harvey, B. D. 2012 Effects of partial cutting and partial disturbance by wind and insects on stand composition, structure and growth in boreal mixedwoods. Forestry. 85(4), 551-565.
60. Givnish, T. J. 1995 Plant stems: biomechanical adaptation for energy capture and influence on species. Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology.
61. Goudiaby, V. , Brais, S. , Berninger, F. and Schneider, R. 2012 Vertical patterns in specific volume increment along stems of dominant jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana) after thinning. Can. J. For. Res. 42(4), 733-748.
62. Gradowski, T. , Lieffers, V. J. , Landhäusser, S. M. , Sidders, D. , Volney, J. and Spence, J. R. 2010 Regeneration of Populus nine years after variable retention harvest in boreal mixedwood forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 259(3), 383-389.
63. Greene, D. F. , Zasada, J. C. , Sirois, L. , Kneeshaw, D. , Morin, H. and Charron, I. et al. 1999 A review of the regeneration dynamics of North American boreal forest tree species. Can. J. For. Res. 29(6), 824-839.
64. Groot, A. 2002 Is uneven-aged silviculture applicable to peatland black spruce (Picea mariana) in Ontario, Canada? Forestry. 75(4), 437-442.
65. Groot, A. andCarlson,D. W. 1996Influenceof shelteronnighttemperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 26(9), 1531-1538.
66. Groot, A. and Hökkä , H. 2000 Persistence of suppression effects on peatland black spruce advance regeneration after overstory removal. Can. J. For. Res. 30(5), 753-760.
67. Groot, A. , Man, R. and Wood, J. 2009 Spatial and temporal patterns of Populus tremuloides regeneration in small forest openings in northern Ontario. For. Chron. 85(4), 548-557.
68. Gustafsson, L. , Kouki, J. and Sverdrup-Thygeson, A. 2010 Tree retention as a conservation measure in clear-cut forests of northern Europe: a review of ecological consequences. Scand. J. For. Res. 25(4), 295-308.
69. Gustafsson, L. , Baker, S. C. , Bauhus, J. , Beese, W. J. , Brodie, A. and Kouki, J. et al. 2012 Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: a world perspective. Bioscience. 62(7), 633-645.
70. Haeussler, S. , Bergeron, Y. , Brais, S. and Harvey, B. D. 2007 Natural dynamics-based silviculture for maintaining plant biodiversity in Populus tremuloides-dominated boreal forests of eastern Canada. Can. J. Bot. 85(12), 1158-1170.
71. Harrison, R. B. , Schmiegelow, F. K. A. and Naidoo, R. 2005 Stand-level response of breeding forest songbirds to multiple levels of partial-cut harvest in four boreal forest types. Can. J. For. Res. 35(7), 1553-1567.
72. Harvey, B. D. and Brais, S. 2007 Partial cutting as an analogue to stem exclusion and dieback in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) dominated boreal mixedwoods: implications for deadwood dynamics. Can. J. For. Res. 37(9), 1525-1533.
73. Harvey, B. D. , Leduc, A. , Gauthier, S. and Bergeron, Y. 2002 Stand-landscape integration in natural disturbance-based management of the southern boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 155(1-3), 369-385.
74. Hatcher, R. 1961 Partial cutting balsam fir stands on the Epaule River watershed, Quebec. Forest Research Branch Technical Note No. 105. 29 pp.
75. Hébert, F. , Thiffault, N. , Ruel, J.-C. and Munson, A. D. 2010 Comparative physiological responses of Rhododendron groenlandicum and regenerating Picea mariana following partial canopy removal in northeastern Quebec, Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 40(9), 1791-1802.
76. Hobson, K. A. and Schieck, J. 1999 Changes in bird communities in boreal mixedwood forest: harvest and wildfire effects over 30 years. Ecol. Appl. 9(3), 849-863.
77. Inderjit, and Mallik, A. U. 1996 Growth and physiological responses of Black Spruce (Picea mariana) to sites dominated by Ledum groenlandicum. J. Chem. Ecol. 22(3), 575-585.
78. Johnson, E. A. 1996 Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press.
79. Kellomä ki, S. , Ikonen, V.-P. , Peltola, H. and Kolström, T. 1999 Modelling the structural growth of Scots pine with implications for wood quality. Ecol. Model. 122(1-2), 117-134.
80. King, D. A. 1986Tree form, height growth,andsusceptibility towinddamage in Acer Saccharum. Ecology. 67(4), 980-990.
81. Kneeshaw, D. D. and Bergeron, Y. 1998 Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest. Ecology. 79(3), 783-794.
82. Kneeshaw, D. and Gauthier, S. 2003 Old growth in the boreal forest: a dynamic perspective at the stand and landscape level. Environ. Rev. 11(S1), S99-S114.
83. Kneeshaw, D. D. , Williams, H. , Nikinmaa, E. and Messier, C. 2002 Patterns of above-and below-ground response of understory conifer release 6 years after partial cutting. Can. J. For. Res. 32(2), 255-265.
84. Kneeshaw, D. D. , Harvey, B. D. , Reyes, G. P. , Caron, M. N. and Barlow, S. 2011 Spruce budworm, windthrow and partial cutting: do different partial disturbances produce different forest structures? For. Ecol. Manag. 262(3), 482-490.
85. Koga, S. , Oda, K. , Tsutsumi, J. and Fujimoto, T. 1997 Effect of thinning on the wood structure in annual growth rings of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis). IAWA J. 18, 281-290.
86. Kuuluvainen, T. 2009 Forest management and biodiversity conservation based on natural ecosystem dynamics in northern Europe: the complexity challenge. Ambio. 38(6), 309-315.
87. Kuuluvainen, T. and Grenfell, R. 2012 Natural disturbance emulation in boreal forest ecosystem management-theories, strategies, and a comparison with conventional even-aged management. Can. J. For. Res. 42(7), 1185-1203.
88. Kuuluvainen, T. , Tahvonen, O. and Aakala, T. 2012 Even-aged and uneven-aged forest management in boreal Fennoscandia: a review. Ambio. 41(7), 720-737.
89. Laflèche, V. , Larouche, C. and Guillemette, F. 2013 L'éclaircie commerciale, Chap. 15 (p. 301-327) In Ministè re des Ressources naturelles, Le guide sylvicole du Québec Tome 2-Les concepts et l'application de la sylviculture , Les Publications du Québec.
90. Lance, A. N. and Phinney, M. 2001 Bird responses to partial retention timber harvesting in central interior British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manag. 142(1-3), 267-280.
91. Landhäusser, S. M. , Mulak, T. L. and Lieffers, V. J. 2007 The effect of roots and litter of Calamagrostis canadensis on root sucker regeneration of Populus tremuloides. Forestry. 80(4), 481-488.
92. Landsberg, J. J. andGower, S. T. 1997Applications ofphysiological ecology to forest management. Elsevier.
93. Laquerre, S. , Harvey, B. D. and Leduc, A. 2011 Spatial analysis of response of trembling aspen patches to clearcutting in black spruce-dominated stands. For. Chron. 87(1), 77-85.
94. Lavoie, M. , Paré , D. , Fenton, N. , Groot, A. and Taylor, K. 2005 Paludification and management of forested peatlands in Canada: a literature review. Environ. Rev. 13(2), 21-50.
95. Lavoie, S. , Ruel, J.-C. , Bergeron, Y. and Harvey, B. D. 2012 Windthrow after group and dispersed tree retention in eastern Canada. For. Ecol. Manag. 269(0), 158-167.
96. Lennie, A. D. , Landhäusser, S. M. , Lieffers, V. J. and Sidders, D. 2009 Regeneration of aspen following partial and strip understory protection harvest in boreal mixedwood forests. For. Chron. 85(4), 631-638.
97. Lieffers, V. and Stadt, K. 1994 Growth of understory Picea glauca, Calamagrostis canadensis, and Epilobium angustifolium in relation to overstory light transmission. Can. J. For. Res. 24(6), 1193-1198.
98. Lieffers, V. J. , Macdonald, S. E. and Hogg, E. H. 1993 Ecology of and control strategies for Calamagrostis canadensis in boreal forest sites. Can. J. For. Res. 23(10), 2070-2077.
99. Lieffers, V. J. , Stadt, K. J. and Navratil, S. 1996 Age structure and growth of understory white spruce under aspen. Can. J. For. Res. 26(6), 1002-1007.
100. Lieffers,V. J. , Messier, C. , Burton, P. J. , Ruel, J. C. and Grover, B. E. 2003. Naturebased silviculture for sustaining a variety of boreal forest values (Chapter 13). In Burton, P. J. , Messier, C. , Smith, D. W. and Adamowicz, W. L. (ed. ). Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal Forest. NRC Research Press. pp. 480-530.
101. Lindenmayer, D. B. , Franklin, J. F. , Lohmus, A. , Baker, S. C. , Bauhus, J. and Beese, W. et al. 2012 A major shift to the retention approach for forestry can help resolve some global forest sustainability issues. Conserv. Lett. 5(6), 421-431.
102. Liu, X. , Silins, U. , Lieffers,V. J. and Man, R. 2003Stemhydraulic properties and growth in lodgepole pine stands following thinning and sway treatment. Can. J. For. Res. 33(7), 1295-1303.
103. Lorimer, C. G. 1983 Eighty-year development of northern red oak after partial cutting in a mixed-species Wisconsin forest. For. Sci. 29(2), 371-383.
104. Lycke, A. , Imbeau, L. and Drapeau, P. 2011 Effects of commercial thinning on site occupancy and habitat use by spruce grouse in boreal Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 41(3), 501-508.
105. MacDonald, G. B. and Thompson, D. J. 2003 Responses of planted conifers and natural hardwood regeneration to harvesting, scalping, and weeding on a boreal mixedwood site. For. Ecol. Manag. 182(1-3), 213-230.
106. MacDonald, G. B. , Cherry, M. L. and Thompson, D. J. 2004 Effect of harvest intensity on development of natural regeneration and shrubs in an Ontario boreal mixedwood stand. For. Ecol. Manag. 189(1-3), 207-222.
107. MacIsaac, D. A. and Krygier, R. 2009 Developmentand long-term evaluation of harvesting patterns to reduce windthrow risk of understorey spruce in aspen-white spruce mixedwood stands in Alberta, Canada. Forestry. 82(3), 323-342.
108. Mäkinen, H. , Saranpää , P. and Linder, S. 2002 Wood-density variation of Norway spruce in relation to nutrient optimization and fibre dimensions. Can. J. For. Res. 32(2), 185-194.
109. Mallik, A. U. 2003 Conifer regeneration problems in boreal and temperate forests with ericaceous understory: role of disturbance, seedbed limitation, and keystone species change. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22(3-4), 341-366.
110. Man, R. , Kayahara, G. J. , Rice, J. A. and MacDonald, G. B. 2008a Eleven-year responses of a boreal mixedwood stand to partial harvesting: Light, vegetation, and regeneration dynamics. For. Ecol. Manag. 255(3-4), 697-706.
111. Man, R. , Kayahara, G. J. , Rice, J. A. and MacDonald, G. B. 2008b Response of trembling aspen to partial cutting and subsequent forest tent caterpillar defoliation in a boreal mixedwood stand in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 38(6), 1349-1356.
112. Man, R. , Rice, J. A. andMacDonald, G. B. 2010 Five-year light, vegetation, and regeneration dynamics of boreal mixedwoods following silvicultural treatments to establish productive aspen-spruce mixtures in northeastern Ontario. Can. J. For. Res. 40(8), 1529-1541.
113. McCarthy, J. 2001 Gap dynamics of forest trees: a review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environ. Rev. 9(1), 1-59.
114. McLaughlin, J. A. and Dumas, M. T. 1996 Pathological implications of partial cutting in boreal mixedwood stands. Pages 167-169 In Advancing Boreal Mixedwood Management in Ontario: Proceedings of a Workshop, October 17-19, 1995.
115. C. R. Smith and G. W. Crook, compilers. Natural resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 239 p.
116. Messier, C. , Doucet, R. , Ruel, J.-C. , Claveau, Y. , Kelly, C. and Lechowicz, M. J. 1999 Functional ecology of advance regeneration in relation to light in boreal forests. Can. J. For. Res. 29(6), 812-823.
117. Meunier, S. , Ruel, J. C. , Laflamme, G. and Achim, A. 2002 Résistance comparée de l'épinette blanche et du sapin baumier au renversement. Can. J. For. Res. 32(4), 642-652.
118. MRNQ. 2012 Ressources et industries forestières: Portrait statistique 2012 Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec. Consulted online 2013-03-10: http://www. mrn. gouv. qc. ca/publications/forets/ portraitstatistique-2012. pdf.
119. Mundell, T. L. , Landhäusser, S. M. and Lieffers, V. J. 2007 Effects of Corylus cornuta stem density on root suckering and rooting depth of Populus tremuloides. Can. J. Bot. 85(11), 1041-1045.
120. NFDP. 2013 Silvicultural Quick Facts. National Forest Data Base. Consulted online 2013-03-10. http://nfdp. ccfm. org/silviculture/quick-facts-e. php.
121. Norton, M. R. and Hannon, S. J. 1997 Songbird response to partial-cut logging in the boreal mixedwood forest of Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 27(1), 44-53.
122. Nyland, R. D. 2005 Diameter-limit cutting and silviculture: a comparison of long-term yields and values for uneven-aged Sugar maple stands. North. J. Appl. For. 22(2), 111-116.
123. O'Hara, K. L. and Ramage, B. S. 2013 Silviculture in an uncertain world: utilizing multi-aged management systems to integrate disturbance. Forestry. 86(4), 401-410.
124. Oliver, C. D. and Larson, B. C. 1990 Forest Stand Dynamics. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
125. Palik, B. J. , Mitchell, R. J. and Hiers, J. K. 2002 Modeling silviculture after natural disturbance to sustain biodiversity in the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem: balancing complexity and implementation. For. Ecol. Manag. 155(1-3), 347-356.
126. Pape, R. 1999 Effects of thinning regime on the wood properties and stem quality of Picea abies. Scand. J. For. Res. 14(1), 38-50.
127. Parent, S. and Ruel, J.-C. 2002 Chronologie de la croissance chez des semis de sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L. ) Mill. ) après une coupe à blanc avec protection de la régénération. For. Chron. 78(6), 876-885.
128. Peltola, H. , Kilpelainen, A. , Sauvala, K. , Raisanen, T. and Ikonen, V. 2007 Effects of early thinning regime and tree status on the radial growth and wood density of Scots pine. Silva Fenn. 41(3), 489.
129. Peterson, C. J. 2004 Within-stand variation in windthrow in southern boreal forests of Minnesota: Is it predictable? Can. J. For. Res. 34(2), 365-375.
130. Pham, A. T. , De Grandpré, L. D. , Gauthier, S. and Bergeron, Y. 2004 Gap dynamics and replacement patterns in gaps of the northeastern boreal forest of Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 34(2), 353-364.
131. Pothier, D. and Prévost, M. 2008 Regeneration development under shelterwoods in a lowland red spruce-balsam fir stand. Can. J. For. Res. 38(1), 31-39.
132. Pothier, D. , Prévost,M. and Auger, I. 2003 Using the shelterwood method to mitigatewater table rise after forest harvesting. For. Ecol. Manag. 179(1-3), 573-583.
133. Prévost, M. and Pothier, D. 2003 Partial cuts in a trembling aspen conifer stand: effects on microenvironmental conditions and regeneration dynamics. Can. J. For. Res. 33(1), 1-15.
134. Puettmann, K. J. , Coates, K. D. and Messier, C. C. 2009 ACritique of Silviculture: Managing for Complexity. Cambridge University Press.
135. Raymond, P. , Legault, I. , Guay, L. and Godbout, C. 2013 Lacoupe progressive réguliè re, Chap. 19(p. 411-453) In Ministè re desRessourcesnaturelles, Le guide sylvicole du Québec Tome 2-Les concepts et l'application de la sylviculture , Les Publications du Québec.
136. Rice, J. A. and Man, R. 2011 Wind Damage in a Partially Harvested Boreal Mixedwood Stand in Northeastern Ontario. Ontario Forest Research Institute. Forest Research Report No. 175. 14 p.
137. Rich, R. L. , Frelich, L. E. and Reich, P. B. 2007 Wind-throw mortality in the southern boreal forest: effects of species, diameter and stand age. J. Ecol. 95(6), 1261-1273.
138. Riopel, M. 2012 É tude de coupes avec protection des petites tiges marchandes (CPPTM) 5 et 10 ans après traitement: probabilités de pertes, distribution de la régéné ration et probabilités d'insolation hivernale. Ph. D. Thesis, Université Laval, Quebec City.
139. Riopel, M. , Bégin, J. and Ruel, J.-C. 2010 Probabilités de pertes des tiges individuelles, cinq ans après des coupes avec protection des petites tiges marchandes, dans des forêts résineuses du Québec. Can. J. For. Res. 40(7), 1458-1472.
140. Robert, E. , Brais, S. , Harvey, B. D. and Greene, D. 2012 Seedling establishment and survival on decaying logs in boreal mixedwood stands following a mast year. Can. J. For. Res. 42(8), 1446-1455.
141. Ruel, J.-C. 2000 Factors influencing windthrow in balsam fir forests: from landscape studies to individual tree studies. For. Ecol. Manag. 135(1-3), 169-178.
142. Ruel, J.-C. , Messier, C. , Claveau, Y. , Doucet, R. and Comeau, P. 2000 Morphological indicators of growth response of coniferous advance regeneration to overstorey removal in the boreal forest. For. Chron. 76(4), 633-642.
143. Ruel, J. C. , Raymond, P. and Pineau, M. 2003 Windthrow after shelterwood cutting in Balsam fir stands. North. J. Appl. For. 20(1), 5-13.
144. Ruel, J.-C. , Achim, A. , Herrera, R. E. , Cloutier, A. and Brossier, B. 2010 Wood degradation after windthrow in a northern environment. For. Prod. J. 60(2), 200-106.
145. Ruel, J.-C. , Fortin, D. and Pothier, D. 2013 Partial cutting in old-growth boreal stands: an integrated experiment. For. Chron. 89(03), 360-369.
146. Schneider, R. , Zhang, S. Y. , Swift, D. E. , Bégin, J. and Lussier, J.-M. 2008 Predicting selected wood properties of jack pine following commercial thinning. Can. J. For. Res. 38(7), 2030-2043.
147. Seymour, R. S. , White, A. S. and deMaynadier, P. G. 2002 Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America-evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies. For. Ecol. Manag. 155(1-3), 357-367.
148. Simard, M.-J. , Bergeron, Y. and Sirois, L. 1998 Conifer seedling recruitment in a southeastern Canadian boreal forest: the importance of substrate. J. Veg. Sci. 9(4), 575-582.
149. Simard, M. , Lecomte, N. , Bergeron, Y. , Bernier, P. Y. and Paré , D. 2007 Forest productivity decline caused by successional paludification of boreal soils. Ecol. Appl. 17(6), 1619-1637.
150. Sims, R. , Kershaw, H. M. and Wickware, G. 1990 The Autecology of Major Tree Species in the North Central Region of Ontario. Forestry Canada, Ontario Region, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre.
151. Smith, D. M. , Larson, B. C. , Kelty, M. J. and Ashton, P. M. S. 1997 The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
152. Smith, F. 2010 Mortality in the Yukon: post-harvest effects on structural retention. PhD Thesis, University of Toronto.
153. Solarik, K. A. , Lieffers, V. J. , Volney,W. J. A. , Pelletier, R. and Spence, J. R. 2010 Seed tree density, variable retention, and stand composition influence recruitment of white spruce in boreal mixedwood forests. Can. J. For. Res. 40(9), 1821-1832.
154. Solarik, K. A. , Volney,W. J. A. , Lieffers, V. J. , Spence, J. R. and Hamann, A. 2012 Factors affecting white spruce and aspen survival after partial harvest. J. Appl. Ecol. 49(1), 145-154.
155. Soucy, M. , Lussier, J.-M. and Lavoie, L. 2012Long-term effects of thinning on growth and yield of an upland black spruce stand. Can. J. For. Res. 42(9), 1669-1677.
156. Talbot, S. S. and Meades, W. J. 2011 Circumboreal Vegetation Map (CBVM): mapping the Green Halo. Concept Paper. CAFF Strategy Series Report No. 3. CAFF Flora Group (CFG), CAFF International Secretariat. ISBN 978-9935-431-05-9. www. caff. is/flora-cfg/circumboreal-vegetation-map.
157. Tarroux, E. , DesRochers, A. andKrause, C. 2010Effect ofnatural root grafting on growth response of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) after commercial thinning. For. Ecol. Manag. 260(4), 526-535.
158. Thorpe, H. C. and Thomas, S. C. 2007 Partial harvesting in the Canadian boreal: Success will depend on stand dynamic responses. For. Chron. 83(3), 319-325.
159. Thorpe, H. C. , Thomas, S. C. and Caspersen, J. P. 2007 Residual-tree growth responses to partial stand harvest in the black spruce (Picea mariana) boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 37(9), 1563-1571.
160. Thorpe, H. C. , Thomas, S. C. and Caspersen, J. P. 2008 Tree mortality following partial harvests is determined by skidding proximity. Ecol. Appl. 18(7), 1652-1663.
161. Tremblay, S. andLaflèche,V. 2012Résultats obtenus5 ans après traitement dans les placettes du réseau de la mesure des effets réels de l'éclaircie commerciale en peuplements résineux. Mémoire de recherche forestière no. 166, Direction de la recherche forestière, Ministè re des Ressources naturelles, Gouvernement du Québec.
162. Urban, S. , Lieffers, V. andMacDonald, S. 1994 Release in radial growth in the trunk and structural roots of white spruce as measured by dendrochronology. Can. J. For. Res. 24(8), 1550-1556.
163. Vanderwel, M. C. , Malcolm, J. R. and Mills, S. C. 2007 A meta-analysis of bird responses to uniform partial harvesting across North America. Conserv. Biol. 21(5), 1230-1240.
164. Vanderwel, M. C. , Mills, S. C. and Malcolm, J. R. 2009 Effects of partial harvesting on vertebrate species associated with late-successional forests in Ontario's boreal region. For. Chron. 85(1), 91-104.
165. Vincent, M. , Krause, C. and Zhang, S. Y. 2009 Radial growth response of black spruce rootsandstemstocommercial thinning in the boreal forest. Forestry. 82(5), 557-571.
166. Vincent, M. , Krause, C. and Koubaa, A. 2011 Variation in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill. ) BSP) wood quality after thinning. Ann. For. Sci. 68(6), 1115-1125.
167. Wang, Y. , Titus, S. J. and LeMay, V. M. 1998 Relationships between tree slenderness coefficients and tree or stand characteristics for major species in boreal mixedwood forests. Can. J. For. Res. 28(8), 1171-1183.
168. Whitney, R. D. and MacDonald, G. B. 1985 Effects of root rot on the growth of balsam fir. Can. J. For. Res. 15(5), 890-895.
169. Work, T. T. , Shorthouse, D. P. , Spence, J. R. , Volney,W. J. A. and Langor, D. 2004 Stand composition and structure of the boreal mixedwood and epigaeic arthropods of the Ecosystem Management Emulating Natural Disturbance (EMEND) landbase in northwestern Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 34(2), 417-430.
170. Zahner, R. and Oliver, W. W. 1962 The influence of thinning and pruning on the rate of summerwood initiation in red and jack pines. For. Sci. 8, 51-63.
171. Zasada, J. C. 1971 Natural regeneration of interior Alaska forests-seed, seedbed, and vegetative reproduction considerations. Fire in the Northern Environment-A symposium. USDA, For. Serv. Pacif. Northw. For. Range Exp. Sta. , 231-246.
172. Zobel, B. J. and Buijtenen, J. V. 1989Wood Variation: Its Causes and Control. Springer. of Canada