Targeted radionuclide therapy - an overview

Current Radiopharmaceuticals

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 152-180

  Dash, Ashutosh ^a   Pillai, M R A ^a  

^a BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

^b Russ)   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Auger electron; Cytotoxic; Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); Nanoparticles; Neuroendocrine tumors (NET); Non Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL); Osteogenesis; Peptides; Phagocytosis; Radioisotopes; Radionuclides; Radiosynovectomy; Somatostatin (SST) receptor

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; DEXTRAN; DRUG CARRIER; LIPOSOME; OCTREOTIDE; PENTETATE INDIUM IN 111; PEPTIDE; PEPTIDOMIMETIC AGENT; PHOSPHORUS 32; RADIOISOTOPE; RECEPTOR; SAMARIUM 153; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; STRONTIUM 89; YTTRIUM 90; NANOPARTICLE; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT;

AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BETA RADIATION; BONE PAIN; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG TARGETING; ELECTRON; HUMAN; ISOTOPE LABELING; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NONHUMAN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; POLYCYTHEMIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EQUIPMENT; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; RADIOISOTOPE THERAPY; RADIOSURGERY; REVIEW; SYNOVECTOMY; THYROID CANCER; ANALGESIA; BONE DISEASES; CHEMISTRY; LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER; NEOPLASMS; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS; NUCLEAR MEDICINE; PROCEDURES;

BONE DISEASES; ELECTRONS; HUMANS; LINEAR ENERGY TRANSFER; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS; NUCLEAR MEDICINE; PAIN MANAGEMENT; POLYCYTHEMIA; RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY; RADIOISOTOPES; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; RADIOTHERAPY;

EID: 84891472678     PISSN: 18744710     EISSN: 18744729     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/18744710113066660023     Document Type: Review

References (271)

1. Ferlay, J.; Shin, H.R.; Bray, F.; Forman, D.; Mathers, C.; Parkin, D.M. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int. J. Cancer. 2010, 127, 2893-2917.
2. World Health Organization Fact Sheet no. 297-Cancer, 2009. Available at: https: //www.who.int.mediacenter/factsheets/fs297/en.
3. Baskar, R.; Lee, K.A.; Yeo, R.; Yeoh, K.W. Cancer and Radiation Therapy: Current Advances and Future Directions. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2012, 9, 193-199.
4. Carlsson, J.; Forssell-Aronsson, E.; Hietala, S.O.; Stigbrand, T.; Tennvall, J. Tumor therapy with radionuclides: assessment of progress and problems. Radiother. Oncol. 2003, 66, 107-117.
5. Carlsson, J.; Forssell-Aronsson, E.; Glimelius, B.; Mattsson, S. Therapy with radiopharmaceuticals. Acta. Oncol. 2002, 41, 623-628.
6. Ercan, M.T.; Caglar, M. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Cur. Pharm. Design. 2000, 6, 1085-1121.
7. Srivastava, S.C. Therapeutic radionuclides: Making the right choice, in Mather SJ (ed): Current Directions in Radiopharmaceutical Research and Development, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, 63-79.
8. Williams, L.E.; DeNardo, G.L.; Meredith, R.F. Targeted radionuclide therapy. Med Phys. 2008, 35, 3062-3068
9. Srivastava, S.C.; Dadachova, E. Recent advances in radionuclide therapy, http: //www.seminarsinnuclearmedicine.com/article/S0001-2998%2801%2980012-X/abstract-article-footnote-1Sem. Nucl. Med. 2001, 31, 330-341.
10. Cuaron, J.J.; Hirsch, J.A.; Medich, D.C.; Rosenstein, B.S.; Martel, C.B.; Hirsch, A.E. A proposed methodology to select radioisotopes for use in radionuclide therapy. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2009, 30, 1824-1829.
11. Tolmachev, V.; Carlsson, J.; Lundqvist, H. A limiting factor for the progress of radionuclide-based cancer diagnostics and therapyavailability of suitable radionuclides. Acta. Oncol. 2004, 43, 264-275.
12. Unak, P. Targeted Tumor Radiotherapy. Braz. Arch. Biol. Tech. 2002, 45, 97-110
13. Stanciu, A.E. Radionuclide in targeted therapy of cancer. Rev. Roum. Chim. 2012, 57, 5-13.
14. Das, T.; Pillai, M.R.A. Options to meet the future global demand of radionuclides for radionuclide therapy. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2013, 40, 23-32.
15. Sofou, S. Radionuclide carriers for targeting of cancer. Int J Nanomedicine. 2008, 3, 181-199.
16. Kassis, A.I. Therapeutic Radionuclides: Biophysical and Radiobiologic Principles. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2008, 38, 358-366.
17. Howell, R.W.; Rao, D. V.; Sastry, K. S. Macroscopic dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy: nonuniform activity distributions in solid tumors Med. Phys. 1989, 16, 66-74.
18. Volkert, W.A.; Hoffman, T.J. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2269-2292.
19. Volkert, W.A.; Goeckler, W.F.; Ehrhardt, G.J.; Ehrhardt, G.J.; Ketring, A.R. Therapeutic radionuclides: Production and decay property considerations. J. Nucl. Med. 1991, 32, 174-185.
20. Spitzweg, C.; Morris, J.C. Sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroid. Hormones (Athens). 2002, 1, 22-34
21. Wheldon, T.E. Targeting radiation to tumors. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1994, 65, 109-116.
22. O'Donoghue, J.A.; Bardibs, M.; Wheldon, T.E.; Relationships between tumor size and curability for uniformly targeted therapy with beta-emitting radionuclides. J. Nucl. Med. 1995, 36, 1902-1909.
23. Kassis, A.I.; Adelstein, S.J. Radiobiologic principles in radionuclide therapy. J Nucl Med 2005, 46(Suppl 1), 4S-12S.
24. Hall, E.J. Radiobiology for the radiologist. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1994, 153-164.
25. Barendsen, G.W.; Beusker, T.L.J. Effects of different ionizing radiations on human cells in tissue culture. 1. Irradiation techniques and dosimetry. Radiat. Res. 1960, 13, 832-840.
26. Barendsen, G.W.; Beusker, T.L.J.; Vergroesen, A.J.; Budke, L. Effect of different ionizing radiations on human cells in tissue culture. 2. Biological experiments, Radiat. Res. 1960, 13, 841-849.
27. Barendsen, G.W.; Vergroesen, A.J. Irradiation of human cells in tissue culture with alpha-rays, beta-rays and X-rays, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 1960, 2, 441.
28. Ruth, T. J.; Pate, B. D.; Robertson, and Porter, J. K. Radionuclide production for biosciences. Nucl. Med. Biol. 198916, 323-336.
29. Ehrhardt, G. J.; Ketring, A. R.; and Ayers, L. M. Reactor-produced radionuclides at the University of Missouri Research Reactior. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1998, 49, 295-297.
30. Karenlin, Y. A.; Toporov, Y. G. RIAR reactor produced radionuclides. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1998, 49, 299-304.
31. Knapp, F. F., Jr., (Russ); Mirzadeh, S.; Beets, A. L.; O'Doherty, M.; Blower, P. J.; Verdera, E. S.; Gaudiano, J. S.; Kropp, J., Gihlke; J., Palmedo, H.; Biersack, H.-J. Reactor-produced radioisotopes from ORNL for bone pain palliation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1998, 49, 309-315.
32. Mausner, L. F.; Kolsky, K. L.; Joshi, V.; Srivastava, S. C. Radionuclide development at BNL for nuclear medicine therapy. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1998, 49, 285-294.
33. Qaim, S. M. The present and future of medical radionuclide production, Radiochim. Acta. 2012, 100, 635-651.
34. Neves, M.; Kling, A.; Oliveira, A. Radionuclides used for therapy and suggestion for new candidates, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2005, 266, 377-384.
35. Barendsen, G.W. Dose-survival curves of human cells in tissue culture irradiated with alpha-, beta-, 20-kV X-and 200-kV X-radiation. Nature 1962, 193, 1153-1156.
36. Barendsen, G.W.; Walter, H.M.D.; Bewley, D.K.; Fowler, J.F. Effects of different ionizing radiations on human cells in tissue culture. 3. Experiments with cyclotron accelerated alpha-particles and deuterons. Radiat. Res. 1963, 18, 106-119.
37. Barendsen, G.W.; Walter, H.M.D. Effects of different ionizing radiations on human cells in tissue culture. 4. Modification of radiation damage. Radiat. Res. 1964, 21, 314-329.
38. Barendsen, G.W.; Modification of radiation damage by fractionation of dose anoxia+chemical protectors in relation to LET. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1964, 114, 96-114.
39. Barendsen, G.W. Impairment of the proliferative capacity of human cells in culture by alpha-particles with differing linear-energy transfer. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys. Chem. Med. 1964, 8, 453-466.
40. Allen, B.J. Future prospects for targeted alpha therapy. Curr Radiopharm. 2011, 4, 336-342.
41. Kassis, A.I.; Adelstein, S.J. Radiobiologic principles in radionuclide therapy. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 4S-12S.
42. 125I in mammalian cells. Radiat. Res. 1987, 111, 305-318.
43. Humm, J. L.; Howell, R. W.; Rao, D. V. Dosimetry of Auger-Electron-Emitting Radionuclides, Report No. 3 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine, Task Group No. 6. Med. Phy. 1994, 21, 1901-1915.
44. Howell, R. W.; Narra, V. R.; Sastry, K. S.; Rao, D. V. Auger Electron Dosimetry, Report No. 37 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine, Task Group No. 2. Med. Phy., 1992, 19, 1352-1383.
45. Thisgaard, H. Accelerator Based Production of Auger-Electron Emitting Isotopes for Radionuclide Therapy, Denmark, Risø-PhD-42(EN), 2008, 2-6.
46. Kassis, A.I.; Adelstein, S.J. Radiobiologic principles in radionuclide therapy. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 4S-12S.
47. Henriksen, G.; Schoultz, B.W.; Michaelsen, T.E.; Bruland, O.S.; Larsen, L.H. Sterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier for alphaemitting radium and actinium radionuclides Nucl. Med. Biol. 2004, 31, 441-449.
48. Sofou, S.; Kappel, B.J.; Jaggi, J.S.; McDevitt, M.R.; Scheinberg, D.A.; Sgouros, G. Enhanced retention of the alpha-particleemitting daughters of Actinium-225 by liposome carriers. Bioconjug. Chem., 2007, 18, 2061-2067.
49. Lasic, D.D.; Liposomes from Physics to Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, 43-62.
50. Du, J.; Marquez, M.; Hiltunen, J.; Marquez, M.; Nilsson S.; Holmberg, A.R. Radiolabeling of dextran with rhenium-188. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 2000, 53, 443-448.
51. 186Re-HEDP. J. Nucl. Med. 2003, 44, 247-251.
52. 153Sm-EDTMP for bone pain palliation in skeletal metastases. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2004, 31, S171-S178.
53. 186Re-HEDP for metastatic bone pain in breast cancer patients. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2004, 31, S162-S170.
54. Lam, M.G.; de Klerk, J.M.; van Rijk, P.P.; Zonnenberg, B.A. Bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals for palliation of pain in cancer patients with osseous metastases. Anticancer. Agents. Med. Chem. 2007, 7, 381-97.
55. Eriksson, B. New drugs in neuroendocrine tumors: rising of new therapeutic philosophies? Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2010, 22, 381-386.
56. Okarvi, S.M. Peptide based radiopharmaceuticals and cytotoxic conjugates: potential tools against cancer. Cancer. Treat. Rev. 2008, 34, 13-26.
57. Reubi, J.C.; Mäcke, H.R.; Krenning, E.P. Candidates for peptide receptor radiotherapy today and in the future. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 67S-75S.
58. Milton, R.C.;. Milton, S. C; Kent, S.B. Total chemical synthesis of a D-enzyme: the enantiomers of HIV-1 protease show demonstration of reciprocal chiral substrate specificity. Science. 1992, 256, 1445-1448.
59. Welch, B.D.; Van Demark, A.P.; Heroux, A.; Hill, C.P.; Kay, M.S. Potent D-peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104, 16828-16833.
60. Walensky, L.D.; Kung, A.L.; Escher, I. Activation of apoptosis in vivo bv a hydrocarbon-stapled BH3 helix, Science. 2004, 305, 1466-1470.
61. Xia, H.C.; Hu, W.G.; Yang, X.X.; Li. F.; Zhang, Z.C. Preparation and primary application of monoclonal antibodies against a novel ribosome-inactivating protein Moschatin from pumpkin seeds. Acta. Biochim. Biophys. Sin (Shanghai). 2004, 36, 105-110.
62. Breedveld, F. C. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Lancet. 2000, 355, 735-740.
63. Steiner, M.; Neri, D. Antibody-radionuclideconjugates for cancer therapy: historical considerations and new trends. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17, 6406-6416.
64. Teicher, B.A.; Chari, R.V. Antibody conjugate therapeutics: challenges and potential. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17, 6389-6397.
65. Wong, J.Y. Basic immunology of antibody targeted radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2006, 66, S8-S14.
66. Goldmacher, V.S.; Kovtun, Y.V. Antibody-drug conjugates: using monoclonal antibodies for delivery of cytotoxic payloads to cancer cells. Ther. Deliv. 2011, 2, 397-416.
67. Susan Hoppmann, S.; Miao, Z.; Shuanglong Liu, S.; Liu, H.; Ren, G.; Bao, A.; Cheng.Z. Radiolabeled Affibody-Albumin Bioconjugates for HER2-Positive Cancer Targeting. Bioconjugate. Chem. 2011, 22, 413-421.
68. Eberlein, U.; Bröer, J.H.; Vandevoorde, C.; Santos, P.; Bardiès, M.; Bacher, K.; Nosske, D.; Lassmann, M. Biokinetics and dosimetry of commonly used radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic nuclearmedicine-a review. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011, 38, 2269-2281.
69. Lassmann, M.; Chiesa, C.; Flux, G.; Bardiès, M., EANM Dosimetry Committee guidance document: good practice of clinical dosimetry reporting. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011, 38, 192-200.
70. Bacher, K.; Thierens, H.M. Accurate dosimetry: an essential step towards good clinical practice in nuclear medicine. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2005, 26, 581-586.
71. Strigari, L.; Benassi, M.; Chiesa, C.; Cremonesi, M.; Bodei, L.; D'Andrea, M. Dosimetry in nuclear medicine therapy: radiobiology application and results. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011, 55, 205-221.
72. Sgouros, G.; Frey, E.; Wahl, R.; He, B.; Prideaux, A.; Hobbs, R. Three-dimensional imaging-based radiobiological dosimetry. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2008, 38, 321-334.
73. Hobbs, R.F.; Baechler, S.; Fu, D.X.; Esaias, C.; Pomper, M.G.; Ambinder, R.F.; Sgouros, G. A model of cellular dosimetry for macroscopic tumors in radiopharmaceutical therapy. Med. Phys. 2011, 38, 2892-2903.
74. Flux, G.; Bardies, M.; Chiesa, C.; Monsieurs, M.; Savolainen, S.; Strand, S.E.; Lassmann, M. Clinical radionuclide therapy dosimetry: the quest for the "Holy Gray". Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2007, 34, 1699-1700.
75. Brans, B.; Bodei, L.; Giammarile, F.; Linden, O.; Luster, M.; Oyen, W.J.; Tennvall, J. Clinical radionuclide therapy dosimetry: the quest for the "Holy Gray". Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2007, 34, 772-86.
76. Bardiès, M.; Buvat, I. Dosimetry in nuclear medicine therapy: what are the specifics in image quantification for dosimetry? Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011, 55, 5-20.
77. 32P-therapy in polycythemia vera. Klin. Wochenschr. 1975, 53(11), 519-521.
78. 32P-therapy in management of polycythemia vera. Klin. Wochenschr. 1975, 53, 555-558.
79. Tennvall, J.; Boudewijn, B. EANM procedure guideline for 32P phosphate treatment of myeloproliferative diseases. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2007, 34, 1324-1327.
80. 32P treatment for polycythaemia vera on blood lymphocyte subpopulations and their functions. Eur. J. Haematol. 1987, 39, 221-227.
81. 32P between 1969 and 1981. Semin. Hematol. 1997, 34, 6-16.
82. 32P phosphate treatment of myeloproliferative diseases. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2007, 34, 1324-1327.
83. Pearson, T.C.; Barbui, T. The management of polycythemia vera. Hematology 1997, 2, 55-64.
84. Berk, P.D.; Goldberg, J.D.; Donovan, P.B.; Fruchtman, S.M.; Berlin, N.I.; Wasserman, L.R. Therapeutic recommendations in polycythemia vera based on Polycythemia Vera Study Group protocols. Semin. Hematol. 1986, 23, 132-143.
85. Beierwaltes, W.H. The history of the use of radioactive iodine. Semin. Nucl. Med. 1979, 3, 151-155.
86. Goldsmith, S.J. Thyroid carcinoma. In: Khalikhali I, Maublant JC, Goldsmith SJ, editors. Nuclear oncology: Diagnosis & Therapy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001. 197-219.
87. Beierwaltes, W.H.; Nishitama, R.H.; Thompson, N.W.; Copp, J.E.; Cuba, A. Survival Time "Cure" in Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma with Distant Metastases: Statistics Following University of Michigan Therapy. J. Nucl. Med. 1982, 23, 561-568.
88. Klain, M.; Ricard, M.; Leboulleux, S.; Baudin, E,; Schlumberger, M. Radioiodine therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2002. 29, S479-S485.
89. Movious, E.G.; Robbins, J.; Pierce, L. R,; Reynolds, J.C.; Keenan, A.M.; Phyillaier, M.A. In: Medeiros, N.G.; Gaitan, E. [eds], Frontiers in thyroidology, New York, Plenum Press, 1986, 2, 1269-1272.
90. 131Iodine. J. Nucl. Med. 2002, 43, 856-861.
91. Leeper, R.D.; Shimaoka, K. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 1980, 9, 383-405
92. Lun, Y.; Wu, X.; Xia, Q.; Han, Y.; Zhang, X.; Liu, Z.; Wang, F.; Duan, Z.; Xin, S.; Zhang, J. Hashimoto's thyroiditis as a risk factor of papillary thyroid cancer may improve cancer prognosis. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2013, 148, 396-402.
93. Miller, R.W.; Young, J.L. Jr, Novakovic, B. Childhood cancer. Cancer 1994, 75, 395-405.
94. Gasnier, B.; Roisin, M.P.; Scherman, D.; Coornaert, S.; Desplanches, G.; Henry, J.P. Uptake of meta-iodobenzylguanidine by bovine chromaffin granule membranes. Mol. Pharmacol. 1986, 29, 275-280.
95. Chrisoulidou, A.; Kaltsas, G.; Ilias, I.; Grossman, A.B. The diagnosis and management of malignant phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2007, 14, 569-585.
96. Ahlman, H. Malignant pheochromocytoma: state of the field with future projections. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1073, 449-464.
97. 131I-MIBG as first-line treatment in high risk neuroblastoma patients. Nucl Med Comm 1994, 15, 712-717
98. Kaltsas. G.A.; Papadogias, D.; Makras, P.; Grossman, A.B. Treatment of advanced neuroendocrine tumors with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2005, 12, 683-699.
99. Kolby, L.; Bernhardt, P.; Johanson, V.; Wangberg, B.; Muth, A.; Jansson, S.; Forssell-Aronsson, E.; Nilsson, O.; Ahlman, H. Can quantification of VMAT and SSTR expression be helpful for planning radionuclide therapy of malignant pheochromocytomas? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006, 1073, 491-497.
100. Cuccurullo, V.; Cascini, G.L.; Tamburrini, O.; Rotondo, A.; Mansi, L. Bone metastases radiopharmaceuticals: an overview. Curr. Radiopharm. 2013, 6, 41-47.
101. Paes, F.M.; Serafini, A.N. Systemic metabolic radiopharmaceutical therapy in the treatment of metastatic bone pain. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2010, 40, 89-104.
102. Pecher, C. Biological Investigations with Radioactive Calcium and trontium: Preliminary Report on the Use of Radioactive Strontium in the Treatment of Metastatic Bone Cancer. Univ. Calif. Publ. Pharmacol. 1942, 2, 117-149.
103. Cuccurullo, V.; Cascini, G.; Rossi, A.; Tamburrini, O.; Rotondo, A.; Mansi, L. Pathophysiological premises to radiotracers for bone metastases. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011, 55, 353-73
104. Silberstein, E.B. Advances in our understanding of the treatment of painful bone metastases. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 41, 655.657.
105. Blake, G.M.; Zivanovic, M.A.; Blaquiere, R.M.; Fine. D.R.; McEwan, A.J.; Ackery, D.M. Strontium-89 therapy: measurement of absorbed dose to skeletal metastases. J. Nucl. Med. 1988, 29, 549-557.
106. Collins, C.; Eary, J.F.; Donaldson, G.; Vernon, C.; Bush, N.E.; Petersdorf, S.; Livingston, R.B.; Gordon, E.E.; Chapman, C.R.; Appelbaum, F.R. Samarium-153-EDTMP in bone metastases of hormone refractory prostate carcinoma: a phase I/II trial. J. Nucl. Med. 1993, 34, 1839-1844.
107. Dolezal, J. Systemic radionuclide therapy with samarium-153-EDTMP for painful bone metastases. Nucl. Med. Rev. Cent. East. Eur. 2000, 3, 161-163.
108. Dolezal, J.; Vizda, J.; Odrazka, K. Prospective evaluation of samarium-153-EDTMP radionuclide treatment for bone metastases in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Urol. Int. 2007, 78, 50-57.
109. Tian, J.H.; Zhang, J. M; Hou, Q. T; Oyang, Q. H; Wang, J. M; Luan, Z. S; Chuan, L; He, Y.J. Multicentre trial on the effi cacy and toxicity of single-dose samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate as a palliative treatment for painful skeletal metastases in China. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1999, 26, 2-7.
110. Etchebehere, E.C.; Pereira Neto, C.A.; Lima, M.C.; Santos Ade, O.; Ramos, C.D.; Silva, C.M.; Camargo, E.E. Treatment of bone pain secondary to metastases using samarium-153-EDTMP. Sao. Paulo. Med. J. 2004, 122, 208-212.
111. Sapienza, M.T.; Ono, C.R.; Guimarães, M.I.; Watanabe, T.; Costa, P.A.; Buchpiguel, C.A. Retrospective evaluation of bone pain palliation after samarium-153-EDTMP therapy. Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Sao. Paulo. 2004, 59, 321-328.
112. 188Re-HEDP in prostate cancer patients with osseous metastases. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 27, 123-130.
113. Sciuto, R.; Festa, A.; Pasqualoni, R.; Semprebene, A; Rea, S.; Bergomi, S.; Maini, C.L. Metastatic bone pain palliation with 89-Sr and 186-Re-HEDP in breast cancer patients. Breast. Cancer. Res. Treat. 2001, 66, 101-109.
114. De Klerk, J.M.; Zonnenberg, B.A.; Blijham, G.H.; Van Het Schip, A.D.; Hoekstra, A.; Han, S.H.; Quirijnen, J.M.; Van Dijk, A.; Van Rijk, P.P. Treatment of metastatic bone pain using the bone seeking radiopharmaceutical Re-186-HEDP. Anticancer. Res. 1997, 17, 1773-1777.
115. de Klerk, J.M.; van het Schip, A.D.; Zonnenberg, B.A.; van Dijk, A.; Quirijnen J.M.; Blijham, G.H.; van Rijk, P.P. Phase 1 study of rhenium-186-HEDP in patients with bone metastases originating from breast cancer. J. Nucl. Med. 1996, 37, 244-249.
116. Palmedo, H.; Guhlke, S.; Bender, H.; Sartor, J.; Schoeneich, G.; Risse, J.; Grünwald, F.; Knapp, F.F. Jr.; Biersack, H.J. Dose escalation study with rhenium-188 hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate in prostate cancer patients with osseous metastases. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 27, 123-130.
117. Palmedo H, Manka-Waluch A, Albers P, Schmidt-Wolf, I.G.; Reinhardt, M.; Ezziddin, S.; Joe, A.; Roedel, R.; Fimmers, R.; Knapp, F.F. Jr.; Guhlke, S.; Biersack, H.J. Repeated bone targeted therapy for hormone refractory prostate carcinoma: randomized phase II trials with the new high-energy radiopharmaceutical rhenium-188 hydroxythylidine-diphosphonate. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21, 2869-2875.
118. Krishnamurthy, G.T.; Swailem, F.M.; Srivastava, S.C.; Atkins, H.L.; Simpson, L.J.; Walsh, T.K.; Ahmann, F.R.; Meinken, G.E.; Shah, J.H. Tin-117m(4+) DTPA: pharmacokinetics and imaging characteristics in patients with metastatic bone pain. J. Nucl. Med. 1997, 38, 230-237.
119. 117mSn(4+) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for radionuclide therapy of bone cancer. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 41, 2043-2050.
120. Bouchet, L.G.; Bolch, W.E.; Goddu, S.M.; Howell, R.W.; Rao, D.V.; Considerations in the selection of radiopharmaceuticals for palliation of bone pain from metastatic osseous lesions. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 41, 682-687.
121. Srivastava, S.C.; Atkins, H.L.; Krishnamurthy, G.T.; Zanzi, I.; Silberstein, E.B.; Meinken, G.; Mausner. L.F.; Swailem, F.; D'Alessandro, T.; Cabahug, C.J.; Lau, Y.; Park, T.; Madajewicz, S. Treatment of metastatic bone pain with tin-117m stannic diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid: a phase I/II clinical study. Clin. Cancer. Res. 1998, 4, 61-68.
122. Atkins, H.L.; Mausner, L.F.; Srivastava, S.C.; Meinken, G.E.; Cabahug, C.J.; D'Alessandro, T. Tin-117m(4+)-DTPA for palliation of pain from osseous metastases: a pilot study. J. Nucl. Med. 1995, 36, 725-729.
123. Ritter, M.A.; Cleaver, J.E.; Tobias, C.A. High-LET radiations induce a large proportion of non-rejoining DNAbreaks. Nature. 1977, 266, 653-655.
124. Cheetham, P.J.; Petrylak, D.P. Alpha particles as radiopharmaceuticals in the treatment of bone metastases: mechanism of action of radium-223 chloride (Alpharadin) and radiation protection. Oncology. 2012, 26, 330-337.
125. 89Sr in mice. J. Nucl. Med. 2003, 44, 252-259.
126. Solá, G.A.R.; Argüelles, M.G.; Bottazzini, D.L.; Furnari, J.C.; Parada, I.G.; Rojo, A.; Ruiz, H.V. Lutetium-177-EDTMP for bone pain palliation. Preparation, biodistribution and pre-clinical studies. Radiochimica Acta. 2000, 88, 157-161.
127. 177Lu-EDTMP: a viable bone pain palliative in skeletal metastasis. Cancer. Biother. Radiopharm. 2008, 23, 202-213.
128. 177Lu-EDTMP, a potential bone pain palliation agent. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2010, 37, 215-226.
129. 177Lu-EDTMP toward performing bone palliation treatment. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2012, 33, 90-96.
130. 175Yb labeled polyaminophosphonates as potential agents for bone pain palliation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2004, 60, 635-642
131. 2 for bone pain palliation. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2009, 36, 561-568.
132. Schneider, P.; Farahati, J.; Reiners, C. Radiosynovectomy in rheumatology, orthopedics, and hemophilia. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 48S-54S.
133. Modder, G. Radiosynoviorthesis-involvement of nuclear medicine in rheumatology and orthopaedics. Warlich Druck und Verlagsges. MbH: Meckenheim, Germany, 1995.
134. 90Y. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1973, 32, 48-50.
135. Wang SJ.; Lin WY.; Chen MN.; Chen JT.; Ho WL.; Hsieh BT.; Huang H.; Shen LH.; Ting G.; Knapp F.F. Jr. Histologic study of effects of radiation synovectomy with Rhenium-188 microsphere. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2001, 28, 727-732.
136. Mohr, W,; Mohing, W.; Hersener, J. Morphological changes in the articular capsule tissue after preliminary synoviorthesis. Z. Rheumatol. 1977, 36, 316-331.
137. Menkes, C.J. Gelenkverodung mittels radioaktiver Isotpe bei rheumatoider Arthritis. Therapiewoche. 1979, 29, 498-501.
138. Shortkroff, S.; Sledge, C.B. Radiation synovectomy. In: Principles of Nuclear Medicine 2nd edition. Edited by: Wagner HN Jr, Szabo Z, Buchanan JW. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.1995, 1021-1028.
139. Noble, J.; Jones, A.G.; Davies, M.A.; Sledge, C.B.; Kramer, R.I.; Livni, E. Leakage of radioactive practice system from synovial joint studied with a gamma camera; its application to radiation synovectomy. J. Bone. Joint. Surg. 1983, 65, 381-389.
140. Murray, T.; Erskine Hilditch, T. Therapeutic applications of radiopharmaceuticals. In: Textbook of Radiopharmacy. Theory and Practice 3rd edition. Edited by: Sampson CB. Cambridge: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. 1999: 380.
141. Clunie, G.; Ell, P.J. A survey of radiation synovectomy in Europe, 1991-1993. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1995, 22, 970-976.
142. 188Re-tin colloid as a new therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2003, 24, 689-696.
143. Harbert, J.C. Radionuclide Therapy in Joint Diseases. In: Harbert, J.C. ed. Nuclear Medicine Diagnosis and Therapy. New York; Thieme Medical Publishers. Inc. 1996, 1093-1110.
144. Siegel, M. Siegel, H.J.; Luck, J.V. Radiosynovectomy's Clinical Applications and Cost Effectiveness: A Review. Semin. Nucl. Med. 1997, 27, 364-371.
145. Clunie, G.; Fischer, M. EANM procedure guidelines for radiosynovectomy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2003, 30, BP12-BP16.
146. Schneider, P.; Farahati, J.; Reiners, C. Radiosynovectomy in rheumatology, orthopedics, and hemophilia. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 48S-54S.
147. Kat, S.; Kutz, R.; Elbracht, T.; Weseloh, G.; Kuwert, T. Radiosynovectomy in pigmented villonodular synovitis. Nuklearmedizin. 2000, 39, 209-213.
148. Parkin, D.M.; Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Pisani, P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA. Cancer. J. Clin. 2005, 55, 74-108.
149. Bosch, F.X.; Ribes, J.; Diaz, M.; Cleries, R. Primary Liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology. 2004, 127, S5-S16.
150. El-Serag, H.B.; Davila, J.A.; Petersen, N.J.; McGlynn, K.A. The continuing increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the UnitedStates: an update. Ann. Intern. Med. 2003, 139, 817-823.
151. Kennedy, A.; Nag, S.; Salem, R.; Murthy, R.; McEwan, A.J.; Nutting, C.; Benson, A.; Espat, J.; Bilbao, J. I.; Sharma, R. A.; Thomas, J. P.; Coldwell, D. Recommendations for radioembolization of hepatic malignancies using yttrium-90 microsphere brachytherapy: a consensus panel report from the radioembolization brachytherapy oncology consortium. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2007, 68, 13-23.
152. Ackerman, N.B.; Lien, W.M.; Kondi, E.S., Silverman, N.A. The blood supply of experimental liver metastases. I: The distribution of hepatic artery and portal vein blood to "small" and "large" tumors. Surgery. 1970, 66, 1067-1072.
153. Harbert, J.C.; In Nuclear Medicine: Diagnosis and Therapy; Harbert JC, Eckelman WC and Neumann RD. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., New York, 1996, 1141-1155.
154. Leung, W.T.; Lau, W.Y.; Ho. S.; Chan, M.; Leung, N.; Lin, J.; Ho, K.C. Metreweli C, Johnson PJ, Li AK. Selective internal radiation therapy with intra-arterial iodine-131-Lipiodol in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Nucl. Med. 1994, 35, 1313-1318
155. Raoul, J.L.; Guyader, D.; Bretagne, J.F.; Duvauferrier, R.; Bourguet, P.; Bekhechi, D.; Deugnier, Y.M.; Gosselin, M. Randomized controlled trial for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: intra-arterial iodine-131-iodized oil versus medical support. J. Nucl. Med. 1994, 35, 1782-1787.
156. Bhattacharya, S.; Novell, J.R.; Dusheiko, G.M.; Hilson, A.J.; Dick, R.; Hobbs, K.E. Epirubicin-Lipiodol chemotherapy versus 131iodine-Lipiodol radiotherapy in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1995, 76, 2202-2210.
157. Risse, J.H.; Grunwald, F.; Kersjes, W.; Strunk, H.; Caselmann, W.H.; Palmedo, H.; Bender, H.; Biersack, H.J. Intraarterial HCC therapy with I-131-Lipiodol. Cancer. Biother. Radiopharm. 2000, 15, 65-70.
158. Boucher, E.; Corbinais, S.; Rolland, Y.; Bourguet. P.; Guyader, D.; Boudjema, K.; Meunier, B.; Raoul, J.L. Adjuvant Intra-arterial Injection of Iodine-131-Labeled Lipiodol after Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Hepatology. 2003, 38, 1237-1241.
159. Risse, J.H.; Rabe, C.; Pauleit, D.; Reichmann, K.; Menzel, C.; Grünwald, F.; Strunk, H.; Biersack, H.J.; Palmedo, H. Therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma with iodine-131-lipiodol. Results in a large German cohort. Nuklearmedizin. 2006, 45, 185-192.
160. Boucher, E.; Garin, E.; Guylligomarc'h, A.; Olivie, D.; Boudjema, K.; Raoul, J.L. Intra-arterial injection of iodine-131-labeled lipiodol for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiothe. r Oncol. 2007, 82, 76-82.
161. Kanhere, H.A.; Leopardi, L.N.; Fischer, L.; Kitchener, M.I.; Maddern, G.J. Treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with radiolabelled lipiodol. ANZ. J. Surg. 2008, 78, 371-376.
162. Chua, T.C.; Chu, F.; Butler, S.P.; Quinn, R.J.; Glenn, D.; Liauw, W.; Morris, D.L. Intra-arterial iodine-131-lipiodol for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2010, 116, 4069-4077
163. Becker, S.; Laffont, S.; Vitry, F.; Rolland, Y.; Lecloirec, J.; Boucher, E.; Raoul, J.L.; Herry, J.Y.; Bourguet, P.; Garin, E. Dosimetric evaluation and therapeutic response to internal radiation therapy of hepatocarcinomas using iodine-131-labelled lipiodol. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2008, 29, 815-825.
164. Bretagne, J.F.; Raoul, J.L.; Bourguet, P.; Duvauferrier, R.; Deugnier, Y.; Faroux, R.; Ramée, A.; Herry, J.Y.; Gastard J. Hepatic artery injection of I-131-labelled lipiodol-Part 2. Radiology. 1998, 168, 547-550
165. Raoul, J.L.; Boucher, E.; Roland, V.; Garin, E. 131-iodine Lipiodol therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2009, 53, 348-355.
166. Raoul, J.L.; Guyader, D.; Bretagne, J.F.; Duvauferrier, R.; Bourguet, P.; Bekhechi, D.; Deugnier Y.M.; Gosselin, M. Randomized controlled trial for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: intra-arterial iodine-131-iodized oil versus medical support. J. Nucl. Med. 1994, 35, 1782-1787.
167. 131I-Lipiodol for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2001, 28, 669-670.
168. 188Re-Microspheres on the Hematologic, Hepatic and Renal Functions in the Treatment of VX2 Hepatic Tumor: An Animal Study. Ann. Nucl. Med. Sci. 2007, 20, 187-192.
169. 188Re] human serum albumin microspheres for therapeutic use in nuclear medicine. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2005, 62, 915-918.
170. Hafeli, U.O. Roberts, W.K.; Pauer, G.J.; Kraeft, S.K.; Macklis, R.M. Stability of biodegradable radioactive rhenium (Re-186 and Re-188) microspheres after neutron-activation. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2001, 54, 869-79
171. Andreana, L.; Isgrò, G.; Marelli, L.; Davies, N.; Yu, D.; Navalkissoor, S.; Burroughs, A.K. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by intra-arterial infusion of radio-emitter compounds: trans-arterial radio-embolisation of HCC. Cancer. Treat. Rev. 2012, 38, 641-649.
172. 188Re HDD-labeled iodized oil for treatment--prospective multicenter clinical trial. Radiology. 2007, 243, 509-519.
173. Sundram, F.; Chau, T.C.; Onkhuudai, P.; Bernal, P.; Padhy, A.K. Preliminary results of transarterial rhenium-188 HDD lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2004, 31, 250-257.
174. Bernal, P.; Raoul, J.L.; Stare, J.; Sereegotov, E.; Sundram, F.X.; Kumar, A.; Jeong, J.M.; Pusuwan, P.; Divgi, C.; Zanzonico, P.; Vidmar, G.; Buscombe, J.; Chau, T.T.; Saw, M.M.; Chen, S.; Ogbac, R.; Dondi, M.; Padhy, A.K. International Atomic Energy Agency-sponsored multination study of intra-arterial rhenium-188-labeled lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: results with special emphasis on prognostic value of dosimetric study. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2008, 38, S40-S45.
175. Bernal, P, Raoul, J.L.; Vidmar, G.; Sereegotov, E.; Sundram, F.X.; Kumar, A.; Jeong, J.M.; Pusuwan, P.; Divgi, C.; Zanzonico, P.; Stare, J.; Buscombe, J.; Minh, C.T.; Saw, M.M.; Chen, S.; Ogbac, R.; Padhy, A.K. Intra-arterial rhenium-188 lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: results of an IAEAsponsored multination study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2007, 69, 1448-1455.
176. Lambert, B.; Bacher, K.; Defreyne, L. Rhenium-188 based radiopharmaceuticals for treatment of liver tumors. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2009, 53, 305-310.
177. Liepe, K.; Brogsitter, C.; Leonhard, J.; Wunderlich, G.; Hliscs, R.; Pinkert, J.; Folprecht, G.; Kotzerke, J. Feasibility of high activity rhenium-188-microsphere in hepatic radioembolization. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 37, 942-950.
178. 188Re-HDD/lipiodol for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a feasibility study in patients with advanced cirrhosis. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 1326-1332.
179. Vente, M.A.; de Wit, T.C.; van den Bosch, M.A.; Bult, W.; Seevinck, P.R. Holmium-166 poly(L:-lactic acid) microsphere radioembolisation of the liver: technical aspects studied in a large animal model. Eur. Radiol. 2009, 20, 862-869.
180. Smits, ML, Nijsen, JF, van den Bosch, MA, Lam, MG, Vente, MA, Huijbregts, J.E.; van het Schip, A.D.; Elschot, M.; Bult, W.; de Jong, H.W.; Meulenhoff, P.C.; Zonnenberg, B.A. Holmium-166 radioembolization for the treatment of patients with liver metastases: design of the phase I HEPAR trial. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer. Res. 2010, 29, 70.
181. Kim, J.K.; Han, K.H.; Lee, J.T.; Paik, Y.H.; Ahn, S.H.; Lee, J.D.; Lee, K.S.; Chon, C.Y.; Moon, Y.M. Long-term clinical outcome of phase IIb clinical trial of percutaneous injection with holmium-166/chitosan complex (Milican) for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 543-548.
182. Sohn, J.H.; Choi, H.J.; Lee, J.T.; Lee, J.D.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, J.H.; Moon, Y.M.; Park, K.; Park, K.B.; Kim, E.; Yoo, N.C. Phase II study of transarterial holmium-166-chitosan complex treatment in patients with a single, large hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 2009, 76, 1-9.
183. Lee, I.J.; Seong, J.; Koom, W.S.; Kim, Y.B.; Jeon, B.C.; Kim, J.H.; Han, K.J. Selection of the Optimal Radiotherapy Technique for Locally Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 41, 882-889.
184. Lee, I.J.; Seong, J. The Optimal Selection of Radiotherapy Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Gut. Liver. 2012, 6, 139-48.
185. Okarvi, S.M. Peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals: future tools for diagnostic imaging of cancers and other diseases. Med. Res. Rev. 2004, 24, 357-397.
186. Heppeler, A.; Froidevaux, S.; Eberle, A.N.; Maecke, H.R. Receptor targeting for tumor localisation and therapy with radiopeptides. Curr. Med. Chem. 2000, 7, 971-994.
187. Van Den Bossche, B.; Van de Wiele, C. Receptor imaging in oncology by means of nuclear medicine: current status. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004, 22, 3593-3607.
188. Santos, S.; Torcato, I.; Castanho M.A. Biomedical applications of dipeptides and tripeptides. Biopolymers. 2012, 98, 288-393.
189. Reubi, J.C. Peptide receptors as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Endocr Rev. 2003, 24, 389-427.
190. Gotthardt, M.; Dijkgraaf, I., Boerman, O.C.; Oyen, W.J.G. Nuclear medicine imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors Cancer Imaging, 2006, 6, S178-S184.
191. Reubi, J.C.; Macke, H.R.; Krenning, E.P. Candidates for peptide receptor radiotherapy today and in the future. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 67S-75S.
192. Rufini, V.; Calcagni, M.L.; Baum, R.P. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2006, 36, 228-247.
193. Fani, M.;. Maecke, H. R.; Okarvi, S. M. Radiolabeled Peptides: Valuable Tools for the Detection and Treatment of Cancer, Theranostics, 2012, 2, 481-501.
194. 188Re-labeled linear alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogs for specific melanoma targeting. Nucl. Med. Biol. 1999, 26, 687-693.
195. 111In-labeled amelanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides as imaging probes for primary and pulmonary metastatic melanoma detection. J. Nucl. Med. 2007, 48, 73-80.
196. 177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3-octreotate. J. Nucl. Med. 2005, 46, 83S-91S.
197. 90Y-DOTA]-TOC in metastasized neu-roendocrine cancers. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29, 2416-2423.
198. Teunissen, J.J.; Kwekkeboom, D.J.; de Jong, M.; Esser, J.P.; Valkema, R.; Kren-ning, E.P. Endocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2005, 19, 595-616.
199. Barbieri F, Bajetto A, Pattarozzi A, Gatti M, Würth R, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Villa V, Nizzari M, Florio T. Peptide Receptor Targeting in Cancer: The Somatostatin Paradigm Int J Pept. 2013 (In press)
200. Ginj M, Zhang H, Waser B, Cescato R, Wild D, Wang X, Erchegyi J, Rivier J, Mäcke HR, Reubi JC. Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists are preferable to agonists for in vivo peptide receptor targeting of tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006, 103, 16436-16441.
201. Prinster, S.C.; Hague, C.; Hall, R.A. Heterodimerization of g protein-coupled receptors: specificity and functional significance. Pharmacol Rev. 2005, 57, 289-98
202. Oberg, K. Carcinoid tumors: molecular genetics, tumor biology, and update of diagnosis and treatment. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2002, 14, 38-45.
203. Oberg, K. Future aspects of somatostatin-receptor mediated therapy. Neuroendocrinol. 2004, 80(Suppl 1), 57-61.
204. Cescato, R.; Schulz, S.; Waser, B.; Eltschinger, V.; Rivier, J.E.; Wester, H.J.; Culler, M.; Ginj, M.; Liu, Q.; Schonbrunn, A.; Reubi, J.C. Internalization of sst2, sst3, and sst5 receptors: effects of somatostatin agonists and antagonists. J. Nucl. Med. 2006, 47, 502-511.
205. Reubi, J.C.; Schär, J.C.; Waser, B.; Wenger S.; Heppeler, A.; Schmitt, J.S.; Mäcke, H.R. Affinity profiles for human somatostatin receptor subtypes SST1-SST5 of somatostatin radiotracers selected for scintigraphic and radiotherapeutic use. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 27, 273-282.
206. 111In-DTPA0]Octreotide: The Rotterdam experience. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2002, 32, 110-122.
207. Anthony, L.B.; Woltering, E.A.; Espanan, G.D.; Cronin, M.D.; Maloney, T.J.; McCarthy, K.E. Indium-111-pentetreotide prolongs survival in gastroenteropancreatic malignancies. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2002, 32, 123-132.
208. Kaltsas, G.A.; Papadogias, D.; Makras, P.; Grossman, A.B. Treatment of ad-vanced neuroendocrine tumors with radiolabelled somatostatin ana-logues. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 2005, 12, 683-699.
209. 177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate in patients with endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 2754-2762.
210. Otte, A.; Mueller-Brand, J.; Dellas, S.; Nitzsche, E.U.; Herrmann, R.; Maecke, H.R. Yttrium-90-labelled somatostatin-analogue for cancer treatment. Lancet. 1998, 351, 417-418.
211. 90Y-DOTA]-TOC in metastasized neu-roendocrine cancers. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29, 2416-2423.
212. 90Y-DOTATOC. J. Nucl. Med. 2002, 43, 610-616.
213. Bodei, L.; Cremonesi, M.; Grana, C.; Rocca, P.; Bartolomei, M.; Chinol M.; Paganelli, G. Receptor radionuclide therapy with 90Y-[DOTA]0-Tyr3-octreotide (90Y-DOTATOC) in neuroendocrine tumors. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2004, 31, 1038-1046.
214. 90Y-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotide in patients with advanced gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2006; 36: 147-56.
215. 177Lu., Appl. Radia. t Isot. 2008, 66, 147-151.
216. 177Lu for radionuclide therapy. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2003, 59, 109-118
217. 177Lu from neutron irradiated Yb for biomedical applications. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2010, 37, 811-820.
218. 177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 2124-2130.
219. Kwekkeboom, D.J.; Teunissen, J.J.; Bakker, W.H.; Kooij, P.P.; de Herder, W.W.; Feelders, R.A.; van Eijck, C.H.; Esser, J.P.; Kam, B.L.; Krenning, E.P. Radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177Lu-DOTA0, Tyr3]octreotate in patients with endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 2754-2762.
220. 177Lu-octreotate in patients with foregut carcinoid tumors of bronchial, gastric and thymic origin. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2007, 34, 1219-1227.
221. van Essen, M.; Krenning, E.P.; De Jong, M.; Valkema, R.; Kwekkeboom, D.J. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues in patients with somatostatin receptor positive tumors. Acta. Oncol. 2007, 46, 723-734.
222. Jong, M.; Valkema, R.; Jamar, F.; Kvols, L.K.; Kwekkeboom, D.J.; Breeman, W.A.; Bakker, W.H.; Smith, C.; Pauwels, S.; Krenning, E.P. Somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy of tumors: preclinical and clinical findings. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2002, 32, 133-140.
223. 177)Lu-DOTATATE: which is a better therapy option? Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011, 38, 1788-1797.
224. Chatal, J.F.; Mahé, M. Therapeutic use of radiolabelled antibodies. In Murray IPC, Ell PJ, eds. Nuclear Medicine in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1998, 1101-1114.
225. Carmeliet, P. Angiogenesis in health and disease. Nat. Med. 2003, 9, 653-660.
226. Folkman, J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. "Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease". Nat. Med. 1995, 1, 27-31.
227. Ahlskog, J.; Paganelli, G.; Neri, D. Vascular tumor targeting. Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2006, 50, 296-309.
228. Kitson, S.L.; Cuccurullo, V.; Moody, T.S.; Mansi, L. Radionuclide antibody-conjugates, a targeted therapy towards cancer. Curr. Radiopharm. 2013, 6, 57-71
229. 90Y-Epratuzumab): do tumor targeting and dosimetry predict therapeutic response? J. Nucl. Med. 2003, 44, 2000-2018.
230. Postema, E. J.; Boerman, O. C.; Oyen, W. J.; Raemaekers, J. M.; Corstens, F. H. Radioimmunotherapy of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2001, 28, 1725-1735.
231. Witzig, T. E. Radioimmunotherapy for patients with relapsed Bcell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. Chemother. Pharmacol. 2001, 48, 91S-95S.
232. White, C.A.; Berlfein, J. R.; Grillo-Lopez, A. J. Antibody-targeted immunotherapy for treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2000, 1, 303-312.
233. Goldenberg, D. M. The role of radiolabeled antibodies in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the coming of age of radioimmunotherapy. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2001, 39, 195-201.
234. Wiseman, G. A.; White, C. A.; Sparks, R. B.; Erwin, W. D.; Podoloff, D. A.; Lamonica, D.; Bartlett, N. L.; Anthony Parker, J.; Dunn, W. L.; Spies, S. M.; Belanger, R.; Witzig, T. E.;; Leigh, B. R. Biodistribution and dosimetry results from a phase III prospectively randomized controlled trial of Zevalin radioimmunotherapy for low-grade, follicular, or transformed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2001, 39, 181-194.
235. 131I]anti-B1 (anti-CD20) antibody. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993, 329, 459-465.
236. Trikha, M.; Yan, L.; Nakada, M.T. Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in oncology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002, 13, 609-614.
237. Caron, P.C.; Schwartz, M.A.; Co, M.S.; Queen, C.; Finn, R.D.; Graham, M.C.; Divgi, C.R.; Larson, S.M.; Scheinberg, D.A. (Murine and humanized constructs of monoclonal antibody M195 (anti-CD33) for the therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer. 1994, 73, 1049-1056.
238. Goldenberg, D.M.; Gaffar, S.A.; Bennett, S.J.; Beach, J.L. Experimental radioimmunotherapy of a xenografted human colonic tumor (GW-39) producing carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer. Res. 1981, 41, 4354-4360.
239. Schlom, J.; Colcher, D.; Siler, K.; Thor. A.; Bryant, G.; Johnston, W.W.; Szpak, C.A.; Sugarbaker, P.; Carrasquillo, J. A.; Reynolds, J.C.; Keenan, A. M.; Larson, S. M. Tumor targeting with monoclonal antibody B72.3: experimental and clinical results. Cancer. Treat. Res. 1990, 51, 313-335.
240. Humm, J.L. Problems and advances in the dosimetry of radionuclide targeted therapy. In: Systemic radiotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, options and problems, Bihl S ML, Bihl H, Wannenmacher M (eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 1996, 37-66.
241. Kozak, R.W.; Atcher, R.W.; Gansow, O.A.; Friedman, A.M.; Hines, J.J.; Waldmann, T.A. Bismuth-212-labeled anti-TAC monoclonal antibody: alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides as modalities for radioiimunotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1986, 83, 474-478.
242. Humm, J.L. A microdosimetric model of astatine-211 labeled antibodies for radioimmunotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1987, 13, 1767-1773.
243. Zalutsky, M.R.; Schuster, J.M.; Garg, P.K.; Archer, G.E. Jr., Dewhirst, M.W.; Bigner, D.D. Two approaches for enhancing radioimmunotherapy: a emitters and hyperthermia. In: Systemic radiotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, options and problems, Bihl SML, Bihl H, Wannenmacher M (eds). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. 1996, 101-122.
244. 125I-versus 131Ilabeled CO17-1A in a human colorectal cancer model. Int. J. Cancer. 1998, 76, 738-748.
245. Griffiths, G.L.; Govindan, S.V.; Sgouros, G.; Ong, G.L.; Goldenberg, D. M.; Mattes, M. J. Cytotoxicity with auger electronemitting radionuclides delivered by antibodies. Int. J. Cancer. 1999, 81, 985-992.
246. 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody A33 in a human colon cancer xenograft. J. Nucl. Med. 2001, 42, 1251-1256.
247. 227Th-trastuzumab of intraperitoneal ovarian cancer in nude mice. Curr. Radiopharm. 2013, 6, 106-116.
248. 177Lu-trastuzumab in mice with HER-2 positive SKBR-3 xenografts. Curr. Radiopharm. 2013, 6, 78-86.
249. Goldsmith, S.J. Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma: Bexxar and Zevalin. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2010, 40, 122-135.
250. Azinovic, I.; DeNardo, G.L.; Lamborn, K.R.; Mirick, G.; Goldstein, D.; Bradt, B.M.; DeNardo, S.J. Survival benefit associated with human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) in patients with BCell malignancies. Cancer. Immunol. Immunother. 2006, 55, 1451-1458.
251. Schroff, R.W.; Foon, K.A.; Beatty, S.M.; Oldham, R.K.; Morgan, A.C. Jr. Human antimurine immunoglobulin responses in patients receiving MoAb therapy. Cancer. Res. 1985, 45, 879-885.
252. Goldenberg, D.M.; Sharkey, R.M. Advances in cancer therapy with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. Q.J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2006, 50, 248-264.
253. 177Lu-antibody conjugates for single-cell kill of B-lymphoma cells in vitro and for therapy of micrometastases in vivo. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2005, 32, 269-278.
254. Jones, A.; Harris, A.L. New developments in angiogenesis: a major mechanism for tumor growth and target for therapy. Cancer. J. Sci. Am. 1998, 4, 209-217.
255. Hobbs, S.K.; Monsky, W.L.; Yuan, F.; Roberts, W.G.; Griffith, L.; Tor-chilin, V.P.; Jain, R.K. Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: role of tumor type and microenvironment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998, 95, 4607-4612.
256. Shubik, P. Vascularization of tumors: a review. J. Cancer. Res. Clin. Oncol. 1982, 103, 211-226.
257. Yaun, F.; Dellian, M.; Fukumura, D.; Leunig, M.; Berk, D.A.; Torchilin, V.P.; Jain, R.K. Vascular permeability in a human tumor xenograft: molecular size dependence and cutoff size. Cancer. Res. 1995, 55, 3752-56.
258. Allen, T.M.; Cullis, P.R. Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream. Science. 2004, 303, 1818-1822.
259. Byrne, J.D.; Betancourt, T.; Brannon-Peppas, L. Active targeting schemes for nanoparticle systems in cancer therapeutics. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, 1615-1626.
260. Bae, Y. H; Drug targeting and tumor heterogeneity. J. Control Release. 2009, 133, 2-3.
261. Kukowska-Latallo, J.F.; Candido, K.A.; Cao, Z.; Nigavekar, S. S; Majoros, I. J; Thomas, T. P; Balogh, L. P; Khan, M. K; Baker, J.R. Jr. Nanoparticle targeting of anticancer drug improves therapeutic response in animal model of human epithelial cancer. Cancer. Res. 2005, 65, 5317-5324.
262. Weissleder, R.; Kelly, K.; Sun, E.Y.; Shtatland, T.; Josephson, L. Cell-specific targeting of nanoparticles by multivalent attachment of small molecules. Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23, 1418-1423.
263. Liu, Z.; Cai, W.; He, L.; Nakayama, N.; Chen, K.; Sun, X.; Chen, X.; Dai, H. In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 47-52.
264. Shi, J.; Xiao, Z.; Kamaly, N.; Farokhzad, O.C. Self-Assembled Tar-geted Nanoparticles: Evolution of Technologies and Bench to Bedside Translation. Acc. Chem. Res. 2011, 44, 1123-34.
265. Wang, A.Z.; Gu, F.; Zhang, L.; Chan, J.M.; Radovic-Moreno, A.; Shaikh, M.R.; Farokhzad, O.C. Biofunctionalized targeted nanoparticles for thera-peutic applications. Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 2008, 8, 1063-1070.
266. Wilson, D.S.; Szostak, J.W. In vitro selection of functional nucleic acids. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1999, 68, 611-647.
267. Javier, D.J.; Nitin, N.; Levy, M.; Ellington, A.; Richards-Kortum, R. Aptamer-targeted gold nanoparticles as molecular-specific contrast agents for reflectance imaging. Bioconjug. Chem. 2008, 19, 1309-1312.
268. Garnett, M. C.; Kallinteri, P. Nanomedicines and nanotoxicology: some physiological principles, Occup. Med. 2006, 56, 307-311.
269. Nel, A.; Xia, T.; Mädler, L.; Li, N. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science. 2006, 311, 622-627.
270. Vega-Villa, K. R.; Takemoto, J. K.; Yáñez, J. A.; Remsberg, C. M.; Forrest, M. L.; Davies, N. M. Clinical toxicities of nanocarrier systems. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, 929-938.
271. Zimmermann, R.G. Why are investors not interested in my radiotracer? The industrial and regulatory constraints in the development of radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2013, 40, 155-66.