Paludification and management of forested peatlands in Canada: A literature review

Environmental Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 21-50

  Lavoie, Martin ^a   Paré, David ^b   Fenton, Nicole ^a   Groot, Arthur ^c   Taylor, Kim ^d  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC EN ABITIBI TÉMISCAMINGUE   (Canada)

^b LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

^c GREAT LAKES FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

^d ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (Canada)

Author keywords

Careful logging; Forested peatland; Paludification; Productivity; Soil disturbance; Wildfire

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CARBON; DECOMPOSITION; DRAINAGE; HARVESTING; PRODUCTIVITY; SOILS;

CAREFUL LOGGING; FORESTED PEATLAND; PALUDIFICATION; SOIL DISTURBANCE; WILDFIRE;

FORESTRY;

BIODIVERSITY; CARBON; DRAINAGE; FORESTRY; HARVESTING; PRODUCTIVITY; SOIL;

SPHAGNUM;

EID: 21644475886     PISSN: 11818700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/a05-006     Document Type: Review

References (278)

1. Aerts, R., Wallén, B., Malmer, N., and De Caluwe, H. 2001. Nutritional constraints on Sphagnum-growth and potential decay in northern peatlands. J. Ecol. 89: 292-299.
2. Ahtiainen, M. 1992. The effects of forest clear-cutting and scarification on the water quality of small brooks. Hydrobiologia, 243/244: 465-473.
3. Aksamit, S.E., and Irving, F.D. 1984. Prescribed burning for lowland black spruce regeneration in northern Minnesota. Can. J. For. Res. 14: 107-113.
4. Alban, D.H., and Watt, R.F. 1981. Fertilization of black spruce on poor site peatland in Minnesota. USDA For. Serv., North Central For. Exp. Stn. Res. Paper NC-210.
5. Alcázar, J., Rothwell, R.L., and Woodard, P.M. 2002. Soil disturbance and the potential for erosion after mechanical site preparation. North. J. Appl. For. 19: 5-13.
6. Andrus, R.E. 1986. Some aspects of Sphagnum ecology. Can. J. Bot. 64: 416-426.
7. Arnup, R.W. 1998. The extent, effects and management of forestry-related soil disturbance, with reference to implications for the Clay Belt: a literature review. Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour., Northeast Science and Technology. Tech. Rep. TR-037.
8. Asada, T., Warner, B., de Groot, A., and Banner, A. 2003. Moss growth, production, and paludification in the hypermaritime north coast of British Columbia. Forest Sciences, Prince Rupert Forest Region. Ext. Note No. 50.
9. Asada, T., Warner, B.G., and Banner, A. 2004. Sphagnum invasion after clear-cutting and excavator mounding in a hypermaritime forest of British Columbia. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 1730-1746.
10. Åström, M., Aaltonen, E.K., and Koivusaari, J. 2001. Effect of ditching operations on stream-water chemistry in a boreal forested catchment. Sci. Total Environ. 279: 117-129.
11. Banner, A., and Shaw, J. 2001a. Excavator mounding to enhance productivity in hypermaritime forests: preliminary results. Forest Sciences, Prince Rupert Forest Region. Ext. Note No. 44.
12. Banner, A., and Shaw, J. 2001b. Seedling nutrient response to soil mixing and mounding treatments on a lower productivity hypermaritime site in north coastal British Columbia. Forest Sciences, Prince Rupert Forest Region. Ext. Note No. 45.
13. Banner, A., de Groot, A., LePage, P., and Shaw, J. 2002. The blanket bog - upland forest complex of north coastal British Columbia: succession, disturbance and implications for management. Forest Sciences, Prince Rupert Forest Region. Ext. Note No. 52.
14. Bartsch, I. 1994. Effects of fertilization on growth and nutrient use by Chamaedaphne calyculata in a raised bog. Can. J. Bot. 72: 323-329.
15. Belleau, P., Plamondon, A.P., Lagacé, R., and Pepin, S. 1992. Hydrodynamique d'une pessière noire drainée. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 1063-1070.
16. Berger, C.A., and Gilmore, D.E. 2003. Germination and survival of spruce seedlings following fire in northwestern Alberta. North. J. Appl. For. 20: 45-47.
17. Bergeron, J.-F., Grondin, P., and Blouin, J. 1999. Rapport de classification écologique du sous-domaine bioclimatique de la pessière à mousses de l'ouest. Minist. Ressour. Nat. Québec, Que.
18. Berry, G.J., and Jeglum, J.K. 1988. Water table profiles of drained, forested and clearcut peatlands in northern Ontario. In International symposium on hydrology of wetlands in temperature and cold climate. Vol. 2. Academy of Finland, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 72-79.
19. Berry, G.J., and Jeglum, J.K. 1991a. Hydrology of drained and undrained black spruce peatlands: groundwater table profiles and fluctuations. For. Can., Sault Ste-Marie, Ont. COFRDA Rep. 3307.
20. Berry, G.J., and Jeglum, J.K. 1991b. Hydrology of drained and undrained black spruce peatlands: surface water and groundwater quality. For. Can., Sault Ste-Marie, Ont. COFRDA Rep. 3316.
21. Bisbee, K.E., Gower, S.T., Norman, J.M., and Nordheim, E.V. 2001. Environmental controls on ground cover species composition and productivity in a boreal black spruce forest. Oecologia, 129: 261-270.
22. Bolghari, H. 1986. Perspectives du drainage forestier au Québec. In Colloque sur le drainage forestier. Ordre des Ingénieurs Forestiers du Québec, Ste-Foy, Canada, pp. 47-65.
23. Bonan, G.B., and Shugart, H.H. 1989. Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 1-28.
24. Bradbury, I.K., and Grace, J. 1983. Primary production in wetlands. In Ecosystems of the world 4A. Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor. Edited by A.J.P. Gore. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 285-310.
25. Braekke, F.H. 1983. Water table levels at different drainage intensities on deep peat in northern Norway. For. Ecol. Manage. 5: 169-192.
26. Brais, S., and Camiré, C. 1998. Soil compaction induced by careful logging in the claybelt region of northwestern Quebec (Canada). Can. J. Soil. Sci. 78: 197-206.
27. Burgess, D., Baidock, J.A., Wetzell, S., and Brand, D.G. 1995. Scarification, fertilization and herbicide treatment effects on planted conifers and soil fertility. Plant Soil, 168-169: 513-522.
28. Carleton, T.J., and MacLellan, P. 1994. Woody vegetation responses to fire versus clear-cutting logging: a comparative survey in the central Canadian boreal forest. Écoscience, 1: 141-152.
29. superficie réduite. Can. J. For. Res. 7: 648-655.
30. Fritze, H., Pennanen, T., and Pietikäinen, J. 1993. Recovery of soil microbial biomass and activity from prescribed burning. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1286-1290.
31. Gale, M.R., McLaughlin, J.W., Jurgensen, M.F., Trettin, C.C., Soelsepp, T., and Lydon, P.O. 1998. Plant community responses to harvesting and post-harvest manipulations in a Picea - Larix - Pinus wetland with a mineral substrate. Wetlands, 18: 150-159.
32. Gerdol, R. 1995. The growth dynamics of Sphagnum based on field measurements in a temperate bog and on laboratory cultures. J. Ecol. 83: 431-437.
33. Gignac, L.D., Halsey, L.A., and Vitt, D.H. 2000. A bioclimatic model for the distribution of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands in North America under present climatic conditions. J. Biogeogr. 27: 1139-1151.
34. Gorham, E. 1957. The development of peat lands. Q. Rev. Biol. 32: 145-166.
35. Gorham, E. 1991. Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecol. Appl. 1: 182-195.
36. Groot, A. 1996. Regeneration and surface condition trends following forest harvesting on peatlands. NODA/NFP Tech. Rep. TR-26.
37. Groot, A. 1998. Physical effects of site disturbance on peatlands. Can. J. Soil. Sci. 78: 45-50.
38. Groot, A., and Haig, R.A. 1991. Minimize peatland site damage with careful harvest planning. Frontline Forestry Research Applications. For. Can., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Tech. Note No. 2.
39. Grossnickle, S.C. 2000. Ecophysiology of northern spruce species: the performance of planted seedlings. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ont.
40. Grosvernier, P., Matthey, Y., and Buttler, A. 1997. Growth potential of three Sphagnum species in relation to water table level and peat properties with implications for their restoration in cut-over bogs. J. Appl. Ecol. 34: 471-483.
41. Gunnarsson, U., and Rydin, H. 2000. Nitrogen fertilization reduces Sphagnum production in bog communities. New Phytol. 147: 527-537.
42. Haavisto, V.F. 1984. Peatland forest drainage in northern Ontario: a Finnish approach. Dept. Envir., Can. For. Serv. Forestry Newsletter. Fall/Winter: 5-6.
43. Haavisto, V.F., Jeglum, J.K., and Groot, A. 1988. Management practices - black spruce ecosystem. In The ecology and management of wetlands. Vol. 2. Management, use and value of wetlands. Edited by D.D. Hook, W.H. McKee, H.K. Smith, J. Gregory, V.G. Burrell, M.R. DeVoe, R.E. Sojka, S.Gilbert, R. Banks, L.H. Stolzy, C. Brooks, T.D. Matthews, and T.H. Shear. Timber Press, Portland, Ore. pp. 195-202.
44. Haeussler, S., Bedford, S., Leduc, A., Bergeron, Y., and Kranabetter, J.M. 2002. Silvicultural disturbance severity and plant communities of the southern Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn. 36: 307-327.
45. Hall, J.P. 1972. Planting black spruce on wet heathland following scarification. Newfoundland Forest Research Centre. St.John's, Nfld. Info. Rep. N-X-74.
46. Halsey, L., Vitt, D., and Zoltai, S. 1997. Climatic and physiographic controls on wetland type and distribution in Manitoba, Canada. Wetlands, 17: 243-262.
47. Halsey, L.A., Vitt, D.H., and Bauer, I.E. 1998. Peatland initiation during the Holocene in continental western Canada. Clim. Change, 40: 315-342.
48. Hånell, B. 1988. Postdrainage forest productivity of peatlands in Sweden. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1443-1456.
49. Harper, K.A., Bergeron, Y., Gauthier, S., and Drapeau, P. 2002. Post-fire development of canopy structure and composition in black spruce forests of Abitibi, Québec: a landscape scale study. Silva Fenn. 36: 249-263.
50. Harper, K., Boudreault, C., DeGrandpré, L., Drapeau, P., Gauthier, S., and Bergeron, Y. 2003. Structure, composition, and diversity of old-growth black spruce forest of the Clay Belt region in Quebec and Ontario. Environ. Rev. 11: S79-S98.
51. Harvey, B., and Brais, S. 2002. Effects of mechanized careful logging on natural regeneration and vegetation competition in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 653-666.
52. Heikurainen, L. 1964. Improvement of forest growth on poorly drained peat soils. Int. Rev. For. Res. 1: 39-113.
53. Heikurainen, L. 1967. Effect of cutting on the ground-water level on drained peatlands. In International symposium on forest hydrology. Edited by W.E. Sopper and H.W. Lull. Pergamon Press, New York. pp. 345-354.
54. Heikurainen, L., and Päivänen, J. 1970. The effect of thinning, clear cutting, and fertilization on the hydrology of peatland drained for forestry. Acta For. Fenn. 104: 1-23.
55. Charman, D. 2002. Peatlands and environmental change. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK.
56. Chrosciewicz, Z. 1976. Burning for black spruce regeneration on a lowland cutover site in southeastern Manitoba. Can. J. For. Res. 6: 179-186.
57. Chrosciewicz, Z. 1990. Post-cut burning and black spruce regeneration. In The Silvics and ecology of boreal spruces. Edited by B.D. Titus, M.B. Lavigne, P.F. Newton, and W.J. Meades. IUFRO Working Party S1.05-12, Symposium Proceedures, 12-17 August 1989, Newfoundland. For. Can. Inf. Rep. N-X-271. pp. 35-44.
58. Clymo, R.S. 1963. Ion exchange in Sphagnum and its relation to bog ecology. Ann. Bot. 27: 309-324.
59. Clymo, R.S. 1965. Experiments on breakdown of Sphagnum in two bogs. J. Ecol. 53: 747-758.
60. Clymo, R.S. 1984. The limits to peat growth. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B303: 605-654.
61. Clymo, R.S., Turunen, J., and Tolonen, K. 1998. Carbon accumulation in peatland. Oikos, 81: 368-388.
62. Cormier, D. 2004. Essais comparés de diverses techniques de scarifiage dans des sites susceptibles à la paludification. Rapport d'étape. FERIC, Pointe-Claire, Que.
63. Crawford, R.M.M., Jeffree, C.E., and Rees, W.G. 2003. Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Ann. Bot. 91: 213-226.
64. Damman, A.W.H. 1979. Geographic patterns in peatland development in eastern north America. In Classification of mires and peats. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Classification of Peat and Peatlands, Hyytiälä, Finland, 17-21 September 1979. International Peat Society, Finland, pp. 42-57.
65. Damman, A.W.H. 1986. Hydrology, development, and biogeochemistry of ombrogenous peat bogs with special reference to nutrient relocation in a western Newfoundland bog. Can. J. Bot. 64: 384-394.
66. Damman, A.W.H. 1988. Regulation of nitrogen removal and retention in Sphagnum bogs and other peatlands. Oikos, 51: 291-305.
67. Dang, Q.L., and Lieffers, V.J. 1989. Assessment of patterns of response of tree ring growth of black spruce following peatland drainage. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 924-929.
68. DeLuca, T., Nilsson, M.-C., and Zackrisson, O. 2002. Nitrogen mineralization and phenol accumulation along a fire chronosequence in northern Sweden. Oecologia, 133: 206-214.
69. Dionne, J.-C. 1978. Formes et phénomènes périglaciaires en Jamésie, Québec subarctique. Géogr. Phys. Quat. 23: 187-247.
70. Dubé, S., and Plamondon, A.P. 1995. Relative importance of interception and transpiration changes causing watering-up after clear-cutting on four wet sites. In Man's influence on freshwater ecosystems and water use. Edited by G. Petts. IAHS Publ. no. 230, Boulder, USA pp. 113-120.
71. Dube, S., Plamondon, A.P., and Rothwell, R.L. 1995. Watering-up after clear-cutting on forested wetlands on the St. Lawrence lowland. Water Resour. Res. 31: 1741-1750.
72. Dumais, D., Riopel, M., Plamondon, A.P., and Bégin, J. 1998. Effet du drainage sylvicole sur la croissance d'une pessière noire dans le comté de Lotbinière. Analyse de la croissance des tiges individuelles en lien avec le comportement de la nappe phréatique. Rapport interne. Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Que.
73. Dussart, E., and Payette, S. 2002. Ecological impact of clear-cutting on black spruce-moss forests in southern Québec. Écoscience, 9: 533-543.
74. Qyrness, C.T., and Norum, R.A. 1983. The effects of experimental fires on black spruce forest floors in interior Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 879-893.
75. Engstrom, D.R., and Hansen, B.C.S. 1985. Postglacial vegetational change and soil development in southeastern Labrador as inferred from pollen and chemical stratigraphy. Can. J. Bot. 63: 543-561.
76. Fairish, K.W., and Grigal, D.F. 1988. Decomposition in an ombrotrophic bog and a minerotrophic fen in Minnesota. Soil Sci. 145: 353-358.
77. Foster, D.R. 1985. Vegetation development following fire in Picea mariana (black spiuce)-Pleurozium forests of south-eastern Labrador, Canada. J. Ecol. 73: 517-534.
78. Foster, N.W., Morrison, I.K., and Swan, H.S.D. 1986. Growth response of a boreal black spruce stand to fertilizer treatments. North. J. Appl. For. 3: 142-144.
79. Franzen, B. 1983. Mires-repositories of climatic information or self-perpetuating ecosystems? In Ecosystems of the World 4A Mires. Swamp, bog, fen, moor. Edited by A.J.P. Gore. Elsevier, New York. pp. 35-67.
80. Frey, B.R., Lieffers, V.J., Munson, A.D., and Blenis, P.V. 2003. The influence of partial harvesting and forest floor disturbance on nutrient availability and understory vegetation in boreal mixedwoods. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 1180-1188.
81. Frisque, G., and Vézina, P.E. 1977. Reproduction de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana) après coupe à blanc de
82. Heilman, P.E. 1966. Change in distribution and availability of nitrogen with forest succession on north slopes in interior Alaska. Ecology, 47: 825-831.
83. Heilman, P.E. 1968. Relationship of availability of phosphorus and cations to forest succession and bog formation in interior Alaska. Ecology, 49: 331-336.
84. Heinselman, M.L. 1957. Silvical characteristics of black spruce (Picea mariana). USDA For. Serv. St. Paul, Minn. Stn. Paper No. 45.
85. Heinselman, M.L. 1959. Natural regeneration of swamp black spruce in Minnesota under various cutting systems. USDA For. Serv. Prod. Res. Paper No. 32.
86. Heinselman, M.L. 1963. Forest sites, bog processes, and peatland types in the Glacial Lake Agassiz region, Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 33: 327-374.
87. Heinselman, M.L. 1970. Landscape evolution, peatland types, and the environment in the Lake Agassiz peatlands natural area, Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 40: 235-261.
88. Heinselman, M.L. 1975. Boreal peatlands in relation to environment. In Coupling of Land and Water Systems. Edited by A.D. Hasler. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 93-103.
89. Hillman, G.R. 1987. Improving wetlands for forestry in Canada. Can. For. Serv., Northern Forestry Centre. Edmonton, Alta. Info. Rep. NOR-X-288.
90. Hillman, G.R. 1991. Black spruce growth on drained, forested peatland in northern Alberta. For. Can., Northern Forestry Centre. Edmonton, Alta. For. Manage. Note 53.
91. Hillman, G.R. 1992. Some hydrological effects of peatland drainage in Alberta's boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 1588-1596.
92. Hillman, G.R., Johnson, J.D., and Takyi, S.K. 1990. The Canada - Alberta wetlands drainage and improvement for forestry program. Canada - Alberta forest resource development agreement report. Can. For. Serv., Northern Forestry Centre. Edmonton, Alta. Project No. 1413-1417-86.
93. Hökkä, H., Penttilä, T., and Siipola, M. 1997. Relationships between groundwater level and temperature in peat. In Northern forested wetlands: ecology and management. Edited by C.C. Trettin, M.F. Jurgensen, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum. CPR Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 287-296.
94. Hörnberg, G., Ohlson, M., and Zackrisson, O. 1997. Influence of bryophytes and microrelief conditions on Picea abies seed regeneration patterns in boreal old-growth swamp forests. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 1015-1023.
95. Hulme, P.D. 1994. A palaeobotanical study of paludifying pine forest on the island of Hailuoto, northern Finland. New Phytol. 126: 153-162.
96. Inderjit, and Mallik, A.U. 1996a. The nature of interference potential of Kalmia angustifolia. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1899-1904.
97. Inderjit, and Mallik, A.U. 1996b. Growth and physiological responses of black spruce (Picea mariana) in sites dominated by Ledum groenlandicum. J. Chem. Ecol. 22: 575-585.
98. Inderjit, and Mallik, A.U. 1997. Effect of Ledum groenlandicum amendments on soil characteristics and black spruce seedling growth. Plant Ecol. 133: 29-36.
99. Inderjit, and Mallik, A.U. 2002. Can Kalmia angustifolia interference to black spruce (Picea mariana) be explained by allelopathy? For. Ecol. Manage. 160: 75-84.
100. Ingram, H.A.P. 1978. Soil layer in mires: function and terminology. J. Soil Sci. 29: 224-227.
101. Jeglum, J.K. 1984. Strip cutting in shallow-soil upland black spruce near Nipigon, Ontario IV. Seedling-seedbed relationships. Can. For. Serv., For. Pest Manage. Inst. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Info. Rep. No. O-X-359.
102. Jeglum, J.K. 1985. Status of peatland site classification for forestry in Ontario. Suo, 36: 33-44.
103. Jeglum, J.K. 1987. Alternate strip clearcutting in upland black spruce. II. Factors affecting regeneration in first-cut strips. For. Chron. 63: 439-445.
104. Jeglum, J.K. 1991a. Definition of trophic classes in wooded peatlands by means of vegetation types and plant indicators. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 28: 175-192.
105. Jeglum, J.K. 1991b. Concluding Comments and Recommendations. In Symposium '89, peat and peatlands: diversification and innovation. Vol 1. Peatland Forestry. Québec City, 6-10 August 1989. Edited by J.K. Jeglum and R.P. Overend. Que., Canada, pp. 223-227.
106. Johansson, M.-B. 1994. The influence of soil scarification on the turn-over rate of slash needles and nutrient release. Scand. J. For. Res. 9: 170-179.
107. Johnson, E.A. 1992. Fire and vegetation dynamics: studies from the North American boreal forest. Cambridge University Press, London.
108. Johnson, L.C., and Damman, A.W.H. 1991. Species controlled Sphagnum decay on a south Swedish raised bog. Oikos, 61: 234-242.
109. Johnston, W.F. 1971. Broadcast burning slash favors black spruce reproduction on organic soil in Minnesota. For. Chron. 47: 33-35.
110. Johnston, W.F. 1977. Managers handbook for black spruce in the north central states. USDA For. Serv. North Cent. For. Exp. Stn. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-34.
111. Joosten, H., and Clarke, D. 2002. Wise use of Mires and peatlands - background and principles including a Framework for decision-making. International Mire Conservation Group and International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland. 303 p.
112. Jutras, S., Bégin, J., and Plamondon, A.P. 2002. Impact du drainage forestier après coupe sur la croissance de l'épinette noire en forêt boréale. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 1585-1596.
113. Keenan, R.J., and Kimmins, J.P. 1993. The ecological effects of clear-cutting. Environ. Rev. 1: 121-144.
114. Klinger, L.F. 1996. Coupling of soils and vegetation in peatland succession. Arct. Alp. Res. 28: 380-387.
115. Klove, B. 2001. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loads in peat mining wastewater. Water Res. 35: 2353-2362.
116. Korhola, A.A. 1994. Radiocarbon evidence for rates of lateral expansion in raised mires in southern Finland. Quat. Res. 42: 299-307.
117. Korhola, A.A. 1996. Initiation of a sloping mire complex in southwestern Finland: autogenic versus allogenic controls. Écoscience, 3: 216-222.
118. Korpela, L. 1999. Diversity of vegetation in pristine and drained forested mire margin communities in Finland. Int. Peat J. 9: 94-117.
119. Kubiw, H., Hickman, M., and Vitt, D.H. 1989. The developmental history of peatlands at Muskiki and Marguerite lakes, Alberta. Can. J. Bot. 67: 3534-3544.
120. Kuhry, P. 1994. The role of fire in the development of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands in western boreal Canada. J. Ecol. 82: 899-910.
121. Kuhry, P., Nicholson, B.J., Gignac, L.D., Vitt, D.H., and Bayley, S.E. 1993. Development of Sphagnum-dominated peatlands in boreal continental Canada. Can. J. Bot. 71: 10-22.
122. Laiho, R., and Laine, J. 1994. Nitrogen and phosphorus stores in peatlands drained for forestry in Finland. Scand. J. For. Res. 9: 251-260.
123. Laiho, R., Sallantaus, T., and Laine, J. 1999. The effect of forestry drainage on vertical distributions of major plant nutrients in peat soils. Plant Soil, 207: 169-181.
124. Laine, J., Vasander, H., and Sallantaus, T. 1995. Ecological effects of peatland drainage for forestry. Environ. Rev. 3: 286-303.
125. Larsen, J.A. 1982. Ecology of the northern lowland bogs and conifer forests. Academic Press, New York.
126. LeBarron, R.K. 1948. Silvicultural management of black spruce in Minnesota. USDA For. Serv. Lake States For. Exp. Stn. Washington, D.C. Circular No. 791.
127. Lefort, P., Harvey, B., Parton, J., and Smith, G.K.M. 2002. Synthesizing knowledge of the Claybelt to promote sustainable forest management. For. Chron. 78: 665-671.
128. Légaré, S., Paré, D., and Bergeron, Y. 2004. The response of black spruce growth to an increased proportion of aspen in mixed stands. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 405-416.
129. Légaré, S., Bergeron, Y., and Paré, D. 2005. Effect of aspen (Populus tremuloides) as a companion species on the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) in southwestern boreal forest of Quebec. For. Ecol. Manage. 208: 211-222.
130. Lieffers, V.J. 1988. Sphagnum and cellulose decomposition in drained and natural areas of an Alberta peatland. Can. J. Soil Sci. 68: 755-761.
131. Lieffers, V.J., and Macdonald, S.E. 1990. Growth and foliar nutrient status of black spruce and tamarack in relation to depth of water table in some Alberta peatlands. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 805-809.
132. Lieffers, V.J., and Rothwell, R.L. 1986. Effects of depth of water table and substrate temperature on root and top growth of Picea mariana and Larix laricina seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 1201-1206.
133. Lieffers, V.J., and Rothwell, R.L. 1987a. Effects of drainage on substrate temperature and phenology of some trees and shrubs in an Alberta peatland. Can. J. For. Res. 17: 97-104.
134. Lieffers, V.J., and Rothwell, R.L. 1987&. Rooting of peatland black spruce and tamarack in relation to depth of water table. Can. J. Bot. 65: 817-821.
135. Lieffers, V.J., Messier, C., Burton, P.J., Ruel, J.-C., and Grover, B.E. 2003. Nature-based silviculture for sustaining a variety of boreal forest values. In Towards sustainable management of the boreal forest. Edited by P.J. Burton, C. Messier, D.W. Smith, and W.L. Adamowicz. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ont. pp. 481-530.
136. Liu, K.-B. 1990. Holocene paleoecology of the boreal forest and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest in northern Ontario. Ecol. Monogr. 60: 179-212.
137. Lundmark-Thelin, A., and Johansson, M.-B. 1997. Influence of mechanical site preparation on decomposition and nutrient dynamics of Norway spruce (Picea abies(L.) Karst.) needle litter and slash needles. For. Ecol. Manage. 96: 101-110.
138. Lutz, H.J. 1960. Fire as an ecological factor in the boreal forest of Alaska. J. For. 58: 454-460.
139. Macdonald, S.E., and Lieffers, V.J. 1990. Photosynthesis, water relations, and foliar nitrogen of Picea mariana and Laric lancina from drained and undrained peatlands. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 995-1000.
140. Macdonald, S.E., and Yin, F. 1999. Factors influencing size inequality in peatland black spruce and tamarack: evidence from post-drainage release growth. J. Ecol. 87: 404-412.
141. Mäkilä, M., Saarnisto, M., and Kankainen, T. 2001. Aapa mires as a carbon sink and source during the Holocene. J. Ecol. 89: 589-599.
142. Mallik, A.U. 1996. Effects of NPK fertilizations on Kalmia angustifolia: implications for forest disturbance and conifer regeneration. For. Ecol. Manage. 81: 135-141.
143. Malmer, N. 1986. Vegetational gradients in relation to environmental conditions in northwestern European mires. Can. J. Bot. 64: 375-383.
144. 210Pb. Oikos, 43: 171-182.
145. Malmer, N., Svensson, G., and Wallén, B. 1997. Mass balance and nitrogen accumulation in hummocks on a South Swedish bog during the late Holocene. Ecography, 20: 535-549.
146. McLaren, B.E., and Jeglum, J.K. 1998. Black spruce growth and foliar nutrient responses to drainage and fertilization: Wally Creek, Ontario. For. Chron. 74: 106-115.
147. McLaughlin, J.W., Gale, M.R., Jurgensen, M.F., and Trettin, C.C. 2000. Soil organic matter and nitrogen cycling in response to harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and fertilization in a wetland with a mineral substrate. For. Ecol. Manage. 129: 7-23.
148. McRae, D.J. 1985a. Regeneration success as a measure of site preparation effectiveness: prescribed fire versus scarification. In Forest fire management symposium. B.J. Stocks, R.G. Elliott, and J.D. Walker, Co-chairmen. COJFRC Symp. Proc. O-P-13. Can. For. Serv. Great Lakes Forest Research Centre. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. pp. 92-97.
149. McRae, D.J. 1985b. Prescribed burning of boreal mixedwood slash in the Ontario Clay Belt region. Can. For. Serv. Great Lakes Forest Research Centre. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Info. Rep. O-X-367.
150. McRae, D.J., Duchesne, L.C., Freedman, B., Lynham, T.J., and Woodley, S. 2001. Comparisons between wildfire and forest harvesting and their implications in forest management. Environ. Rev. 9: 223-260.
151. Millar, J.B. 1940. Spruce regeneration: Ontario. For. Chron. 16: 21-29.
152. Minkkinen, K., Vasander, H., Jauhiainen, S., Karsisto, M., and Laine, J. 1999. Post-drainage changes in vegetation composition and carbon balance in Lakkasuo mire, Central Finland. Plant Soil, 207: 107-120.
153. Mitsch, W.J., and Gosselink, J.G. 2000. Wetlands. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
154. Moore, T.R. 1989. Growth and net production of Sphagnum at five fen sites, subarctic eastern Canada. Can. J. Bot. 67: 1203-1207.
155. Morrison, I.K., and Foster, N.W. 1979. Five-year growth in two nitrogen-phosphorus fertilization experiments in spruce and spruce-fir upland forest in northern Ontario. Can. For. Serv. Great Lakes Forest Research Centre. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. Info. Rep. O-X-299.
156. Morrison, I.K., Swan, H.S.D., Foster, N.W., and Winston, D.A. 1976. Ten-year growth response to fertilizer of a 90-year-old black spruce stand in northwestern Ontario. For. Chron. 52: 233-236.
157. Mugasha, A.G., Pluth, D.J., Higginbotham, K.O., and Takyi, S.K. 1991. Foliar responses of black spruce to thinning and fertilization on a drained shallow peat. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 152-163.
158. Mugasha, A.G., Pluth, D.J., and Hillman, G.R. 1993. Foliar responses of tamarack and black spruce to drainage and fertilization of a minerotrophic peatland. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 166-180.
159. Mugasha, A.G., Pluth, D.J., and Macdonald, S.E. 1999. Effects of fertilization on seasonal patterns of foliar mass and nutrients of tamarack and black spruce on undrained and drained minerotrophic peatlands sites. For. Ecol. Manage. 116: 13-31.
160. Mulligan, R.C., and Gignac, L.D. 2001. Bryophyte community structure in a boreal poor fen: reciprocal transplants. Can. J. Bot. 79: 404-411.
161. Munson, A.D., and Timmer, V.R. 1989. Site-specific growth and nutrition of planted Picea mariana in the Ontario Clay Belt. I. Early performance. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 162-170.
162. Munson, A.D., and Timmer, V.R. 1990. Site-specific growth and nutrition of planted Picea mariana in the Ontario Clay Belt. III. Biomass and nutrient allocation. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 1165-1171.
163. Munson, A.D., and Timmer, V.R. 1991. Site-specific growth and nutrition of planted Picea mariana in the Ontario Clay Belt. V. Humus nitrogen availability. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 1194-1199.
164. Nguyen-Xuan, T., Bergeron, Y., Simard, D., Fyles, J.W., and Paré, D. 2000. The importance of forest floor disturbance in the early regeneration patterns of the boreal forest of western and central Quebec: a wildfire versus logging comparison. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1353-1364.
165. Noble, M.G., Lawrence, D.B., and Streveler, G.R 1984. Sphagnum invasion beneath an evergreen forest canopy in southeastern Alaska. Bryologist, 87: 119-127.
166. Norberg, G., Jäderlund, A., Zackrisson, O., Nordfjell, T., Wardle, D.A., Nilsson, M.-C., and Dolling, A. 1997. Vegetation control by steam treatment in boreal forests: a comparison with burning and soil scarification. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 2026-2033.
167. NWWG. 1997. The Canadian Wetland Classification System. 2nd ed. Edited by B.G. Warner and C.D.A. Rubec. Wetland Research Centre, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.
168. Nykänen, H., Silvola, J., Alm, J., and Martikainen, P.J. 1996. The effect of peatland forestry on fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. In Northern forested wetlands: ecology and management. Edited by C.C. Trettin, M.F. Jurgensen, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 325-337.
169. O'Connell, K.E.B., Gower, S.T., and Norman, J.M. 2003. Net ecosystem production of two contrasting boreal black spruce forest communities. Ecosystems, 6: 248-260.
170. Oechel, W.C., and Van Cleve, K. 1986. The role of bryophytes in nutrient cycling in the taiga. In Forest ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga. Edited by L.A. Van Cleve, F.S. Chapin III, P.W. Flanagan, L.A. Viereck, and C.T. Dyrness. Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 121-137.
171. OMNR. 1997. Silvicultural guide to managing for black spruce, jack pine, and aspen on boreal forest ecosites in Ontario. 3 Vols. Version 1.1. Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour., Toronto, Ont.
172. Paavilainen, E., and Päivänen, J. 1995. Peatland forestry: ecology and principles. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
173. Päivänen, J. 1972. The effect of fertilization on throughfall and groundwater table in peatlands drained for forestry. In Proceedings of the 4th International Peat Congress, Otaniemi, Finland, 1-4 July 1972. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 469-477.
174. Päivänen, J. 1980. The effect of silvicultural treatments on the ground water table in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands on peat. In Proceedings of the 6th International Peat Congress, Duluth, Minnesota, 17-23 August 1980. International Peat Society, Helsinki, Finland, p. 453.
175. Päivänen, J. 1997. Forested mires as a renewable resource - toward a sustainable forestry practice. In Northern forested wetlands: ecology and management. Edited by C.C. Trettin, M.F. Jurgensen, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 27-44.
176. Päivänen, J., and Wells, E.D. 1977. Guidelines for the development of peatland drainage systems for forestry in Newfoundland. Can. For. Serv. Nfld. For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. N-X-156.
177. Paquin, R., Margolis, H.A., and Doucet, R. 1998. Nutrient status and growth of black spruce layers and planted seedlings in response to nutrient addition in the boreal forest of Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 729-736.
178. Paquin, R., Margolis, H.A., Doucet, R., and Coyea, M.R. 2000. Physiological responses of black spruce layers and planted seedlings to nutrient addition. Tree Physiol. 20: 229-237.
179. Paré, D., and Bergeron, Y. 1995. Above-ground biomass accumulation along a 230-year chronosequence in the southern portion of the Canadian boreal forest. J. Ecol. 83: 1001-1007.
180. Paré, D., Bergeron, Y., and Camiré, C. 1993. Changes in the forest floor of Canadian southern boreal forest after disturbance. J. Veg. Sci. 4: 811-818.
181. Payandeh, B. 1973a. Analyses of a forest drainage experiment in northern Ontario. I: Growth analysis. Can. J. For. Res. 3: 387-398.
182. Payandeh, B. 1973b. Analyses of a forest drainage experiment in northern Ontario. II: An economic analysis. Can. J. For. Res. 3: 399-408.
183. Payette, S. 2001. Les principaux types de tourbières. In Écologie des tourbières du Québec-Labrador. Edited by S. Fayette and L. Rochefort. Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, pp. 39-89.
184. Piatek, K.B., and Allen, H.L. 1999. Nitrogen mineralization in a pine plantation fifteen years after harvesting and site preparation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63: 990-998.
185. Pietikäinen, J., and Fritze, H. 1993. Microbial biomass and activity in the humus layer following burning: short-term effects of two different fires. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 1275-1285.
186. Pothier, D., Prévost, M., and Auger, I. 2003. Using the shelterwood method to mitigate water table rise after forest harvesting. For. Ecol. Manage. 179: 573-583.
187. Prégent, G., and Végiard, S. 2002. Rendement anticipé des plantations d'épinette noire dans les domaines écologiques de la pessière noire. Minist. Ressour. nat. Québec, Dir. rech. for. Note rech. for. No. 109.
188. Prévost, M. 1992. Effets du scarifiage sur les propriétés du sol, la croissance des semis et la compétition : revue des connaissances actuelles et perspectives de recherches au Québec. Ann. For. Sci. 49: 277-296.
189. Prévost, M. 1996. Effets du scarifiage sur les propriétés du sol et l'ensemencement naturel dans une pessière noire à mousses de la forêt boréale québécoise. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 72-86.
190. Prévost, M., and Dumais, D. 2003. Croissance et statut nutritif de marcottes, de semis naturels et de plants d'épinette noire à la suite du scarifiage : résultats de 10 ans. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 2097-2107.
191. Prévost, M., Belleau, P., and Plamondon, A.P. 1997. Substrate conditions in a treed peatland: responses to drainage. Écoscience, 4: 543-554.
192. Prévost, M., Plamondon, A., and Roy, V. 2001. La production forestière. In Écologie des tourbières du Québec-Labrador. Edited by S. Payette and L. Rochefort. Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec. pp. 423-447.
193. Price, J.S., and Schlotzhauer, S.M. 1999. Importance of shrinkage and compression in determining water storage changes in peat: the case of a mined peatland. Hydrol. Processes, 13: 2591-2601.
194. Reader, R.J., and Stewart, J.M. 1972. The relationship between net primary production and accumulation for a peatland in southeastern Manitoba. Ecology, 53: 1024-1037.
195. Rigg, G.B. 1917. Forest succession and rate of growth in Sphagnum bogs. J. For. 15: 726-739.
196. Rigg, G.B. 1925. Some Sphagnum bogs of the North Pacific coast of America. Ecology, 5: 260-279.
197. Riley, J.L. 1982. Hudson Bay lowland floristic inventory, wetlands catalogue and conservation strategy. Nat. Can. 109: 543-555.
198. Riley, J.L. 1994. Peat and peatland resources of northeastern Ontario. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Ontario Geological Survey. Misc. Paper No. 153.
199. Robinson, A.J. 1970. Logging by the seed tree system and prescribed burning to encourage black spruce regeneration. Can. For. Serv. St. John's, Newfoundland. Info. Rep. N-X-42.
200. Robitaille, A., and Saucier, J.-P. 1998. Paysages régionaux du Québec méridional. Min. Ressources naturelles du Québec. Les Publications du Québec, Sainte-Foy, Que. p. 213.
201. Rochefort, L, Vitt, D.H., and Bayley, S.E. 1990. Growth, production and decomposition dynamics of Sphagnum under natural and experimentally acidified conditions. Ecology, 71: 1986-2000.
202. Roe, E.I. 1949. Sphagnum moss retards black spruce regeneration. USDA For. Serv., Lake States For. Exp. Stn. Tech. Note No. 321.
203. Romell, L.-G., and Heiberg, S.O. 1931. Types of humus layer in the forests of northeastern United States. Ecology, 12: 567-608.
204. Rosen, M. 1989. Forest drainage manual: an operational manual for the development of forest drainage projects in the province of Ontario. Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour. Science & Technology Series. Vol. 3.
205. Rothwell, R.L., Woodard, P.M., and Rivard, P.G. 1993. The effect of peatland drainage and planting position on the growth of white spruce seedlings. North. J. Appl. For. 10: 154-160.
206. Rothwell, R.L., Silins, U., and Hillman, G.R. 1996. The effects of drainage on substrate water content at several forested Alberta peatlands. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 53-62.
207. Rowe, J.S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Can. For. Serv. Ottawa, Ont. Publication No. 1300.
208. Roy, V., Jeglum, J.K., and Plamondon, A.P. 1997. Water table fluctuations following clearcutting and thinning on Wally Creek wetlands. In Northern forested wetlands: ecology and management. Edited by C.C. Trettin, M.F. Jurgensen, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 239-251.
209. Roy, V., Bernier, P.-Y., Plamondon, A.P., and Ruel, J.-C. 1999. Effect of drainage and microtopography in forested wetlands on the microenvironment and growth of planted black spruce seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 563-574.
210. Roy, V., Plamondon, A.P., and Bernier, P.-Y. 2000a. Influence of vegetation removal and regrowth on interception and water table level on wetlands. Int. Peat J. 10: 3-12.
211. Roy, V., Plamondon, A.P., and Bernier, P.-Y. 2000&. Draining forested wetland cutovers to improve seedling root zone conditions. Scand. J. For. Res. 15: 58-67.
212. Roy, V., Ruel, J.-C., and Plamondon, A.P. 2000c. Establishment, growth and survival of natural regeneration after clearcutting and drainage on forested wetlands. For. Ecol. Manage. 129: 253-267.
213. Sarkkola, S., Alenius, V., Hökkä, H., Laiho, R., Päivänen, J., and Penttilä, T. 2003. Changes in structural inequality in Norway spruce stands on peatland sites after water-level drawdown. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 222-231.
214. Schroeder, D., and Perera, A.H. 2002. A comparison of large-scale spatial vegetation patterns following clearcuts and fires in Ontario's boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 159: 217-230.
215. Silins, U., and Rothwell, R.L. 1999. Spatial patterns of aerobic limit depth and oxygen diffusion rate at two peatlands drained for forestry in Alberta. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 53-61.
216. Simard, D.G., Fyles, J.W., Paré, D., and Nguyen, T. 2001. Impacts of clearcut harvesting and wildfire on soil nutrient status in the Quebec boreal forest. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81: 229-237.
217. Stanek, W. 1968. A forest drainage experiment in northern Ontario. Pulp Pap. Mag. Can. 69: 58-62.
218. Stanek, W. 1977. Ontario clay belt peatlands - are they suitable for forest drainage? Can. J. For. Res. 7: 656-665.
219. Starr, M., and Westman, C.J. 1978. Easily extractable nutrients in the surface peat layer of virgin sedge pine swamps. Silva Fenn. 12: 65-78.
220. Sundström, E. 1992. Five-year growth response in drained and fertilized black spruce peatlands. I. Permanent growth plot analysis. For. Can., Sault Ste-Marie, Ont. Info. Rep. O-X-417,
221. and Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour. Timmins, Ont. NEST Tech. Rep. TR-02.
222. Sundström, E., and Jeglum, J.K. 1992. Five-year growth response in drained and fertilized black spruce peatlands. II. Stem analysis. For. Can. Sault Ste-Marie, Ont. Info. Rep. O-X-420,
223. and Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour. Timmins, Ont. NEST Tech. Rep. TR-03.
224. Sutherland, B.J., and Foreman, F.F. 1995. Guide to the use of mechanical site preparation equipment in northwestern Ontario. Can. For. Serv. Sault Ste-Marie, Ont.
225. Sutherland, B., and Foreman, F.F. 2000. Black spruce and vegetation response to chemical and mechanical site preparation on a boreal mixedwood site. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1561-1570.
226. Swanson, L., and Rothwell, R.L. 1986. Thawing of ground frost on a drained and undrained boreal wetland site. In Proceedings of the Cold Regions Hydrology Symposium, Fairbanks, Alaska, 22-25 July 1986. Edited by D.L. Kane. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland, pp. 231-236.
227. Szumigalski, A.R., and Bayley, S.E. 1996. Decomposition along a bog to rich fen gradient in central Alberta, Canada. Can. J. Bot. 74: 573-581.
228. Taylor, S.J., Carleton, T.J., and Adams, P. 1987. Understory vegetation change in a Picea mariana chronosequence. Vegetatio, 73: 63-72.
229. Thormann, M.N., Szumigalski, A.R., and Bayley, S.F. 1999. Aboveground peat and carbon accumulation potentials along a bog-fen-marsh wetland gradient in southern boreal Alberta, Canada. Wetlands, 19: 305-317.
230. Tilton, D.L. 1978. Comparative growth and foliar element concentrations of Larix laricinaover a range of wetland types in Minnesota. J. Ecol. 66: 499-512.
231. Tóth, J., and Gillard, D. 1988. Experimental design and evaluation of a peatland drainage system for forestry by optimization of synthetic hydrographs. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 353-373.
232. Trettin, C.C., Davidian, M., Jurgensen, M.F., and Lea, R. 1996. Organic matter decomposition following harvesting and site preparation of a forested wetland. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60: 1994-2003.
233. Trottier, F. 1984. Implementing forest drainage in Canada. In Mechanization of silviculture: increasing quality and productivity. Proceedings of the CPPA/CFS Seminar on Mechanization of Silviculture, Thunder Bay, Ont., 17 September 1984. Can. Pulp Paper Assoc., Ottawa, Ont. pp. 75-77.
234. Turkington, R., John, E., Krebs, C.J., Dale, M.R.T., Nams, V.O., Boonstra, R., Boutin, S., Martin, K., Sinclair, A.R.E., and Smith, J.N.M. 1998. The effects of NPK fertilization for nine years on boreal forest vegetation in northwestern Canada. J. Veg. Sci. 9: 333-346.
235. Van Breemen, N. 1995. How Sphagnum bogs down other plants. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10: 270-275.
236. Van Cleve, K., and Alexander, V. 1981. Nitrogen cycling in tundra and boreal ecosystems. Ecol. Bull. 33: 375-404.
237. Van Cleve, K., and Dyrness, C.T. 1983. Effects of forest-floor disturbance on soil-solution nutrient composition in a black spruce ecosystem. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 894-902.
238. Van Cleve, K., Oliver, L., Schlentner, R., Viereck, L.A., and Dyrness, C.T. 1983. Productivity and nutrient cycling in taiga forest ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 747-766.
239. van Nostrand, R.S. 1979. Growth response of black spruce in Newfoundland to N, P and K fertilization. For. Chron. 55: 189-193.
240. Vasander, H. 1996. Peatlands in Finland. Finnish Peatland Society. Helsinki. 168 p.
241. Vasander, H., Laiho, R., and Laine, J. 1997. Changes in species diversity in peatlands drained for forestry: toward a sustainable forestry practice. In Northern forested wetlands: ecology and management. Edited by C.C. Trettin, M.F. Jurgensen, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 109-119.
242. Verhoeven, J.T.A., Maltby, E., and Schmitz, M.B. 1990. Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in fens and bogs. J. Ecol. 78: 713-726.
243. Verry, E.S. 1980. Water table and streamflow changes after stripcutting and clearcutting an undrained black spruce bog. In Proceedings of the 6th International Peat Congress. Duluth, Minnesota, 17-23 August 1980. International Peat Society, Helsinki, Finland, p. 493.
244. Viereck, L. A. 1970. Forest succession and soil development adjacent to the Chena River in interior Alaska. Arct. Alp. Res. 2: 1-26.
245. Vincent, A.B. 1962. The silvics of black spruce: a literature review. Canadian Department of Forestry, Richmond Hill, Ont.
246. Vitt, D.H., and Belland, R.J. 1995. The bryophytes of peatlands in continental western Canada. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 40: 339-348.
247. Vitt, D.H., and Kuhry, P. 1992. Changes in moss-dominated wetland ecosystems. In Bryophytes and lichens in a changing environment. Edited by J.W. Bates and A.M. Farmer. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 178-210.
248. Vitt, D.H., and Slack, N.G. 1984. Niche diversification of Sphagnum relative to environmental factors in northern Minnesota peatlands. Can. J. Bot. 62: 1409-1430.
249. Vitt, D.H., Halsey, L.A., Bauer, I.E., and Campbell, C. 2000. Spatial and temporal trends in carbon storage of peatlands of continental western Canada through the Holocene. Can. J. Earth Sci. 37: 683-693.
250. Vitt, D.H., Wieder, K., Halsey, L.A., and Turetsky, M. 2003a. Response of Sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition: a case study of ombrogenous peatlands in Alberta, Canada. Bryologist, 106: 235-245.
251. Vitt, D.H., Halsey, L.A., Bray, J., and Kinser, A. 2003b. Patterns of bryophytes richness in a complex boreal landscape: identifying key habitats at McClellan Lake Wetland. Bryologist, 106: 372-382.
252. Wallstedt, A., Coughlan, A., Munson, A.D., Nilsson, M.-C., and Margolis, H.A. 2002. Mechanisms of interaction between Kalmia angustifolia cover and Picea mariana seedlings. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 2022-2031.
253. Walter, H. 1977. The oligotrophic peatlands of western Siberia - the largest peinohelobiome in the world. Vegetatio, 34: 167-178.
254. Wang, E.I.C., Mueller, T., and Micko, M.M. 1985. Drainage effect on growth and wood quality of some bog grown trees in Alberta. For. Chron. 61: 489-493.
255. Wardle, D.A., Zackrisson, O., and Nilsson, M.-C. 1998. The charcoal effect in boreal forests: mechanisms and ecological consequences. Oecologia, 115: 419-426.
256. Watt, R.F., and Heinselman, M.L. 1965. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus level related to site quality in a northern Minnesota spruce bog. Ecology, 46: 357-361.
257. Weber, M.G., and Taylor, S.W. 1992. The use of prescribed fire in the management of Canada's forested lands. For. Chron. 68: 324-334.
258. Weber, M.G., and Van Cleve, K. 1984. Nitrogen transformations in feather moss and forest floor layers of interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems. Can. J. For. Res. 14: 278-290.
259. Weetman, G.F. 1962a. Nitrogen relations in a black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) stand subject to various fertilizer and soil treatments. Pulp Pap. Res. Inst. Can. Woodl. Res. Index No. 129
260. Weetman, G.F. 1962b. Mor humus: a problem in a black spruce stand at Iroquois Falls, Ontario. Pulp Pap. Res. Inst. Can. Woodl. Res. Index No. 130.
261. Weetman, G.F. 1968. The nitrogen fertilization of three black spruce stands. Pulp Pap. Res. Inst. Can. Woodl. Paper No. 6.
262. Weetman, G.F. 1975. Ten-year growth response of black spruce to thinning and fertilization treatments. Can. J. For. Res. 5: 302-309.
263. Wells, E.D., and Warren, W.G. 1997. Height growth, needle mass and needle nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu in a 6-year-old Black spruce peatland plantation in Newfoundland, Canada. Scand. J. For. Res. 12: 138-148.
264. Wells, E.D., and Williams, B.L. 1996. Effects of drainage, tilling and PK-fertilization on bulk density, total N, P, K, Ca and Fe and net N-mineralization in two peatland forestry sites in Newfoundland, Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 84: 97-108.
265. Westman, C.J., and Laiho, R. 2003. Nutrient dynamics of drained peatland forests. Biogeochemistry, 63: 269-298.
266. Whynot, T.W., and Penner, M. 2000. Growth and yield of black spruce ecosystems in the Ontario Clay Belt: Implications for forest management. For. Can. Petawawa Natl. For. Inst. Info. Rep. PI-X-99.
267. Wilde, S.A., Voigt, G.K., and Pierce, R.S. 1954. The relationship of soils and forest growth in the Algoma district of Ontario, Canada. J. Soil Sci. 5: 22-39.
268. Wood, M.J., Carling, P.A., and Moffat, A.J. 2003. Reduced ground disturbance during mechanized forest harvesting on sensitive forest soils in the UK. Forestry, 76: 345-361.
269. Wurtz, T.L., and Zasada, J.C. 2001. An alternative to clear-cutting in the boreal forest of Alaska: a 27-year study of regeneration after shelterwood harvesting. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 999-1011.
270. Yamasaki, S.H., Fyles, J.W., Egger, K.N., and Titus, B.D. 1998. The effect of Kalmia angustifolia on the growth, nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal symbiont community of black spruce. For. Ecol. Manage. 105: 197-207.
271. Yamasaki, S.H., Fyles, J.W., and Titus, B.D. 2002. Interactions among Kalmia angustifolia, soil characteristics, and the growth and nutrition of black spruce seedlings in two boreal Newfoundland plantations of contrasting fertility. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 2215-2224.
272. Yu, Z., Campbell, I.D., Vitt, D.H., and Apps, M.J. 2001. Modelling long-term peatland dynamics. I. Concepts, review, and proposed design. Ecol. Model. 145: 197-210.
273. Zack, L.W. 1950. A northern climax, forest or muskeg? Ecology, 31: 304-306.
274. Zackrisson, O. 1977. Influence of forest fires on the North Swedish boreal forest. Oikos, 29: 22-32.
275. Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M.C., and Wardle, D.A. 1996. Key ecological function of charcoal from wildfire in the boreal forest. Oikos, 77: 10-19.
276. Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M.C., Dahlberg, A., and Jäderlund, A. 1997. Interference mechanisms in conifer-Ericaceae-feathermoss communities. Oikos, 77: 209-220.
277. Zasada, J.C., Norum, R.A., Van Veldhuizen, R.M., and Teutsch, C.E. 1983. Artificial regeneration of trees and tall shrubs in experimentally burned upland black spruce/feathermoss stands in Alaska. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 903-913.
278. Zoltai, S.C., Morrissey, L.A., Livingston, G.P., and de Groot, W.J. 1998. Effects of fires on carbon cycling in North American boreal peatlands. Environ. Rev. 6: 13-24.