메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 140, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 188-223

Less drinking, yet more problems: Understanding African American drinking and related problems

Author keywords

African American; Alcohol problems; Alcohol use; Discrimination; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ALCOHOLISM; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; RACISM;

EID: 84890915050     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0032113     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (282)

References (325)
  • 1
    • 41749096785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a policy relevant analysis of geographic and racial/ethnic health disparities
    • doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.321
    • Acevedo-Garcia, D., Ospuk, T. L., McArdle, N., & Williams, D. R. (2008). Toward a policy relevant analysis of geographic and racial/ethnic health disparities. Health Affairs, 27, 321-333. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.321
    • (2008) Health Affairs , vol.27 , pp. 321-333
    • Acevedo-Garcia, D.1    Ospuk, T.L.2    McArdle, N.3    Williams, D.R.4
  • 2
    • 0012626144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American youths and drugs: A time to pursue a mental health approach
    • doi:10.1177/00957984960223007
    • Alexander, R. (1996). African American youths and drugs: A time to pursue a mental health approach. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 374-387. doi:10.1177/00957984960223007
    • (1996) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 374-387
    • Alexander, R.1
  • 3
    • 0000218746 scopus 로고
    • Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey
    • doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244
    • Anthony, J. C., Warner, L. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 244-268. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244
    • (1994) Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , vol.2 , pp. 244-268
    • Anthony, J.C.1    Warner, L.A.2    Kessler, R.C.3
  • 5
    • 0025754145 scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976 - 89
    • doi: 10.2105/AJPH.81.3.372
    • Bachman, J. G., Wallace, J. M., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D., Kurth, C. L., & Neighbors, H. W. (1991). Racial/ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976 - 89. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 372-377. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.81.3.372
    • (1991) American Journal of Public Health , vol.81 , pp. 372-377
    • Bachman, J.G.1    Wallace, J.M.2    O'Malley, P.M.3    Johnston, L.D.4    Kurth, C.L.5    Neighbors, H.W.6
  • 6
    • 84890909235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barna Group. How the faith of African-Americans has changed. Retrievedfrom
    • Barna Group. (2009). How the faith of African-Americans has changed. Retrievedfromwww.barna.org/barna-update/article/5-barna-update/286- how-the-faith-of-african-americans-has-changed
    • (2009)
  • 7
    • 84890914407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barna Group. Who is active in "group" expressions of faith? Barna study examines small groups, Sunday school, and house churches. Retrieved from
    • Barna Group. (2010). Who is active in "group" expressions of faith? Barna study examines small groups, Sunday school, and house churches. Retrieved from www.barna.org/faith-spirituality/400-who-is-active-ingroup- expressions-of-faith-barna-study-examines-small-groups-sundayschool- and-house-churches
    • (2010)
  • 8
    • 2342617616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do alcohol expectancies and peer delinquency/substance use mediate the relationship between impulsivity and drinking behaviour in adolescence
    • doi:10.1093/ alcalc/agh048
    • Barnow, S., Shultz, G., Lucht, M., Ulrich, I., Preuss, U.-W., & Freyberger, H.-J. (2004). Do alcohol expectancies and peer delinquency/substance use mediate the relationship between impulsivity and drinking behaviour in adolescence?. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 39, 213-219. doi:10.1093/ alcalc/agh048
    • (2004) Alcohol and Alcoholism , vol.39 , pp. 213-219
    • Barnow, S.1    Shultz, G.2    Lucht, M.3    Ulrich, I.4    Preuss, U.-W.5    Freyberger, H.-J.6
  • 9
    • 85045160863 scopus 로고
    • Race, class, and gender differences in substance abuse: Evidence of middleclass/ underclass polarization among Black males
    • doi:10.1525/sp.1993.40.3.03x0080b
    • Barr, K. M., Farrell, M. P., Banes, G. M., & Welte, J. W. (1993). Race, class, and gender differences in substance abuse: Evidence of middleclass/ underclass polarization among Black males. Social Problems, 40, 314-327. doi:10.1525/sp.1993.40.3.03x0080b
    • (1993) Social Problems , vol.40 , pp. 314-327
    • Barr, K.M.1    Farrell, M.P.2    Banes, G.M.3    Welte, J.W.4
  • 10
    • 84990345170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contributions of Africentric values and racial identity to the prediction of drug knowledge, attitudes, and use among African American youth
    • doi:10.1177/0095798400026004003
    • Belgrave, F. Z., Brome, D., & Hampton, C. (2000). The contributions of Africentric values and racial identity to the prediction of drug knowledge, attitudes, and use among African American youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 386-401. doi:10.1177/0095798400026004003
    • (2000) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 386-401
    • Belgrave, F.Z.1    Brome, D.2    Hampton, C.3
  • 11
    • 84965383699 scopus 로고
    • The influence of Africentric values, self-esteem, and Black identity on drug attitudes among African American fifth graders
    • doi: 10.1177/00957984940202004
    • Belgrave, F. Z., Cherry, V. R., Cunningham, D., Walwyn, S., Letlaka- Rennert, K., & Phillips, R. (1994). The influence of Africentric values, self-esteem, and Black identity on drug attitudes among African American fifth graders. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 143-156. doi: 10.1177/00957984940202004
    • (1994) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 143-156
    • Belgrave, F.Z.1    Cherry, V.R.2    Cunningham, D.3    Walwyn, S.4    Letlaka-Rennert, K.5    Phillips, R.6
  • 12
    • 0031502425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of an Africentric world-view and demographic variables on drug knowledge, attitudes, and use among African American youth
    • doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199709)25:5421::AID-JCOP43.0.CO; 2-V
    • Belgrave, F. Z., Townsend, T. G., Cherry, V. R., & Cunningham, D. M. (1997). The influence of an Africentric world-view and demographic variables on drug knowledge, attitudes, and use among African American youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 421-433. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199709)25:5421::AID-JCOP43.0.CO; 2-V
    • (1997) Journal of Community Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 421-433
    • Belgrave, F.Z.1    Townsend, T.G.2    Cherry, V.R.3    Cunningham, D.M.4
  • 13
    • 0019461222 scopus 로고
    • Sociocultural correlates of Black drinking: Implications for research and treatment
    • Benjamin, R., & Benjamin, M. (1981). Sociocultural correlates of Black drinking: Implications for research and treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 42(Suppl. 9), 241-245.
    • (1981) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.42 , Issue.SUPPL. 9 , pp. 241-245
    • Benjamin, R.1    Benjamin, M.2
  • 15
    • 15944383749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of malt liquor beer drinkers in a lowincome, racial minority community sample
    • doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000156118 .74728.34
    • Bluthenthal, R. N., Brown-Taylor, D., Guzmán-Becerra, N., & Robinson, P. L. (2005). Characteristics of malt liquor beer drinkers in a lowincome, racial minority community sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29, 402-409. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000156118 .74728.34
    • (2005) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.29 , pp. 402-409
    • Bluthenthal, R.N.1    Brown-Taylor, D.2    Guzmán-Becerra, N.3    Robinson, P.L.4
  • 16
    • 40549132921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol availability and neighborhood characteristics in Los Angeles, California and southern Louisiana
    • doi:10.1007/s11524-008- 9255-1
    • Bluthenthal, R. N., Cohen, D., Farley, T., Scribner, R., Beighley, C., Schonlau, M., & Robinson, P. (2008). Alcohol availability and neighborhood characteristics in Los Angeles, California and southern Louisiana. Journal of Urban Health, 85, 191-205. doi:10.1007/s11524-008- 9255-1
    • (2008) Journal of Urban Health , vol.85 , pp. 191-205
    • Bluthenthal, R.N.1    Cohen, D.2    Farley, T.3    Scribner, R.4    Beighley, C.5    Schonlau, M.6    Robinson, P.7
  • 17
    • 0001656462 scopus 로고
    • Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning
    • doi:10.1037/h0033120
    • Bolles, R. C. (1972). Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning. Psychological Review, 79, 394-409. doi:10.1037/h0033120
    • (1972) Psychological Review , vol.79 , pp. 394-409
    • Bolles, R.C.1
  • 18
    • 0031452844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation
    • doi:10.2307/ 2657316
    • Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62, 465- 480. doi:10.2307/ 2657316
    • (1997) American Sociological Review , vol.62
    • Bonilla-Silva, E.1
  • 19
    • 0345289728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental monitoring, negotiated unsupervised time, and parental trust: The role of perceived parenting practices in adolescent health risk behaviors
    • doi:10.1016/ S1054-139X(03)00100-9
    • Borawski, E. A., Ievers-Landis, C. E., Lovegreen, L. D., & Trapl, E. S. (2003). Parental monitoring, negotiated unsupervised time, and parental trust: The role of perceived parenting practices in adolescent health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 60 -70. doi:10.1016/ S1054-139X(03)00100-9
    • (2003) Journal of Adolescent Health , vol.33 , pp. 60-70
    • Borawski, E.A.1    Ievers-Landis, C.E.2    Lovegreen, L.D.3    Trapl, E.S.4
  • 21
    • 35348906172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use in the coronary artery risk development in adults study
    • doi:10.1093/aje/ kwm180
    • Borrell, L. N., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Williams, D. R., Pletcher, M. J., Houston, T. K., & Kiefe, C. I. (2007). Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use in the coronary artery risk development in adults study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 166, 1068-1079. doi:10.1093/aje/ kwm180
    • (2007) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.166 , pp. 1068-1079
    • Borrell, L.N.1    Jacobs, D.R.2    Williams, D.R.3    Pletcher, M.J.4    Houston, T.K.5    Kiefe, C.I.6
  • 22
    • 54049149029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between race/ ethnicity and psychosocial correlates of preteen alcohol use initiation among seventh grade students in an urban setting
    • Bossarte, R. M., & Swahn, M. H. (2008). Interactions between race/ ethnicity and psychosocial correlates of preteen alcohol use initiation among seventh grade students in an urban setting. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 660-665.
    • (2008) Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , vol.69 , pp. 660-665
    • Bossarte, R.M.1    Swahn, M.H.2
  • 23
    • 33746576940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • It does the job: Young adults discuss their malt liquor consumption
    • doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.001
    • Bradizza, C. M., Collins, R. L., Vincent, P. C., & Falco, D. L. (2006). It does the job: Young adults discuss their malt liquor consumption. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1559-1577. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.12.001
    • (2006) Addictive Behaviors , vol.31 , pp. 1559-1577
    • Bradizza, C.M.1    Collins, R.L.2    Vincent, P.C.3    Falco, D.L.4
  • 24
    • 0033060762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social and coping reasons for drinking: Predicting alcohol misuse in adolescents
    • Bradizza, C. M., Reifman, A., & Barnes, G. M. (1999). Social and coping reasons for drinking: Predicting alcohol misuse in adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 491-499.
    • (1999) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.60 , pp. 491-499
    • Bradizza, C.M.1    Reifman, A.2    Barnes, G.M.3
  • 25
    • 0025131884 scopus 로고
    • Cross-cultural and cognitive factors examined in groups of adolescent drinkers
    • Brannock, J. C., Schandler, S. L., & Oncley, P. R. (1990). Cross-cultural and cognitive factors examined in groups of adolescent drinkers. Journal of Drug Issues, 20, 427-442.
    • (1990) Journal of Drug Issues , vol.20 , pp. 427-442
    • Brannock, J.C.1    Schandler, S.L.2    Oncley, P.R.3
  • 26
    • 0037501556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individuation, peers, and adolescent alcohol use: A latent growth analysis
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.553
    • Bray, J. H., Adams, G. J., Getz, J. G., & McQueen, A. (2003). Individuation, peers, and adolescent alcohol use: A latent growth analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 553-564. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.553
    • (2003) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 553-564
    • Bray, J.H.1    Adams, G.J.2    Getz, J.G.3    McQueen, A.4
  • 28
    • 33749039953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x
    • Brody, G. H., Chen, Y., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., . . . Cutrona, C. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 1170-1189. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x
    • (2006) Child Development , vol.77 , pp. 1170-1189
    • Brody, G.H.1    Chen, Y.2    Murry, V.M.3    Ge, X.4    Simons, R.L.5    Gibbons, F.X.6    Cutrona, C.7
  • 29
    • 33744491011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strong African American families program: A cluster-randomized prevention trial of long-term effects and a meditational model
    • doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.356
    • Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Kogan, S. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Molgarrd, V., . . . Wills, T. A. (2006). The strong African American families program: A cluster-randomized prevention trial of long-term effects and a meditational model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 356-366. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.356
    • (2006) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 356-366
    • Brody, G.H.1    Murry, V.M.2    Kogan, S.M.3    Gerrard, M.4    Gibbons, F.X.5    Molgarrd, V.6    Wills, T.A.7
  • 30
    • 34248551071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived discrimination and alcohol use among Black and White college students
    • Broman, C. (2007). Perceived discrimination and alcohol use among Black and White college students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 51, 8-16.
    • (2007) Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education , vol.51 , pp. 8-16
    • Broman, C.1
  • 31
    • 84923556327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The developmental context for adolescent substance use intervention
    • In H. A. Liddle & C. L. Row (Eds.), New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CBO9780511543968.003
    • Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., & Pahl, K. (2006). The developmental context for adolescent substance use intervention. In H. A. Liddle & C. L. Row (Eds.), Adolescent substance abuse: Research and clinical advances (pp. 25-51). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CBO9780511543968.003
    • (2006) Adolescent substance abuse: Research and clinical advances , pp. 25-51
    • Brook, J.S.1    Brook, D.W.2    Pahl, K.3
  • 32
    • 26444433853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The protective role of ethnic and racial identity and aspects of an Afrocentric orientation against drug use among African American young adults
    • doi: 10.3200/GNTP.166.3.329-345
    • Brook, J. S., & Pahl, K. (2005). The protective role of ethnic and racial identity and aspects of an Afrocentric orientation against drug use among African American young adults. Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 166, 329-345. doi: 10.3200/GNTP.166.3.329-345
    • (2005) Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development , vol.166 , pp. 329-345
    • Brook, J.S.1    Pahl, K.2
  • 33
    • 33644593560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White officers
    • doi:10.1080/ 07418820600552527
    • Brown, R. A., & Frank, J. (2006). Race and officer decision making: Examining differences in arrest outcomes between Black and White officers. Justice Quarterly, 23, 96 -126. doi:10.1080/ 07418820600552527
    • (2006) Justice Quarterly , vol.23 , pp. 96-126
    • Brown, R.A.1    Frank, J.2
  • 34
    • 0034753396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of religion in predicting adolescent alcohol use and problem drinking
    • Brown, T. L., Parks, G. S., & Zimmerman, R. S. (2001). The role of religion in predicting adolescent alcohol use and problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 696-705.
    • (2001) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.62 , pp. 696-705
    • Brown, T.L.1    Parks, G.S.2    Zimmerman, R.S.3
  • 35
    • 0036430873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disparities in health status and substance use: Ethnicity and socioeconomic factors
    • Retrieved from
    • Buka, S. L. (2002). Disparities in health status and substance use: Ethnicity and socioeconomic factors. Public Health Reports, 117, S118-S125. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913692/
    • (2002) Public Health Reports , vol.117
    • Buka, S.L.1
  • 36
    • 84990385597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug attitudes, racial identity, and alcohol use among African American adolescents
    • doi:10.1177/0095798400026004004
    • Burlew, K., Neely, D., Johnson, C., Hucks, T. C., Purnell, B., Butler, J., . . . Burlew, R. (2000). Drug attitudes, racial identity, and alcohol use among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 402-420. doi:10.1177/0095798400026004004
    • (2000) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 402-420
    • Burlew, K.1    Neely, D.2    Johnson, C.3    Hucks, T.C.4    Purnell, B.5    Butler, J.6    Burlew, R.7
  • 37
    • 0028839753 scopus 로고
    • The structure of informal care: Are there differences by race
    • doi:10.1093/geront/35.6.744
    • Burton, L., Kasper, J., Shore, A., Cagney, K., LaVeist, T., Cubbin, C., & German, P. (1995). The structure of informal care: Are there differences by race?. The Gerontologist, 35, 744-752. doi:10.1093/geront/35.6.744
    • (1995) The Gerontologist , vol.35 , pp. 744-752
    • Burton, L.1    Kasper, J.2    Shore, A.3    Cagney, K.4    LaVeist, T.5    Cubbin, C.6    German, P.7
  • 38
    • 33748434309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A drink to healthy aging: The association between older women's use of alcohol and their health-related quality of life
    • doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00837.x
    • Byles, J., Young, A., Furuya, H., & Parkinson, L. (2006). A drink to healthy aging: The association between older women's use of alcohol and their health-related quality of life. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54, 1341-1347. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00837.x
    • (2006) Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , vol.54 , pp. 1341-1347
    • Byles, J.1    Young, A.2    Furuya, H.3    Parkinson, L.4
  • 39
    • 0021216575 scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and drinking in northern California: A comparison among Whites, Blacks and Hispanics
    • Caetano, R. (1984). Ethnicity and drinking in northern California: A comparison among Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 19, 31-44.
    • (1984) Alcohol and Alcoholism , vol.19 , pp. 31-44
    • Caetano, R.1
  • 40
    • 0030698295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, incidence and stability of drinking problems among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984-1992
    • Caetano, R. (1997). Prevalence, incidence and stability of drinking problems among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984-1992. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 565-572.
    • (1997) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.58 , pp. 565-572
    • Caetano, R.1
  • 41
    • 0042519626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol-related heath disparities and treatment-related epidemiological findings among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States
    • doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000080342.05229.86
    • Caetano, R. (2003). Alcohol-related heath disparities and treatment-related epidemiological findings among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 1337-1339. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000080342.05229.86
    • (2003) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.27 , pp. 1337-1339
    • Caetano, R.1
  • 42
    • 79960646730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten-year trends (1992 to 2002) in sociodemographic predictors and indicators of alcohol abuse and dependence among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01482.x
    • Caetano, R., Baruah, J., & Chartier, K. G. (2011). Ten-year trends (1992 to 2002) in sociodemographic predictors and indicators of alcohol abuse and dependence among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 1458- 1466. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01482.x
    • (2011) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.35
    • Caetano, R.1    Baruah, J.2    Chartier, K.G.3
  • 43
    • 0031723254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in alcohol consumption patterns among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984 and 1995
    • Caetano, R., & Clark, C. L. (1998a). Trends in alcohol consumption patterns among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984 and 1995. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 659-668.
    • (1998) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.59 , pp. 659-668
    • Caetano, R.1    Clark, C.L.2
  • 44
    • 0031979425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in alcohol-related problems among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics: 1984-1995
    • doi:10.1111/ j.1530-0277.1998.tb03685.x
    • Caetano, R., & Clark, C. L. (1998b). Trends in alcohol-related problems among Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics: 1984-1995. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 534-538. doi:10.1111/ j.1530-0277.1998.tb03685.x
    • (1998) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.22 , pp. 534-538
    • Caetano, R.1    Clark, C.L.2
  • 45
    • 0032969033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in situational norms and attitudes toward drinking among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984- 1995
    • doi:10.1016/S0376- 8716(98)00148-3
    • Caetano, R., & Clark, C. L. (1999). Trends in situational norms and attitudes toward drinking among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984- 1995. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 54, 45-56. doi:10.1016/S0376- 8716(98)00148-3
    • (1999) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.54 , pp. 45-56
    • Caetano, R.1    Clark, C.L.2
  • 46
    • 0033988961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hispanics, Blacks and Whites driving under the influence of alcohol: Results from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey
    • doi:10.1016/ S0001-4575(99)00049-4
    • Caetano, R., & Clark, C. L. (2000). Hispanics, Blacks and Whites driving under the influence of alcohol: Results from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32, 57-64. doi:10.1016/ S0001-4575(99)00049-4
    • (2000) Accident Analysis and Prevention , vol.32 , pp. 57-64
    • Caetano, R.1    Clark, C.L.2
  • 47
    • 0003009462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, trends, and incidence of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: Analysis of general population and clinical samples
    • Retrieved from
    • Caetano, R., Clark, C. L., & Greenfield, T. K. (1998). Prevalence, trends, and incidence of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: Analysis of general population and clinical samples. Alcohol Health & Research World, 22, 73-79. Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh22-1/ 73-80.pdf
    • (1998) Alcohol Health & Research World , vol.22 , pp. 73-79
    • Caetano, R.1    Clark, C.L.2    Greenfield, T.K.3
  • 48
    • 0000308629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption among racial/ethnic minorities: Theory and research
    • Retrieved from
    • Caetano, R., Clark, C. L., & Tam, T. (1998). Alcohol consumption among racial/ethnic minorities: Theory and research. Alcohol Health & Research World, 22, 233-241. Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/ publications/arh22-4/233.pdf
    • (1998) Alcohol Health & Research World , vol.22 , pp. 233-241
    • Caetano, R.1    Clark, C.L.2    Tam, T.3
  • 49
    • 0029165880 scopus 로고
    • Changes in drinking patterns among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, 1984-1992
    • Caetano, R., & Kaskutas, L. (1995). Changes in drinking patterns among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, 1984-1992. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 558-565.
    • (1995) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.56 , pp. 558-565
    • Caetano, R.1    Kaskutas, L.2
  • 50
    • 0029861072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in drinking problems among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984-1992
    • doi:10.3109/10826089609063991
    • Caetano, R., & Kaskutas, L. (1996). Changes in drinking problems among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics: 1984-1992. Substance Use & Misuse, 31, 1547-1571. doi:10.3109/10826089609063991
    • (1996) Substance Use & Misuse , vol.31 , pp. 1547-1571
    • Caetano, R.1    Kaskutas, L.2
  • 51
    • 9244236004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial identity, parental support, and alcohol use in a sample of academically at-risk African American high school students
    • doi:10.1023/B:AJCP .0000040147.69287.f7
    • Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., Bernat, D. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Racial identity, parental support, and alcohol use in a sample of academically at-risk African American high school students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 71-82. doi:10.1023/B:AJCP .0000040147.69287.f7
    • (2004) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.34 , pp. 71-82
    • Caldwell, C.H.1    Sellers, R.M.2    Bernat, D.H.3    Zimmerman, M.A.4
  • 52
    • 0002501112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing drug abuse by enriching the environment with alternative non-drug reinforcers
    • In L. Green & J. Kagel (Eds.), Norwood, NJ: Ablex
    • Carroll, M. E. (1996). Reducing drug abuse by enriching the environment with alternative non-drug reinforcers. In L. Green & J. Kagel (Eds.), Advances in behavioral economics (Vol. 3, pp. 37-68). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
    • (1996) Advances in behavioral economics , vol.3 , pp. 37-68
    • Carroll, M.E.1
  • 55
    • 67650260378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equal in every way: African Americans, consumption and materialism from reconstruction to the civil rights movement
    • doi: 10.1353/asr.2006.0017
    • Chambers, J. (2006). Equal in every way: African Americans, consumption and materialism from reconstruction to the civil rights movement. Advertising & Society Review, 7, 17. doi: 10.1353/asr.2006.0017
    • (2006) Advertising & Society Review , vol.7 , pp. 17
    • Chambers, J.1
  • 57
    • 0026327550 scopus 로고
    • Substance use and symptomatology among adolescent children of alcoholics
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4 .449
    • Chassin, L., Rogosch, R., & Barrera, M. (1991). Substance use and symptomatology among adolescent children of alcoholics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 449-463. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4 .449
    • (1991) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 449-463
    • Chassin, L.1    Rogosch, R.2    Barrera, M.3
  • 58
    • 0033912857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Religion and health: Public health research and practice
    • doi:10.1146/ annurev.publhealth.21.1.335
    • Chatters, L. M. (2000). Religion and health: Public health research and practice. Annual Review of Public Health, 21, 335-367. doi:10.1146/ annurev.publhealth.21.1.335
    • (2000) Annual Review of Public Health , vol.21 , pp. 335-367
    • Chatters, L.M.1
  • 59
    • 56049115364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spirituality and subjective religiosity among African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites
    • doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00437.x
    • Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., Bullard, K. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). Spirituality and subjective religiosity among African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 725-737. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00437.x
    • (2008) Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , vol.47 , pp. 725-737
    • Chatters, L.M.1    Taylor, R.J.2    Bullard, K.M.3    Jackson, J.S.4
  • 60
    • 0347995038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malt liquor use, heavy/problem drinking and other problem behaviors in a sample of community college students
    • Chen, M. J., & Paschall, M. J. (2003). Malt liquor use, heavy/problem drinking and other problem behaviors in a sample of community college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 835-842.
    • (2003) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.64 , pp. 835-842
    • Chen, M.J.1    Paschall, M.J.2
  • 62
    • 84965588676 scopus 로고
    • Historical overview of alcohol in the African American community
    • doi:10.1177/ 002193479502500303
    • Christmon, K. (1995). Historical overview of alcohol in the African American community. Journal of Black Studies, 25, 318-330. doi:10.1177/ 002193479502500303
    • (1995) Journal of Black Studies , vol.25 , pp. 318-330
    • Christmon, K.1
  • 63
    • 0033210179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model
    • doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805
    • Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54, 805-816. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805
    • (1999) American Psychologist , vol.54 , pp. 805-816
    • Clark, R.1    Anderson, N.B.2    Clark, V.R.3    Williams, D.R.4
  • 64
    • 84055181363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mediating and moderating effects of parent and peer influences upon drug use among African American adolescents
    • doi:10.1177/0095798411403617
    • Clark, T. T., Belgrave, F. Z., & Abell, M. (2012). The mediating and moderating effects of parent and peer influences upon drug use among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 38, 52-80. doi:10.1177/0095798411403617
    • (2012) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 52-80
    • Clark, T.T.1    Belgrave, F.Z.2    Abell, M.3
  • 65
    • 0040350022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black concentration effects on Black-White and gender inequality: Multilevel analysis for U
    • doi:10.1093/sf/77.1.207
    • Cohen, P. N. (1998). Black concentration effects on Black-White and gender inequality: Multilevel analysis for U.S. metropolitan areas. Social Forces, 77, 207-229. doi:10.1093/sf/77.1.207
    • (1998) S. metropolitan areas. Social Forces , vol.77 , pp. 207-229
    • Cohen, P.N.1
  • 66
    • 0028344069 scopus 로고
    • Adding color to a Black and White picture: Using qualitative data to explain racial disproportionality in the juvenile justice system
    • doi:10.1177/0022427894031002003
    • Conley, D. J. (1994). Adding color to a Black and White picture: Using qualitative data to explain racial disproportionality in the juvenile justice system. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 135-148. doi:10.1177/0022427894031002003
    • (1994) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.31 , pp. 135-148
    • Conley, D.J.1
  • 68
    • 0038227910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muslims in Americ
    • Cooper, M. H. (1999). Muslims in America. National Law Journal, 17, 363-367.
    • (1999) National Law Journal , vol.17 , pp. 363-367
    • Cooper, M.H.1
  • 71
    • 0031658077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting drug use: Application of behavioral theories of choice
    • doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00027-6
    • Correia, C. J., Simons, J., Carey, K. B., & Borsari, B. E. (1998). Predicting drug use: Application of behavioral theories of choice. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 705-709. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00027-6
    • (1998) Addictive Behaviors , vol.23 , pp. 705-709
    • Correia, C.J.1    Simons, J.2    Carey, K.B.3    Borsari, B.E.4
  • 72
    • 0028844807 scopus 로고
    • Ethanol oxidizing enzymes: Roles in alcohol metabolism and alcoholic liver disease
    • Crabb, D. W. (1995). Ethanol oxidizing enzymes: Roles in alcohol metabolism and alcoholic liver disease. Progress in Liver Disease, 13, 151- 172.
    • (1995) Progress in Liver Disease , vol.13
    • Crabb, D.W.1
  • 73
    • 0027233858 scopus 로고
    • Level of education and alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood: A further inquiry
    • doi:10.2105/AJPH .83.6.830
    • Crum, R. M., Helzer, J. E., & Anthony, J. C. (1993). Level of education and alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood: A further inquiry. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 830-837. doi:10.2105/AJPH .83.6.830
    • (1993) American Journal of Public Health , vol.83 , pp. 830-837
    • Crum, R.M.1    Helzer, J.E.2    Anthony, J.C.3
  • 74
    • 0033810298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived exposure to peer and adult drinking as predictors of growth in positive alcohol expectancies during adolescence
    • doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.531
    • Cumsille, P. E., Sayer, A. G., & Graham, J. W. (2000). Perceived exposure to peer and adult drinking as predictors of growth in positive alcohol expectancies during adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 531-536. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.531
    • (2000) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 531-536
    • Cumsille, P.E.1    Sayer, A.G.2    Graham, J.W.3
  • 75
    • 84990341092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance abuse in African American women
    • doi:10.1177/0095798400026004007
    • Curtis-Boles, H., & Monroe-Jenkins, V. (2000). Substance abuse in African American women. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 450-469. doi:10.1177/0095798400026004007
    • (2000) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 450-469
    • Curtis-Boles, H.1    Monroe-Jenkins, V.2
  • 76
    • 33748572980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escalation and initiation of younger adolescents' substance use: The impact of perceived peer use
    • doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth .2006.02.010
    • D'Amico, E. J., & McCarthy, D. M. (2006). Escalation and initiation of younger adolescents' substance use: The impact of perceived peer use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 481-487. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth .2006.02.010
    • (2006) Journal of Adolescent Health , vol.39 , pp. 481-487
    • D'Amico, E.J.1    McCarthy, D.M.2
  • 77
    • 0027096903 scopus 로고
    • Sociodemographic correlates of alcohol consumption among African-American and White women
    • doi:10.1300/J013v18n04_03
    • Darrow, S. L., Russell, M., Cooper, M. L., Mudar, P. J., & Frone, M. R. (1992). Sociodemographic correlates of alcohol consumption among African-American and White women. Women & Health, 18, 35-51. doi:10.1300/J013v18n04_03
    • (1992) Women & Health , vol.18 , pp. 35-51
    • Darrow, S.L.1    Russell, M.2    Cooper, M.L.3    Mudar, P.J.4    Frone, M.R.5
  • 78
    • 1342326965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Darwin and the neural basis of emotion and affective style
    • doi:10.1196/annals.1280.014
    • Davidson, R. J. (2003). Darwin and the neural basis of emotion and affective style. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1000, 316-336. doi:10.1196/annals.1280.014
    • (2003) Annals of the New York Academy of Science , vol.1000 , pp. 316-336
    • Davidson, R.J.1
  • 79
    • 0032228813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond Black, White, and Hispanic: Race, ethnic origin, and drinking patterns in the United States
    • doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00009-7
    • Dawson, D. A. (1998). Beyond Black, White, and Hispanic: Race, ethnic origin, and drinking patterns in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10, 321-339. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00009-7
    • (1998) Journal of Substance Abuse , vol.10 , pp. 321-339
    • Dawson, D.A.1
  • 80
    • 0033957982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, and all-cause mortality
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04556.x
    • Dawson, D. A. (2000). Alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, and all-cause mortality. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 72-81. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04556.x
    • (2000) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.24 , pp. 72-81
    • Dawson, D.A.1
  • 81
    • 8544228947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors
    • doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.003
    • Donovan, J. E. (2004). Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 529.e7-529.e18. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.003
    • (2004) Journal of Adolescent Health , vol.35
    • Donovan, J.E.1
  • 82
    • 0020966366 scopus 로고
    • Problem drinking in adolescence and young adulthood: A follow-up study
    • Donovan, J. E., Jessor, R., & Jessor, L. (1983). Problem drinking in adolescence and young adulthood: A follow-up study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 44, 109-137.
    • (1983) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.44 , pp. 109-137
    • Donovan, J.E.1    Jessor, R.2    Jessor, L.3
  • 83
    • 0025317642 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between alcohol dependence and alcohol-related problems in a clinical population
    • doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb00652.x
    • Drummond, D. C. (1990). The relationship between alcohol dependence and alcohol-related problems in a clinical population. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 357-366. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb00652.x
    • (1990) British Journal of Addiction , vol.85 , pp. 357-366
    • Drummond, D.C.1
  • 84
    • 0036594674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multilevel analysis of neighborhood context and youth alcohol and drug problems
    • doi:10.1023/A:1015483317310
    • Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2002). A multilevel analysis of neighborhood context and youth alcohol and drug problems. Prevention Science, 3, 125-133. doi:10.1023/A:1015483317310
    • (2002) Prevention Science , vol.3 , pp. 125-133
    • Duncan, S.C.1    Duncan, T.E.2    Strycker, L.A.3
  • 85
    • 27944477689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol use from ages 9 to 16: A cohort-sequential latent growth model
    • doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.06.001
    • Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2006). Alcohol use from ages 9 to 16: A cohort-sequential latent growth model. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81, 71-81. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.06.001
    • (2006) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.81 , pp. 71-81
    • Duncan, S.C.1    Duncan, T.E.2    Strycker, L.A.3
  • 86
    • 33747675436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of variations in alcohol dehydrogenase genes with the level of response to alcohol in non- Asians
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00178.x
    • Duranceaux, N. C., Schuckit, M. A., Eng, M. Y., Robinson, S. K., Carr, L. G., & Wall, T. L. (2006). Associations of variations in alcohol dehydrogenase genes with the level of response to alcohol in non- Asians. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 1470- 1478. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00178.x
    • (2006) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.30 , pp. 1470-1478
    • Duranceaux, N.C.1    Schuckit, M.A.2    Eng, M.Y.3    Robinson, S.K.4    Carr, L.G.5    Wall, T.L.6
  • 87
    • 33646127794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of alcohol dehydrogenase genes with alcohol dependence: A comprehensive analysis
    • doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl073
    • Edenberg, H. J., Xuei, X., Chen, H. J., Huijun, T., Wetherill, L. F., Dick, D. M., . . . Foroud, T. (2006). Association of alcohol dehydrogenase genes with alcohol dependence: A comprehensive analysis. Human Molecular Genetics, 15, 1539-1549. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl073
    • (2006) Human Molecular Genetics , vol.15 , pp. 1539-1549
    • Edenberg, H.J.1    Xuei, X.2    Chen, H.J.3    Huijun, T.4    Wetherill, L.F.5    Dick, D.M.6    Foroud, T.7
  • 88
    • 34547490211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in ADH and ALDH in southwest California Indians
    • Ehlers, C. L. (2007). Variations in ADH and ALDH in southwest California Indians. Alcohol Research & Health, 30, 14-17.
    • (2007) Alcohol Research & Health , vol.30 , pp. 14-17
    • Ehlers, C.L.1
  • 89
    • 0037360396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of the ADH23 allele with greater alcohol expectancies in African-American young adults
    • Ehlers, C. L., Carr, L., Betancourt, M., & Montane-Jaime, K. (2003). Association of the ADH23 allele with greater alcohol expectancies in African-American young adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 176-181.
    • (2003) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.64 , pp. 176-181
    • Ehlers, C.L.1    Carr, L.2    Betancourt, M.3    Montane-Jaime, K.4
  • 90
    • 0035543983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of the ADH23 allele with a negative family history of alcoholism in African American young adults
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02189.x
    • Ehlers, C. L., Glider, D. A., Harris, L., & Carr, L. (2001). Association of the ADH23 allele with a negative family history of alcoholism in African American young adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1773-1777. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02189.x
    • (2001) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.25 , pp. 1773-1777
    • Ehlers, C.L.1    Glider, D.A.2    Harris, L.3    Carr, L.4
  • 92
    • 84890924085 scopus 로고
    • Household wealth and asset ownership: 1991 (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports No. P70-34). Retrieved from
    • Eller, T. J. (1994). Household wealth and asset ownership: 1991 (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports No. P70-34). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/sipp/sb94_02.pdf
    • (1994)
    • Eller, T.J.1
  • 93
    • 0032775526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of social influences and problem behavior on alcohol use among inner-city Hispanic and Black adolescents
    • Epstein, J. A., Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., & Diaz, T. (1999). Impact of social influences and problem behavior on alcohol use among inner-city Hispanic and Black adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 595- 604.
    • (1999) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.60 , pp. 595-604
    • Epstein, J.A.1    Botvin, G.J.2    Baker, E.3    Diaz, T.4
  • 94
    • 0036138178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How universal are social influences to drink and problem behaviors for alcohol use? A test comparing urban African-American and Caribbean-American adoles- cents
    • doi:10.1016/S0306- 4603(00)00165-9
    • Epstein, J. A., Williams, C., & Botvin, G. J. (2002). How universal are social influences to drink and problem behaviors for alcohol use? A test comparing urban African-American and Caribbean-American adoles- cents. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 75- 86. doi:10.1016/S0306- 4603(00)00165-9
    • (2002) Addictive Behaviors , vol.27 , pp. 75-86
    • Epstein, J.A.1    Williams, C.2    Botvin, G.J.3
  • 95
    • 33744738276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in initiation of alcohol use in the United States 1975 to 2003
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00115.x
    • Faden, V. B. (2006). Trends in initiation of alcohol use in the United States 1975 to 2003. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 1011-1022. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00115.x
    • (2006) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.30 , pp. 1011-1022
    • Faden, V.B.1
  • 96
    • 0028551037 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s: Small steps toward a more integrated society
    • doi:10.2307/ 2096131
    • Farley, R., & Frey, W. H. (1994). Changes in the segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s: Small steps toward a more integrated society. American Sociological Review, 59, 23- 45. doi:10.2307/ 2096131
    • (1994) American Sociological Review , vol.59 , pp. 23-45
    • Farley, R.1    Frey, W.H.2
  • 99
    • 33746376582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood behavior problems and peer selection and socialization: Risk for adolescent alcohol use
    • doi:10.1016/j.addbeh .2005.09.015
    • Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., & O'Connor, R. M. (2006). Childhood behavior problems and peer selection and socialization: Risk for adolescent alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1454-1459. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh .2005.09.015
    • (2006) Addictive Behaviors , vol.31 , pp. 1454-1459
    • Fite, P.J.1    Colder, C.R.2    O'Connor, R.M.3
  • 101
    • 3342916533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early adolescent through young adult alcohol and marijuana use trajectories: Early predictors, young adult outcomes, and predictive utility
    • doi:10.1017/ S0954579404044475
    • Flory, K., Lynam, D., Milich, R., Leukefeld, C., & Clayton, R. (2004). Early adolescent through young adult alcohol and marijuana use trajectories: Early predictors, young adult outcomes, and predictive utility. Developmental and Psychopathology, 16, 193-213. doi:10.1017/ S0954579404044475
    • (2004) Developmental and Psychopathology , vol.16 , pp. 193-213
    • Flory, K.1    Lynam, D.2    Milich, R.3    Leukefeld, C.4    Clayton, R.5
  • 102
    • 35248857077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition disorders among older African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life
    • doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3180437d9e
    • Ford, B. C., Bullard, K. M., Taylor, R. J., Toler, A. K., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition disorders among older African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 652-659. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3180437d9e
    • (2007) American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 652-659
    • Ford, B.C.1    Bullard, K.M.2    Taylor, R.J.3    Toler, A.K.4    Neighbors, H.W.5    Jackson, J.S.6
  • 103
    • 0035716741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption and the incidence of hypertension: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study
    • doi:10.1161/01.HYP.37.5.1242
    • Fuchs, F. D., Chambless, L. E., Welton, P. K., Nieto, F. J., & Heiss, G. (2001). Alcohol consumption and the incidence of hypertension: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Hypertension, 37, 1242- 1250. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.37.5.1242
    • (2001) Hypertension , vol.37 , pp. 1242-1250
    • Fuchs, F.D.1    Chambless, L.E.2    Welton, P.K.3    Nieto, F.J.4    Heiss, G.5
  • 104
    • 0034185458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American grandparents raising grandchildren: A national profile of demographic and health characteristics
    • doi:10.1093/hsw/ 25.2.109
    • Fuller-Thomson, E., & Minkler, M. (2000). African American grandparents raising grandchildren: A national profile of demographic and health characteristics. Health and Social Work, 25, 109-118. doi:10.1093/hsw/ 25.2.109
    • (2000) Health and Social Work , vol.25 , pp. 109-118
    • Fuller-Thomson, E.1    Minkler, M.2
  • 105
    • 4143089180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Religiosity, alcohol expectancies drinking motives and their interaction in the prediction of drinking among college students
    • Galen, L. W., & Rogers, W. M. (2004). Religiosity, alcohol expectancies drinking motives and their interaction in the prediction of drinking among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 469-476.
    • (2004) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.65 , pp. 469-476
    • Galen, L.W.1    Rogers, W.M.2
  • 106
    • 1542374634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol use and related problems among ethnic minorities in the United States
    • Galvan, F. H., & Caetano, R. (2003). Alcohol use and related problems among ethnic minorities in the United States. Alcohol Research & Health, 27, 87-94.
    • (2003) Alcohol Research & Health , vol.27 , pp. 87-94
    • Galvan, F.H.1    Caetano, R.2
  • 108
    • 1842536348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children: A panel study
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.517
    • Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M., Wills, T. A., & Brody, G. H. (2004). Perceived discrimination and substance use in African American parents and their children: A panel study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 517-529. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.517
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 517-529
    • Gibbons, F.X.1    Gerrard, M.2    Cleveland, M.3    Wills, T.A.4    Brody, G.H.5
  • 109
    • 33847170631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early experience with discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: A critical period hypothesis
    • doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.015
    • Gibbons, F. X., Yeh, H., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Cutrona, C., Simons, R. L., & Brody, G. H. (2007). Early experience with discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: A critical period hypothesis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, S27-S37. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.015
    • (2007) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.88
    • Gibbons, F.X.1    Yeh, H.2    Gerrard, M.3    Cleveland, M.J.4    Cutrona, C.5    Simons, R.L.6    Brody, G.H.7
  • 111
    • 0040655924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and other drug use among African-American students in a southern university
    • doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.1996.tb00294.x
    • Globetti, G., Globetti, E., Lo, C., & Brown, C. (1996). Alcohol and other drug use among African-American students in a southern university. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 24, 118-128. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.1996.tb00294.x
    • (1996) Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development , vol.24 , pp. 118-128
    • Globetti, G.1    Globetti, E.2    Lo, C.3    Brown, C.4
  • 112
    • 0347803022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk for substance abuse: Memory as a common etiological pathway
    • doi:10.1111/ 1467-9280.00133
    • Goldman, M. S. (1999). Risk for substance abuse: Memory as a common etiological pathway. Psychological Science, 10, 196-198. doi:10.1111/ 1467-9280.00133
    • (1999) Psychological Science , vol.10 , pp. 196-198
    • Goldman, M.S.1
  • 113
    • 0026195915 scopus 로고
    • Alcoholism and memory: Broadening the scope of alcohol-expectancy research
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909 .110.1.137
    • Goldman, M. S., Brown, S. A., Christiansen, B. A., & Smith, G. T. (1991). Alcoholism and memory: Broadening the scope of alcohol-expectancy research. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 137-146. doi:10.1037/0033-2909 .110.1.137
    • (1991) Psychological Bulletin , vol.110 , pp. 137-146
    • Goldman, M.S.1    Brown, S.A.2    Christiansen, B.A.3    Smith, G.T.4
  • 114
    • 0030763094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence in the United States: Results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey
    • Grant, B. F. (1997). Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence in the United States: Results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 464-473.
    • (1997) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.58 , pp. 464-473
    • Grant, B.F.1
  • 115
    • 2942522762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002
    • doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2004.02.004
    • Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991-1992 and 2001-2002. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74, 223-234. doi:10.1016/ j.drugalcdep.2004.02.004
    • (2004) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.74 , pp. 223-234
    • Grant, B.F.1    Dawson, D.A.2    Stinson, F.S.3    Chou, S.P.4    Dufour, M.C.5    Pickering, R.P.6
  • 117
    • 0036171741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beverage choice among Native American and African American urban women
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0227 .2002.tb02527.x
    • Graves, K., & Kaskutas, L. A. (2002). Beverage choice among Native American and African American urban women. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 218-222. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0227 .2002.tb02527.x
    • (2002) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.26 , pp. 218-222
    • Graves, K.1    Kaskutas, L.A.2
  • 118
    • 33645680955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates
    • doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218
    • Greene, M. L., Way, N., & Pahl, K. (2006). Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates. Developmental Psychology, 42, 218-238. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218
    • (2006) Developmental Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 218-238
    • Greene, M.L.1    Way, N.2    Pahl, K.3
  • 120
    • 33845901361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health disparities in alcohol-related disorders, problems, and treatment use by minorities
    • Greenfield, T. K. (2001). Health disparities in alcohol-related disorders, problems, and treatment use by minorities. Front Lines: Linking Alcohol Services Research and Practice, 3, 7.
    • (2001) Front Lines: Linking Alcohol Services Research and Practice , vol.3 , pp. 7
    • Greenfield, T.K.1
  • 121
    • 0031044418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Situational norms for drinking and drunkenness: Trends in the US. adult population
    • 1970-1990. ,doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03636.x
    • Greenfield, T. K., & Room, R. (1997). Situational norms for drinking and drunkenness: Trends in the U.S. adult population, 1970-1990. Addiction, 92, 33-47. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03636.x
    • (1997) Addiction , vol.92 , pp. 33-47
    • Greenfield, T.K.1    Room, R.2
  • 123
    • 0025334320 scopus 로고
    • Subgroup differences in drinking patterns among Black and White men: Results from a national study
    • Herd, D. (1990). Subgroup differences in drinking patterns among Black and White men: Results from a national study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51, 221-232.
    • (1990) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.51 , pp. 221-232
    • Herd, D.1
  • 124
    • 85181791356 scopus 로고
    • The paradox of temperance: Blacks and the alcohol question in nineteenth-century Americ
    • In S. Barrows & R. Room (Eds.), Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Herd, D. (1991). The paradox of temperance: Blacks and the alcohol question in nineteenth-century America. In S. Barrows & R. Room (Eds.), Drinking: Behavior and belief in modern history (pp. 354-375). Berkeley: University of California Press.
    • (1991) Drinking: Behavior and belief in modern history , pp. 354-375
    • Herd, D.1
  • 125
    • 0028709027 scopus 로고
    • The effects of parental influence and respondents' drinking norms and attitudes on Black and White adult drinking patterns
    • doi:10.1016/S0899- 3289(94)90169-4
    • Herd, D. (1994a). The effects of parental influence and respondents' drinking norms and attitudes on Black and White adult drinking patterns. Journal of Substance Abuse, 6, 137-154. doi:10.1016/S0899- 3289(94)90169-4
    • (1994) Journal of Substance Abuse , vol.6 , pp. 137-154
    • Herd, D.1
  • 126
    • 0028097971 scopus 로고
    • Predicting drinking problems among Black and White men: Results from a national study
    • Herd, D. (1994b). Predicting drinking problems among Black and White men: Results from a national study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 61-71.
    • (1994) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.55 , pp. 61-71
    • Herd, D.1
  • 127
    • 0031295985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in women's drinking norms and drinking patterns: A national study
    • doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90012-2
    • Herd, D. (1997a). Racial differences in women's drinking norms and drinking patterns: A national study. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9, 137-149. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(97)90012-2
    • (1997) Journal of Substance Abuse , vol.9 , pp. 137-149
    • Herd, D.1
  • 128
    • 0031018702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex ratios of drinking patterns and problems among Blacks and Whites: Results from a national survey
    • Herd, D. (1997b). Sex ratios of drinking patterns and problems among Blacks and Whites: Results from a national survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 75-82.
    • (1997) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.58 , pp. 75-82
    • Herd, D.1
  • 129
    • 38349184084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Video presentation: Buying the hard sell, from ABC's 20/20
    • Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
    • Herd, D. (2000). Video presentation: Buying the hard sell, from ABC's 20/20. In Report on high alcohol content malt beverages and related products (pp. 14-16). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
    • (2000) In Report on high alcohol content malt beverages and related products , pp. 14-16
    • Herd, D.1
  • 130
    • 24344475613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the prevalence of alcohol use in rap song lyrics, 1979-97
    • doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443 .2005.01192.x
    • Herd, D. (2005). Changes in the prevalence of alcohol use in rap song lyrics, 1979-97. Addiction, 100, 1258-1269. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443 .2005.01192.x
    • (2005) Addiction , vol.100 , pp. 1258-1269
    • Herd, D.1
  • 131
    • 0027327662 scopus 로고
    • Drinking contexts and drinking problems among Black and White women
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02129.x
    • Herd, D., & Grube, J. (1993). Drinking contexts and drinking problems among Black and White women. Addiction, 88, 1101-1110. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02129.x
    • (1993) Addiction , vol.88 , pp. 1101-1110
    • Herd, D.1    Grube, J.2
  • 132
    • 0029944199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black identity and drinking in the US.: A national study.
    • doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996 .tb03579.x
    • Herd, D., & Grube, J. (1996). Black identity and drinking in the U.S.: A national study. Addiction, 91, 845-857. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1996 .tb03579.x
    • (1996) Addiction , vol.91 , pp. 845-857
    • Herd, D.1    Grube, J.2
  • 134
    • 16244372415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declining employment among young Black less-educated men: The role of incarceration and child support
    • doi:10.1002/pam.20092
    • Holzer, H. J., Offner, P., & Sorensen, E. (2005). Declining employment among young Black less-educated men: The role of incarceration and child support. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 24, 329- 350. doi:10.1002/pam.20092
    • (2005) Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , vol.24 , pp. 329-350
    • Holzer, H.J.1    Offner, P.2    Sorensen, E.3
  • 135
    • 12444347406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peer influence on risk behavior: An analysis of the effects of close friends
    • doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.135
    • Jaccard, J., Blanton, H., & Dodge, T. (2005). Peer influence on risk behavior: An analysis of the effects of close friends. Developmental Psychology, 41, 135-147. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.135
    • (2005) Developmental Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 135-147
    • Jaccard, J.1    Blanton, H.2    Dodge, T.3
  • 136
    • 0034888541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transitioning into and out of large-effect drinking in young adulthood
    • doi:10.1037/0021- 843X.110.3.378
    • Jackson, K. M., Sher, K. J., Gotham, H. J., & Wood, P. K. (2001). Transitioning into and out of large-effect drinking in young adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 378-391. doi:10.1037/0021- 843X.110.3.378
    • (2001) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.110 , pp. 378-391
    • Jackson, K.M.1    Sher, K.J.2    Gotham, H.J.3    Wood, P.K.4
  • 138
    • 0031880267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drinking over the life course with gender and ethnic groups: A hyperparametric analysis
    • Johnson, F. W., Gruenewald, P. J., Treno, A. J., & Taff, G. A. (1998). Drinking over the life course with gender and ethnic groups: A hyperparametric analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 568-580.
    • (1998) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.59 , pp. 568-580
    • Johnson, F.W.1    Gruenewald, P.J.2    Treno, A.J.3    Taff, G.A.4
  • 139
    • 0033087644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural and familial influences that maintain the negative meaning of alcohol
    • Johnson, P. B., & Johnson, H. L. (1999). Cultural and familial influences that maintain the negative meaning of alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(Suppl. 13), 79-83.
    • (1999) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.60 , Issue.SUPPL. 13 , pp. 79-83
    • Johnson, P.B.1    Johnson, H.L.2
  • 140
    • 23044496670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telescoping of drinking-related behaviors: Gender, racial/ethnic, and age comparisons
    • doi: 10.1081/JA-200042281
    • Johnson, P. B., Richter, L., Kleber, H. D., McLellan, A. T., & Carise, D. (2005). Telescoping of drinking-related behaviors: Gender, racial/ethnic, and age comparisons. Substance Use & Misuse, 40, 1139-1151. doi: 10.1081/JA-200042281
    • (2005) Substance Use & Misuse , vol.40 , pp. 1139-1151
    • Johnson, P.B.1    Richter, L.2    Kleber, H.D.3    McLellan, A.T.4    Carise, D.5
  • 143
    • 47749094977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent alcohol use in context: The role of parents and peers among African American and European American youth
    • doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.3.266
    • Jones, D. J., Hussong, A. M., Manning, J., & Sterrett, E. (2008). Adolescent alcohol use in context: The role of parents and peers among African American and European American youth. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 266-273. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.14.3.266
    • (2008) Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 266-273
    • Jones, D.J.1    Hussong, A.M.2    Manning, J.3    Sterrett, E.4
  • 144
    • 0008097539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drinking patterns and problem among African- Americans: Recent findings
    • Jones-Webb, R. (1998). Drinking patterns and problem among African- Americans: Recent findings. Alcohol Health & Research World, 22, 260-264.
    • (1998) Alcohol Health & Research World , vol.22 , pp. 260-264
    • Jones-Webb, R.1
  • 145
    • 0028999685 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between socioeconomic status and drinking problems among Black and White men
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01558.x
    • Jones-Webb, R. J., Hsiao, C., & Hannan, P. (1995). Relationships between socioeconomic status and drinking problems among Black and White men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 623-627. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01558.x
    • (1995) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.19 , pp. 623-627
    • Jones-Webb, R.J.1    Hsiao, C.2    Hannan, P.3
  • 146
    • 0030932559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of increases in alcohol-related problems among Black and White adults: Results from the 1984 and 1992 National Alcohol Surveys
    • doi: 10.3109/00952999709040947
    • Jones-Webb, R., Hsiao, C.-Y., Hannan, P., & Caetano, R. (1997). Predictors of increases in alcohol-related problems among Black and White adults: Results from the 1984 and 1992 National Alcohol Surveys. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 23, 281-299. doi: 10.3109/00952999709040947
    • (1997) American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , vol.23 , pp. 281-299
    • Jones-Webb, R.1    Hsiao, C.-Y.2    Hannan, P.3    Caetano, R.4
  • 147
    • 38349190111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and malt liquor availability and promotion and homicide in inner cities
    • doi:10.1080/10826080701690557
    • Jones-Webb, R., McKee, P., Hannan, P., Wall, M., Pham, L., Erickson, D., & Wagenaar, A. (2008). Alcohol and malt liquor availability and promotion and homicide in inner cities. Substance Use & Misuse, 43, 159-177. doi:10.1080/10826080701690557
    • (2008) Substance Use & Misuse , vol.43 , pp. 159-177
    • Jones-Webb, R.1    McKee, P.2    Hannan, P.3    Wall, M.4    Pham, L.5    Erickson, D.6    Wagenaar, A.7
  • 148
    • 0030795137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol-related problems among Black, Hispanic, and White men: The contribution of neighborhood poverty
    • Jones-Webb, R., Snowden, L., Herd, D., Short, B., & Hannan, P. (1997). Alcohol-related problems among Black, Hispanic, and White men: The contribution of neighborhood poverty. Journal of Studies on Alcoholism, 58, 539-545.
    • (1997) Journal of Studies on Alcoholism , vol.58 , pp. 539-545
    • Jones-Webb, R.1    Snowden, L.2    Herd, D.3    Short, B.4    Hannan, P.5
  • 149
    • 0031561752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and demographic correlates of symptoms of last year dependence on alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, and cocaine in the US. population.
    • doi:10.1016/S0376- 8716(96)01315-4
    • Kandel, D., Chen, K., Warner, L. A., Kessler, R. C., & Grant, B. (1997). Prevalence and demographic correlates of symptoms of last year dependence on alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, and cocaine in the U.S. population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 44, 11-29. doi:10.1016/S0376- 8716(96)01315-4
    • (1997) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.44 , pp. 11-29
    • Kandel, D.1    Chen, K.2    Warner, L.A.3    Kessler, R.C.4    Grant, B.5
  • 150
    • 0001471750 scopus 로고
    • Industrial restructuring and the changing location of jobs
    • In R. Farley (Ed.), New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Kasarda, J. D. (1995). Industrial restructuring and the changing location of jobs. In R. Farley (Ed.), State of the union: America in the 1990s: Vol. 1. Economic trends (pp. 215-267). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1995) State of the union: America in the 1990s: Economic trends , vol.1 , pp. 215-267
    • Kasarda, J.D.1
  • 151
    • 0034569621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative to standard drinks as a measure of alcohol consumption
    • doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(00)00042-0
    • Kaskutas, L. A., & Graves, K. (2000). An alternative to standard drinks as a measure of alcohol consumption. Journal of Substance Abuse, 12, 67-78. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(00)00042-0
    • (2000) Journal of Substance Abuse , vol.12 , pp. 67-78
    • Kaskutas, L.A.1    Graves, K.2
  • 152
    • 68249090859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the measured alcohol content of drinks between Black, White, and Hispanic men and women in a US. national sample.
    • doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02579.x
    • Kerr, W. C., Patterson, D., & Greenfield, T. K. (2009). Differences in the measured alcohol content of drinks between Black, White, and Hispanic men and women in a U.S. national sample. Addiction, 104, 1503-1511. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02579.x
    • (2009) Addiction , vol.104 , pp. 1503-1511
    • Kerr, W.C.1    Patterson, D.2    Greenfield, T.K.3
  • 153
    • 20344385026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
    • doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62 .6.593
    • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62 .6.593
    • (2005) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 593-602
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Berglund, P.2    Demler, O.3    Jin, R.4    Merikangas, K.R.5    Walters, E.E.6
  • 154
    • 20344374645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
    • doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62 .6.617
    • Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62 .6.617
    • (2005) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 617-627
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Chiu, W.T.2    Demler, O.3    Merikangas, K.R.4    Walters, E.E.5
  • 155
    • 0033195267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States
    • doi:10.2307/2676349
    • Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208-230. doi:10.2307/2676349
    • (1999) Journal of Health and Social Behavior , vol.40 , pp. 208-230
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Mickelson, K.D.2    Williams, D.R.3
  • 156
    • 64549124003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of a drinking quantity and frequency measure on the prevalence and demographic correlates of DSM-IV alcohol dependence
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277 .2009.00894.x
    • Keyes, K. M., Geier, T., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Influence of a drinking quantity and frequency measure on the prevalence and demographic correlates of DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 761-771. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277 .2009.00894.x
    • (2009) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.33 , pp. 761-771
    • Keyes, K.M.1    Geier, T.2    Grant, B.F.3    Hasin, D.S.4
  • 157
    • 18444393386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of liver disease in the United States: Summary of a workshop
    • doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34734
    • Kim, W. R., Brown, R. S., Jr., Terrault, N. A., & El-Serag, H. (2002). Burden of liver disease in the United States: Summary of a workshop. Hepatology, 36, 227-242. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34734
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.36 , pp. 227-242
    • Kim, W.R.1    Brown, R.S.2    Terrault, N.A.3    El-Serag, H.4
  • 158
    • 84937180538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acculturation and alcohol use among Blacks: The benefits of remaining culturally traditional
    • Klonoff, E. A., & Landrine, H. (1999). Acculturation and alcohol use among Blacks: The benefits of remaining culturally traditional. Western Journal of Black Studies, 23, 211-216.
    • (1999) Western Journal of Black Studies , vol.23 , pp. 211-216
    • Klonoff, E.A.1    Landrine, H.2
  • 159
    • 14644445827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Vital Statistics Reports, 53(Whole No. 5). Retrieved from
    • Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L., Anderson, R. N., & Scott, C. (2004). Deaths: Final data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Reports, 53(Whole No. 5). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/ nvsr53_05acc.pdf
    • (2004) Deaths: Final data for 2002
    • Kochanek, K.D.1    Murphy, S.L.2    Anderson, R.N.3    Scott, C.4
  • 160
    • 33645025677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent health brief: Metro status and African American adolescents' risk for substance use
    • doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.05.024
    • Kogan, S. M., Berkel, C., Chen, Y. F., Brody, G., & Murry, V. M. (2006). Adolescent health brief: Metro status and African American adolescents' risk for substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 454-457. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.05.024
    • (2006) Journal of Adolescent Health , vol.38 , pp. 454-457
    • Kogan, S.M.1    Berkel, C.2    Chen, Y.F.3    Brody, G.4    Murry, V.M.5
  • 161
    • 33746383091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use in relation to peer and school factors: Results of multilevel analysis
    • doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep .2006.01.014
    • Kuntsche, E., & Jordan, M. D. (2006). Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use in relation to peer and school factors: Results of multilevel analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84, 167-174. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep .2006.01.014
    • (2006) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.84 , pp. 167-174
    • Kuntsche, E.1    Jordan, M.D.2
  • 162
    • 77957226037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual and group racism and problem drinking among African American women
    • doi:10.1177/ 0095798409355795
    • Kwate, N. O. A., Meyer, I. H., Eniola, F., & Dennis, N. (2010). Individual and group racism and problem drinking among African American women. Journal of Black Psychology, 36, 446 - 457. doi:10.1177/ 0095798409355795
    • (2010) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 446-457
    • Kwate, N.O.A.1    Meyer, I.H.2    Eniola, F.3    Dennis, N.4
  • 164
    • 0002162779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Blacks use consumption to shape their collective identity
    • doi: 10.1177/146954050100100103
    • Lamont, M., & Molnar, V. (2001). How Blacks use consumption to shape their collective identity. Journal of Consumer Culture, 1, 31-45. doi: 10.1177/146954050100100103
    • (2001) Journal of Consumer Culture , vol.1 , pp. 31-45
    • Lamont, M.1    Molnar, V.2
  • 165
    • 34247680701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences
    • doi:10.1177/00957984960222002
    • Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 144-168. doi:10.1177/00957984960222002
    • (1996) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 144-168
    • Landrine, H.1    Klonoff, E.A.2
  • 166
    • 33644760674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research
    • doi:10.1007/ s10865-005-9029-0
    • Landrine, H., Klonoff, E. A., Corral, I., Fernandez, S., & Roesch, S. (2006). Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 79-94. doi:10.1007/ s10865-005-9029-0
    • (2006) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.29 , pp. 79-94
    • Landrine, H.1    Klonoff, E.A.2    Corral, I.3    Fernandez, S.4    Roesch, S.5
  • 167
    • 0034664163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health risk and inequitable distribution of liquor stores in African American neighborhood
    • doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00004-6
    • LaVeist, T. A., & Wallace, J. M., Jr. (2000). Health risk and inequitable distribution of liquor stores in African American neighborhood. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 613-617. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00004-6
    • (2000) Social Science & Medicine , vol.51 , pp. 613-617
    • LaVeist, T.A.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 168
    • 9244222681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functionality of allelic variations in human alcohol dehydrogenase gene family: Assessment of a functional window for protection against alcoholism
    • doi:10.1097/00008571-200411000-00003
    • Lee, S.-L., Hoog, J.-O., & Yin, S.-J. (2004). Functionality of allelic variations in human alcohol dehydrogenase gene family: Assessment of a functional window for protection against alcoholism. Pharmacogenetics, 14, 725-732. doi:10.1097/00008571-200411000-00003
    • (2004) Pharmacogenetics , vol.14 , pp. 725-732
    • Lee, S.-L.1    Hoog, J.-O.2    Yin, S.-J.3
  • 169
    • 0039131269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding developmental regulation in adolescence: The use of the selection, optimization, and compensation model
    • doi:10.1159/000057039
    • Lerner, R. M., Freund, A. M., Stefanis, I. D., & Habermas, T. (2001). Understanding developmental regulation in adolescence: The use of the selection, optimization, and compensation model. Human Development, 44, 29-50. doi:10.1159/000057039
    • (2001) Human Development , vol.44 , pp. 29-50
    • Lerner, R.M.1    Freund, A.M.2    Stefanis, I.D.3    Habermas, T.4
  • 170
    • 0027459243 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in religiosity over the life cycle among Black Americans
    • doi:10.1093/geront/33.1.16
    • Levin, J. S., & Taylor, R. J. (1993). Gender differences in religiosity over the life cycle among Black Americans. The Gerontologist, 33, 16-23. doi:10.1093/geront/33.1.16
    • (1993) The Gerontologist , vol.33 , pp. 16-23
    • Levin, J.S.1    Taylor, R.J.2
  • 171
    • 0028326386 scopus 로고
    • Race and gender differences in religiosity among older adults: Findings from four national surveys
    • doi:10.1093/geronj/49.3.S137
    • Levin, J. S., Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (1994). Race and gender differences in religiosity among older adults: Findings from four national surveys. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 49, S137-S145. doi:10.1093/geronj/49.3.S137
    • (1994) Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences , vol.49
    • Levin, J.S.1    Taylor, R.J.2    Chatters, L.M.3
  • 172
    • 0036617724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The longitudinal influence of peers on the development of alcohol use in late adolescence: A growth mixture analysis
    • doi:10.1023/A:1015336929122
    • Li, F., Barrera, M., Hops, H., & Fischer, K. J. (2002). The longitudinal influence of peers on the development of alcohol use in late adolescence: A growth mixture analysis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 293- 315. doi:10.1023/A:1015336929122
    • (2002) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.25 , pp. 293-315
    • Li, F.1    Barrera, M.2    Hops, H.3    Fischer, K.J.4
  • 173
    • 0025904499 scopus 로고
    • Black-White differences in alcohol use by women: Baltimore survey findings
    • Lillie-Blanton, M., MacKenzie, E., & Anthony, J. C. (1991). Black-White differences in alcohol use by women: Baltimore survey findings. Public Health Reports, 106, 124-133.
    • (1991) Public Health Reports , vol.106 , pp. 124-133
    • Lillie-Blanton, M.1    MacKenzie, E.2    Anthony, J.C.3
  • 175
    • 0002798306 scopus 로고
    • Black religion and racial identity
    • In H. W. Harris, H. C. Blue, & E. E.H. Griffith (Eds.), New York, NY: Routledge
    • Lincoln, C. E. (1995). Black religion and racial identity. In H. W. Harris, H. C. Blue, & E. E.H. Griffith (Eds.), Racial and ethnic identity: Psychological development and creative expression (pp. 209-221). New York, NY: Routledge.
    • (1995) Racial and ethnic identity: Psychological development and creative expression , pp. 209-221
    • Lincoln, C.E.1
  • 177
    • 0036127309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic risk for alcoholism relates to level of response to alcohol in Asian American men and women
    • Luczak, S. E., Elvine-Kreis, B., Shea, S. H., Carr, L. G., & Wall, T. L. (2002). Genetic risk for alcoholism relates to level of response to alcohol in Asian American men and women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 74-82.
    • (2002) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.63 , pp. 74-82
    • Luczak, S.E.1    Elvine-Kreis, B.2    Shea, S.H.3    Carr, L.G.4    Wall, T.L.5
  • 178
    • 33747041432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analyses of ALDH2 and ADH1B with alcohol dependence in Asians
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.607
    • Luczak, S. E., Glatt, S. J., & Wall, T. L. (2006). Meta-analyses of ALDH2 and ADH1B with alcohol dependence in Asians. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 607-621. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.607
    • (2006) Psychological Bulletin , vol.132 , pp. 607-621
    • Luczak, S.E.1    Glatt, S.J.2    Wall, T.L.3
  • 179
    • 0035195080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binge drinking in Chinese, Korean, and White college students: Genetic and ethnic group differences
    • doi:10.1037/0893-164X.15.4.306
    • Luczak, S. E., Wall, T. L., Shea, S. H., Byun, S. M., & Carr, L. G. (2001). Binge drinking in Chinese, Korean, and White college students: Genetic and ethnic group differences. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 306-309. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.15.4.306
    • (2001) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.15 , pp. 306-309
    • Luczak, S.E.1    Wall, T.L.2    Shea, S.H.3    Byun, S.M.4    Carr, L.G.5
  • 180
    • 10944236346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of Al-Islam on the African American population
    • doi:10.1002/j.2161- 007X.2003.tb00267.x
    • Lumumba, H. (2003). The impact of Al-Islam on the African American population. Counseling and Values, 47, 210-219. doi:10.1002/j.2161- 007X.2003.tb00267.x
    • (2003) Counseling and Values , vol.47 , pp. 210-219
    • Lumumba, H.1
  • 181
    • 33646891714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diplotype trend regression analysis of the ADH gene cluster and the ALDH2 gene: Multiple significant associations with alcohol dependence
    • doi:10.1086/ 504113
    • Luo, X., Kranzler, H. R., Zuo, L., Wang, S., Schork, N. J., & Gelernter, J. (2006). Diplotype trend regression analysis of the ADH gene cluster and the ALDH2 gene: Multiple significant associations with alcohol dependence. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 973-987. doi:10.1086/ 504113
    • (2006) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.78 , pp. 973-987
    • Luo, X.1    Kranzler, H.R.2    Zuo, L.3    Wang, S.4    Schork, N.J.5    Gelernter, J.6
  • 182
    • 34748845104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in binge drinkers
    • doi:10.1037/0893- 164X.21.3.346
    • Marczinski, C. A., Combs, S. W., & Fillmore, M. T. (2007). Increased sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol in binge drinkers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 346-354. doi:10.1037/0893- 164X.21.3.346
    • (2007) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.21 , pp. 346-354
    • Marczinski, C.A.1    Combs, S.W.2    Fillmore, M.T.3
  • 183
    • 0642334580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problem drinking patterns among African Americans: The impacts of reports of discrimination, perceptions of prejudice, and "risky" coping strategies
    • doi:10.2307/1519787
    • Martin, J. K., Tuch, S., & Roman, P. A. (2003). Problem drinking patterns among African Americans: The impacts of reports of discrimination, perceptions of prejudice, and "risky" coping strategies. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 408-425. doi:10.2307/1519787
    • (2003) Journal of Health and Social Behavior , vol.44 , pp. 408-425
    • Martin, J.K.1    Tuch, S.2    Roman, P.A.3
  • 184
  • 185
    • 0028575596 scopus 로고
    • Migration, separation, and the geographic concentration of poverty
    • doi:10.2307/2095942
    • Massey, D. S., Gross, A. B., & Shibuya, K. (1994). Migration, separation, and the geographic concentration of poverty. American Sociological Review, 59, 425-445. doi:10.2307/2095942
    • (1994) American Sociological Review , vol.59 , pp. 425-445
    • Massey, D.S.1    Gross, A.B.2    Shibuya, K.3
  • 187
    • 0347287810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans
    • doi:10.1002/jcop.1034
    • Mattis, J. S., & Jagers, R. J. (2001). A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 519-539. doi:10.1002/jcop.1034
    • (2001) Journal of Community Psychology , vol.29 , pp. 519-539
    • Mattis, J.S.1    Jagers, R.J.2
  • 188
    • 0034977258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disinhibition and expectancy in risk for alcohol use: Comparing Black and White college samples
    • McCarthy, D. M., Miller, T. L., Smith, G. T., & Smith, J. A. (2001). Disinhibition and expectancy in risk for alcohol use: Comparing Black and White college samples. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 313-321.
    • (2001) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.62 , pp. 313-321
    • McCarthy, D.M.1    Miller, T.L.2    Smith, G.T.3    Smith, J.A.4
  • 190
    • 0002398709 scopus 로고
    • Nineteenth-century Black women's spiritual autobiographies: Religious faith and self-empowerment
    • In Personal Narratives Group (Ed.), Bloomington: Indiana University Press
    • McKay, N. Y. (1989). Nineteenth-century Black women's spiritual autobiographies: Religious faith and self-empowerment. In Personal Narratives Group (Ed.), Interpreting women's lives: Feminist theory and personal narratives (pp. 139-154). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    • (1989) Interpreting women's lives: Feminist theory and personal narratives , pp. 139-154
    • McKay, N.Y.1
  • 191
    • 0142087106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports No. P20-541). Retrieved from
    • McKinnon, J. (2003). The Black population in the United States: March 2002 (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports No. P20-541). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-541.pdf
    • (2003) The Black population in the United States: March 2002
    • McKinnon, J.1
  • 192
    • 0142087106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports No. P20-530). Retrieved from
    • McKinnon, J., & Humes, K. (2000). The Black population in the United States: March 1999 (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports No. P20-530). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/ p20-530.pdf
    • (2000) The Black population in the United States: March 1999
    • McKinnon, J.1    Humes, K.2
  • 193
    • 0008898546 scopus 로고
    • The sober social life at the historically Black colleges
    • doi:10.2307/2962645
    • Meilman, P., Presley, C. A., & Cashin, J. R. (1995). The sober social life at the historically Black colleges. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 1995(9), 98-100. doi:10.2307/2962645
    • (1995) Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , vol.1995 , Issue.9 , pp. 98-100
    • Meilman, P.1    Presley, C.A.2    Cashin, J.R.3
  • 196
    • 0029072360 scopus 로고
    • Drinking-related problems in the United States: Description and trends, 1984-1990
    • Midanik, L. T., & Clark, W. B. (1995). Drinking-related problems in the United States: Description and trends, 1984-1990. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 395-402.
    • (1995) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.56 , pp. 395-402
    • Midanik, L.T.1    Clark, W.B.2
  • 197
    • 38349138147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miller Brewing Company. Milwaukee, WI: Author.
    • Miller Brewing Company. (2001). Behavioral Tracking Study 2000. Milwaukee, WI: Author.
    • (2001) Behavioral Tracking Study 2000
  • 199
    • 0142075704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affiliation with deviant peers among children of substance dependent fathers from preadolescence into adolescence: Associations with problem behaviors
    • doi:10.1016/S0376- 8716(03)00073-5
    • Moss, H. B., Lynch, K. G., & Hardie, T. L. (2003). Affiliation with deviant peers among children of substance dependent fathers from preadolescence into adolescence: Associations with problem behaviors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 71, 117-125. doi:10.1016/S0376- 8716(03)00073-5
    • (2003) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.71 , pp. 117-125
    • Moss, H.B.1    Lynch, K.G.2    Hardie, T.L.3
  • 200
    • 63149184163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disparities in alcohol-related problems among White, Black, and Hispanic Americans
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00880.x
    • Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Greenfield, T. K., & Zemore, S. E. (2009). Disparities in alcohol-related problems among White, Black, and Hispanic Americans. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 654-662. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00880.x
    • (2009) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.33 , pp. 654-662
    • Mulia, N.1    Ye, Y.2    Greenfield, T.K.3    Zemore, S.E.4
  • 201
    • 57549111005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among Black, Hispanic, and White Americans: Findings from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey
    • Mulia, N., Ye, Y., Zemore, S. E., & Greenfield, T. K. (2008). Social disadvantage, stress, and alcohol use among Black, Hispanic, and White Americans: Findings from the 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69, 824-833.
    • (2008) Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , vol.69 , pp. 824-833
    • Mulia, N.1    Ye, Y.2    Zemore, S.E.3    Greenfield, T.K.4
  • 202
    • 35148891701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The moderating effects of culture on peer deviance and alcohol use among high-risk African-American adolescents
    • doi:10.2190/DE.37.3.g
    • Nasim, A., Belgrave, F. Z., Jagers, R. J., Wilson, K. D., & Owens, K. (2007). The moderating effects of culture on peer deviance and alcohol use among high-risk African-American adolescents. Journal of Drug Education, 37, 335-363. doi:10.2190/DE.37.3.g
    • (2007) Journal of Drug Education , vol.37 , pp. 335-363
    • Nasim, A.1    Belgrave, F.Z.2    Jagers, R.J.3    Wilson, K.D.4    Owens, K.5
  • 203
    • 84890899533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol and aging (Alcohol Alert No. 40). Retrieved from
    • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (1998). Alcohol and aging (Alcohol Alert No. 40). Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/ publications/aa40.htm
    • (1998)
  • 204
    • 84890896614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Report on high alcohol content malt beverages and related products. Rockville, MD: Author
    • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2000). Report on high alcohol content malt beverages and related products. Rockville, MD: Author.
    • (2000)
  • 205
    • 84890958369 scopus 로고
    • National Institute on Drug Abuse. Drug use among racial/ethnic minorities. Retrieved from
    • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1995). Drug use among racial/ethnic minorities. Retrieved from http://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/ minorities03.pdf
    • (1995)
  • 206
    • 0030444539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racism and perinatal addiction
    • Neuspiel, D. R. (1996). Racism and perinatal addiction. Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 47-55.
    • (1996) Ethnicity and Disease , vol.6 , pp. 47-55
    • Neuspiel, D.R.1
  • 207
    • 0037195496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype on cardiovascular and endocrine responses to alcohol in young Japanese subjects
    • doi:10.1016/ S1566-0702(02)00206-0
    • Nishimura, F. T., Fukunaga, T., Kajiura, H., Umeno, K., Takakura, H., Ono, T., & Nishijo, H. (2002). Effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype on cardiovascular and endocrine responses to alcohol in young Japanese subjects. Autonomic Neuroscience, 102, 60-70. doi:10.1016/ S1566-0702(02)00206-0
    • (2002) Autonomic Neuroscience , vol.102 , pp. 60-70
    • Nishimura, F.T.1    Fukunaga, T.2    Kajiura, H.3    Umeno, K.4    Takakura, H.5    Ono, T.6    Nishijo, H.7
  • 208
    • 0034947484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalogram spectral characteristics after alcohol ingestion in Japanese men with aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 variations: Comparison with peripheral changes
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001 .tb02313.x
    • Nishimura, F. T., Fukunaga, T., Nishijo, H., Ono, T., Kajiura, H., & Yokomukai, Y. (2001). Electroencephalogram spectral characteristics after alcohol ingestion in Japanese men with aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 variations: Comparison with peripheral changes. Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1030-1036. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001 .tb02313.x
    • (2001) Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.25 , pp. 1030-1036
    • Nishimura, F.T.1    Fukunaga, T.2    Nishijo, H.3    Ono, T.4    Kajiura, H.5    Yokomukai, Y.6
  • 209
    • 0001972955 scopus 로고
    • African philosophy: Foundations of Black psychology
    • In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Berkley, CA: Cobb & Henry
    • Nobles, W. W. (1991). African philosophy: Foundations of Black psychology. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Black psychology (pp. 47-63). Berkley, CA: Cobb & Henry.
    • (1991) Black psychology , pp. 47-63
    • Nobles, W.W.1
  • 210
    • 62749161545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drinking context and drinking problems among Black, White, and Hispanic men and women in the 1984, 1995, and 2005 US. National Alcohol Surveys.
    • Nyaronga, D., Greenfield, T. K., & McDaniel, P. A. (2009). Drinking context and drinking problems among Black, White, and Hispanic men and women in the 1984, 1995, and 2005 U.S. National Alcohol Surveys. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 16-26.
    • (2009) Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , vol.70 , pp. 16-26
    • Nyaronga, D.1    Greenfield, T.K.2    McDaniel, P.A.3
  • 211
    • 0344688228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The African American experience in the Islamic faith
    • doi:10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003 .20608.x
    • Ohm, R. (2003). The African American experience in the Islamic faith. Public Health Nursing, 20, 478-486. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003 .20608.x
    • (2003) Public Health Nursing , vol.20 , pp. 478-486
    • Ohm, R.1
  • 214
    • 18444412585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global perspective on genetic variation at the ADH genes reveals unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium and diversity
    • doi: 10.1086/341290
    • Osier, M. V., Pakstis, A. J., Soodyall, H., Comas, D., Goldman, D., Odusni, A., . . . Kidd, K. K. (2002). A global perspective on genetic variation at the ADH genes reveals unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium and diversity. American Journal of Human Genetics, 71, 84 -99. doi: 10.1086/341290
    • (2002) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.71
    • Osier, M.V.1    Pakstis, A.J.2    Soodyall, H.3    Comas, D.4    Goldman, D.5    Odusni, A.6    Kidd, K.K.7
  • 215
    • 68649087126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying separate and unequal: Racial- ethnic distributions of neighborhood poverty in metropolitan Americ
    • doi:10.1177/1078087408331119
    • Osypuk, T. L., Galea, S., McArdle, N., & Acevedo-Garcia, D. (2009). Quantifying separate and unequal: Racial- ethnic distributions of neighborhood poverty in metropolitan America. Urban Affairs Review, 45, 25-65. doi:10.1177/1078087408331119
    • (2009) Urban Affairs Review , vol.45 , pp. 25-65
    • Osypuk, T.L.1    Galea, S.2    McArdle, N.3    Acevedo-Garcia, D.4
  • 216
    • 0032852668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parents, peers, and prototypes: Antecedents of adolescent alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems in rural youth
    • doi:10.1037/ 0893-164X.13.3.183
    • Ouellette, J. A., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., & Reis-Bergan, M. (1999). Parents, peers, and prototypes: Antecedents of adolescent alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems in rural youth. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 13, 183-197. doi:10.1037/ 0893-164X.13.3.183
    • (1999) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.13 , pp. 183-197
    • Ouellette, J.A.1    Gerrard, M.2    Gibbons, F.X.3    Reis-Bergan, M.4
  • 217
    • 0242424960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mark of a criminal record
    • doi:10.1086/374403
    • Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937-975. doi:10.1086/374403
    • (2003) American Journal of Sociology , vol.108 , pp. 937-975
    • Pager, D.1
  • 218
    • 0010115037 scopus 로고
    • Social-class factors in alcoholism
    • In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.), New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4274-8_10
    • Park, P. (1983). Social-class factors in alcoholism. In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.), The biology of alcoholism (Vol. 6, pp. 365-404). New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4274-8_10
    • (1983) The biology of alcoholism , vol.6 , pp. 365-404
    • Park, P.1
  • 219
    • 84937288733 scopus 로고
    • Predictors of alcohol and drug use: A multi-ethnic comparison
    • doi:10.1080/00224545.1995.9712231
    • Parker, K. D., Weaver, G., & Calhoun, T. (1995). Predictors of alcohol and drug use: A multi-ethnic comparison. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 581-590. doi:10.1080/00224545.1995.9712231
    • (1995) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.135 , pp. 581-590
    • Parker, K.D.1    Weaver, G.2    Calhoun, T.3
  • 220
    • 64849088483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of subjective response to alcohol in African Americans
    • Pedersen, S. L., & McCarthy, D. M. (2009). An examination of subjective response to alcohol in African Americans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 288-295.
    • (2009) Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , vol.70 , pp. 288-295
    • Pedersen, S.L.1    McCarthy, D.M.2
  • 222
    • 67849090480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On drinking styles and race: A consideration of the socio-structural determinants of alcohol use behavior
    • doi:10.1080/ 15332640902897024
    • Peralta, R. L., & Steele, J. L. (2009). On drinking styles and race: A consideration of the socio-structural determinants of alcohol use behavior. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 8, 146-162. doi:10.1080/ 15332640902897024
    • (2009) Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , vol.8 , pp. 146-162
    • Peralta, R.L.1    Steele, J.L.2
  • 223
    • 0001079538 scopus 로고
    • Disentangling the effects of parental drinking, family management, and parental alcohol norms on current drinking by Black and White adolescents
    • doi:10.1207/ s15327795jra0402_3
    • Peterson, P. L., Hawkins, J. D., Abboy, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (1994). Disentangling the effects of parental drinking, family management, and parental alcohol norms on current drinking by Black and White adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 203-227. doi:10.1207/ s15327795jra0402_3
    • (1994) Journal of Research on Adolescence , vol.4 , pp. 203-227
    • Peterson, P.L.1    Hawkins, J.D.2    Abboy, R.D.3    Catalano, R.F.4
  • 224
    • 2642584998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US. incarceration.
    • doi:10.1177/000312240406900201
    • Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004). Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration. American Sociological Review, 69, 151-169. doi:10.1177/000312240406900201
    • (2004) American Sociological Review , vol.69 , pp. 151-169
    • Pettit, B.1    Western, B.2
  • 225
    • 0002552249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic and racial identity development and mental health
    • In J. Schulenberg, J. L. Maggs, & K. Herrelmann (Eds.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
    • Phinney, J. S., & Kohatsu, E. (1997). Ethnic and racial identity development and mental health. In J. Schulenberg, J. L. Maggs, & K. Herrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 420 - 443). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1997) Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence , pp. 420-443
    • Phinney, J.S.1    Kohatsu, E.2
  • 226
    • 0002267271 scopus 로고
    • Old-time religion: Benches can't say "amen"
    • In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,(2nd ed)
    • Pipes, W. H. (1988). Old-time religion: Benches can't say "amen". In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (2nd ed., pp. 54-76). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1988) Black families , pp. 54-76
    • Pipes, W.H.1
  • 227
    • 79959375894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining naltrexone and alcohol effects in a minority population: Results from an initial human laboratory study
    • doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00138.x
    • Plebani, J. G., Oslin, D. W., & Lynch, K. G. (2011). Examining naltrexone and alcohol effects in a minority population: Results from an initial human laboratory study. American Journal on Addictions, 20, 330-336. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00138.x
    • (2011) American Journal on Addictions , vol.20 , pp. 330-336
    • Plebani, J.G.1    Oslin, D.W.2    Lynch, K.G.3
  • 228
    • 14644424006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and early coronary calcification: Findings from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
    • doi:10.1093/aje/kwi062
    • Pletcher, M. J., Varosy, P., Kiefe, C. I., Lewis, C. E., Sidney, S., & Hulley, S. B. (2005). Alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and early coronary calcification: Findings from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161, 423-433. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi062
    • (2005) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.161 , pp. 423-433
    • Pletcher, M.J.1    Varosy, P.2    Kiefe, C.I.3    Lewis, C.E.4    Sidney, S.5    Hulley, S.B.6
  • 229
    • 84928833616 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in the use of drugs and alcohol among low income youth and young adults
    • Poulin, J. E. (1991). Racial differences in the use of drugs and alcohol among low income youth and young adults. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 18, 159-166.
    • (1991) Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare , vol.18 , pp. 159-166
    • Poulin, J.E.1
  • 230
    • 0002103854 scopus 로고
    • Cognition and behavior in studies of choice
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.33
    • Rachlin, H., Logue, A. W., Gibbon, J., & Frankel, M. (1986). Cognition and behavior in studies of choice. Psychological Review, 93, 33-45. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.33
    • (1986) Psychological Review , vol.93 , pp. 33-45
    • Rachlin, H.1    Logue, A.W.2    Gibbon, J.3    Frankel, M.4
  • 231
    • 0642305978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative influences of perceived parental monitoring and perceived peer involvement on adolescent risk behaviors: An analysis of six cross-sectional data sets
    • doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00179-4
    • Rai, A. A., Stanton, B., Wu, Y., Li, X., Galbraith, J., Cottrell, L., . . . Burns, J. (2003). Relative influences of perceived parental monitoring and perceived peer involvement on adolescent risk behaviors: An analysis of six cross-sectional data sets. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 108-118. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00179-4
    • (2003) Journal of Adolescent Health , vol.33 , pp. 108-118
    • Rai, A.A.1    Stanton, B.2    Wu, Y.3    Li, X.4    Galbraith, J.5    Cottrell, L.6    Burns, J.7
  • 232
    • 0001512452 scopus 로고
    • Making a way out of no way: The promise of Africentric approaches to HIV prevention
    • doi:10.1177/00957984930192009
    • Randolph, S. M., & Banks, H. D. (1993). Making a way out of no way: The promise of Africentric approaches to HIV prevention. Journal of Black Psychology, 19, 204-214. doi:10.1177/00957984930192009
    • (1993) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 204-214
    • Randol, S.M.1    Banks, H.D.2
  • 234
    • 70349887741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence among African Americans: Results from the COMBINE Study
    • doi:10.1016/j .drugalcdep.2009.07.006
    • Ray, L. A., & Oslin, D. W. (2009). Naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence among African Americans: Results from the COMBINE Study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 105, 256-258. doi:10.1016/j .drugalcdep.2009.07.006
    • (2009) Drug and Alcohol Dependence , vol.105 , pp. 256-258
    • Ray, L.A.1    Oslin, D.W.2
  • 235
    • 0042835508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: An overview
    • doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00467.x
    • Rehm, J., Room, R., Graham, K., Monteiro, M., Gmel, G., & Sempos, C. T. (2003). The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: An overview. Addiction, 98, 1209-1228. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00467.x
    • (2003) Addiction , vol.98 , pp. 1209-1228
    • Rehm, J.1    Room, R.2    Graham, K.3    Monteiro, M.4    Gmel, G.5    Sempos, C.T.6
  • 236
    • 0033091991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic disparities in health: The interplay between discrimination and socioeconomic status
    • Ren, X. S., Amick, B. C., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racial/ethnic disparities in health: The interplay between discrimination and socioeconomic status. Ethnicity and Disease, 9, 151-165.
    • (1999) Ethnicity and Disease , vol.9 , pp. 151-165
    • Ren, X.S.1    Amick, B.C.2    Williams, D.R.3
  • 237
    • 0025066779 scopus 로고
    • Differences between White and Black youth who drink heavily
    • doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90032-S
    • Ringwalt, C. L., & Palmer, J. H. (1990). Differences between White and Black youth who drink heavily. Addictive Behaviors, 15, 455-460. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90032-S
    • (1990) Addictive Behaviors , vol.15 , pp. 455-460
    • Ringwalt, C.L.1    Palmer, J.H.2
  • 238
    • 19644382133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of depression by race/ethnicity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
    • doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047225
    • Riolo, S. A., Nguyen, T. A., Greden, J. F., & King, C. A. (2005). Prevalence of depression by race/ethnicity: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 998-1000. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047225
    • (2005) American Journal of Public Health , vol.95 , pp. 998-1000
    • Riolo, S.A.1    Nguyen, T.A.2    Greden, J.F.3    King, C.A.4
  • 239
    • 0040924507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of alcohol drinking among African American adolescents: Implications for violence prevention
    • doi: 10.2307/2967146
    • Rodney, H. E., Mupier, R., & Crafter, B. (1996). Predictors of alcohol drinking among African American adolescents: Implications for violence prevention. Journal of Negro Education, 65, 434-444. doi: 10.2307/2967146
    • (1996) Journal of Negro Education , vol.65 , pp. 434-444
    • Rodney, H.E.1    Mupier, R.2    Crafter, B.3
  • 240
    • 0030034668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students
    • doi:10.1097/00004583-199601000-00018
    • Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1996). Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 101-109. doi:10.1097/00004583-199601000-00018
    • (1996) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , vol.35 , pp. 101-109
    • Rohde, P.1    Lewinsohn, P.M.2    Seeley, J.R.3
  • 241
    • 33845617641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and environmental justice: The density of liquor stores and bars in urban neighborhoods in the United States
    • Romley, J. A., Cohen, D., Ringel, J. S., & Sturm, R. (2007). Alcohol and environmental justice: The density of liquor stores and bars in urban neighborhoods in the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68, 48-55.
    • (2007) Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , vol.68 , pp. 48-55
    • Romley, J.A.1    Cohen, D.2    Ringel, J.S.3    Sturm, R.4
  • 243
    • 0043143226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective
    • In R. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press
    • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. In R. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3-36). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
    • (2002) Handbook of self-determination research , pp. 3-36
    • Ryan, R.M.1    Deci, E.L.2
  • 244
    • 0002387331 scopus 로고
    • Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality
    • In J. Hagan & R. D. Peterson (Eds.), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
    • Sampson, R. J., & Wilson, W. J. (1995). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In J. Hagan & R. D. Peterson (Eds.), Crime and inequality (pp. 37-54). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
    • (1995) Crime and inequality , pp. 37-54
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Wilson, W.J.2
  • 245
    • 33845877478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic disparities in clinical severity and services for alcohol problems: Results from the National Alcohol Survey
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00263.x
    • Schmidt, L. A., Ye, Y., Greenfield, T. K., & Bond, J. (2007). Ethnic disparities in clinical severity and services for alcohol problems: Results from the National Alcohol Survey. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 48-56. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00263.x
    • (2007) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.31 , pp. 48-56
    • Schmidt, L.A.1    Ye, Y.2    Greenfield, T.K.3    Bond, J.4
  • 246
    • 0029984513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood
    • Schulenberg, J., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 289-304.
    • (1996) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.57 , pp. 289-304
    • Schulenberg, J.1    O'Malley, P.M.2    Bachman, J.G.3    Wadsworth, K.N.4    Johnston, L.D.5
  • 247
    • 34547492839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health-related effects of genetic variations of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in African Americans
    • Scott, D. M., & Taylor, R. E. (2007). Health-related effects of genetic variations of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in African Americans. Alcohol Research & Health, 30, 18-21.
    • (2007) Alcohol Research & Health , vol.30 , pp. 18-21
    • Scott, D.M.1    Taylor, R.E.2
  • 248
    • 0642334584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults
    • doi:10.2307/1519781
    • Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 302-317. doi:10.2307/1519781
    • (2003) Journal of Health and Social Behavior , vol.43 , pp. 302-317
    • Sellers, R.M.1    Caldwell, C.H.2    Schmeelk-Cone, K.H.3    Zimmerman, M.A.4
  • 249
    • 12244299850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Average volume of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality in African Americans: The NHEFS cohort
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2003 .tb02726.x
    • Sempos, C. T., Rehm, J., Wu, T., Crespo, C. J., & Trevisan, M. (2003). Average volume of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality in African Americans: The NHEFS cohort. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 88 -92. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2003 .tb02726.x
    • (2003) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.27
    • Sempos, C.T.1    Rehm, J.2    Wu, T.3    Crespo, C.J.4    Trevisan, M.5
  • 250
    • 77954149374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal validation of the acquired preparedness model of drinking risk
    • doi:10.1037/a0017631
    • Settles, R. F., Cyders, M. A., & Smith, G. T. (2010). Longitudinal validation of the acquired preparedness model of drinking risk. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 198-208. doi:10.1037/a0017631
    • (2010) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.24 , pp. 198-208
    • Settles, R.F.1    Cyders, M.A.2    Smith, G.T.3
  • 251
    • 0025424432 scopus 로고
    • Adolescent drug use and psychological health
    • doi:10.1037/0003-066X .45.5.612
    • Shedler, J., & Block, J. (1990). Adolescent drug use and psychological health. American Psychologist, 45, 612-630. doi:10.1037/0003-066X .45.5.612
    • (1990) American Psychologist , vol.45 , pp. 612-630
    • Shedler, J.1    Block, J.2
  • 253
    • 13844300325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of alcohol use disorders
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144107
    • Sher, K. J., Grekin, E. R., & Williams, N. A. (2005). The development of alcohol use disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 493- 523. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144107
    • (2005) Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , vol.1
    • Sher, K.J.1    Grekin, E.R.2    Williams, N.A.3
  • 254
    • 33846407931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy drinking across the transition to college: Predicting first-semester heavy drinking from pre-college variables
    • doi:10.1016/j.addbeh .2006.06.024
    • Sher, K. J., & Rutledge, P. C. (2007). Heavy drinking across the transition to college: Predicting first-semester heavy drinking from pre-college variables. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 819 - 835. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh .2006.06.024
    • (2007) Addictive Behaviors , vol.32
    • Sher, K.J.1    Rutledge, P.C.2
  • 255
    • 0026329175 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of children of alcoholics: Putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.427
    • Sher, K. J., Walitzer, K. S., Wood, P. K., & Brent, E. E. (1991). Characteristics of children of alcoholics: Putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 427-448. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.427
    • (1991) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 427-448
    • Sher, K.J.1    Walitzer, K.S.2    Wood, P.K.3    Brent, E.E.4
  • 256
    • 36248964695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High risk drinking among young adults: The influence of race and college enrollment
    • doi:10.1080/ 00952990701653834
    • Siebert, D. C., & Wilke, D. J. (2007). High risk drinking among young adults: The influence of race and college enrollment. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 33, 843- 850. doi:10.1080/ 00952990701653834
    • (2007) American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , vol.33
    • Siebert, D.C.1    Wilke, D.J.2
  • 257
    • 0033646016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1935-1997: Trends and differentials by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and alcohol consumption
    • Singh, G. K., & Hoyert, D. L. (2000). Social epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1935-1997: Trends and differentials by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and alcohol consumption. Human Biology, 72, 801-820.
    • (2000) Human Biology , vol.72 , pp. 801-820
    • Singh, G.K.1    Hoyert, D.L.2
  • 258
    • 12344288037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race
    • doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16
    • Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60, 16-26. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16
    • (2005) American Psychologist , vol.60 , pp. 16-26
    • Smedley, A.1    Smedley, B.D.2
  • 259
    • 0028293173 scopus 로고
    • Psychological expectancy as mediator of vulnerability to alcoholism
    • doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24709.x
    • Smith, G. T. (1994). Psychological expectancy as mediator of vulnerability to alcoholism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 708, 165-171. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb24709.x
    • (1994) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.708 , pp. 165-171
    • Smith, G.T.1
  • 260
    • 0000034067 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol expectancy theory and the identification of high-risk adolescents
    • doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0402_4
    • Smith, G. T., & Goldman, M. S. (1994). Alcohol expectancy theory and the identification of high-risk adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 229-247. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0402_4
    • (1994) Journal of Research on Adolescence , vol.4 , pp. 229-247
    • Smith, G.T.1    Goldman, M.S.2
  • 261
    • 0028966216 scopus 로고
    • The expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.32
    • Smith, G. T., Goldman, M. S., Greenbaum, P., & Christiansen, B. A. (1995). The expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 32-40. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.32
    • (1995) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 32-40
    • Smith, G.T.1    Goldman, M.S.2    Greenbaum, P.3    Christiansen, B.A.4
  • 262
    • 34250204152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory of reservation-dwelling American Indian alcohol use risk
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.395
    • Spillane, N. S., & Smith, G. T. (2007). A theory of reservation-dwelling American Indian alcohol use risk. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 395-418. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.395
    • (2007) Psychological Bulletin , vol.133 , pp. 395-418
    • Spillane, N.S.1    Smith, G.T.2
  • 263
    • 84872488353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived access to important reinforcers as a function of alcohol consumption among American Indians
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01864.x
    • Spillane, N. S., Smith, G. T., & Kahler, C. W. (2013). Perceived access to important reinforcers as a function of alcohol consumption among American Indians. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(Suppl.), E314-E321. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01864.x
    • (2013) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.37 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Spillane, N.S.1    Smith, G.T.2    Kahler, C.W.3
  • 265
    • 84970385554 scopus 로고
    • Insurance redlining, agency location and the process of urban disinvestment
    • doi:10.1177/004208169102600407
    • Squires, G. D., Velez, W., & Taeuber, K. E. (1991). Insurance redlining, agency location and the process of urban disinvestment. Urban Affairs Review, 26, 567-588. doi:10.1177/004208169102600407
    • (1991) Urban Affairs Review , vol.26 , pp. 567-588
    • Squires, G.D.1    Velez, W.2    Taeuber, K.E.3
  • 266
    • 0036945949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal influence of perceptions of peer and parental factors on African American adolescent risk involvement
    • doi:10.1093/jurban/79.4.536
    • Stanton, B., Li, X., Pack, R., Cottrell, L., Harris, C., & Burns, J. M. (2002). Longitudinal influence of perceptions of peer and parental factors on African American adolescent risk involvement. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 536-548. doi:10.1093/jurban/79.4.536
    • (2002) Journal of Urban Health , vol.79 , pp. 536-548
    • Stanton, B.1    Li, X.2    Pack, R.3    Cottrell, L.4    Harris, C.5    Burns, J.M.6
  • 267
    • 3242786428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Religious activity and risk behavior among African American adolescents: Concurrent and developmental effects
    • doi:0091-0562/04/0600-0151/0
    • Steinman, K. J., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Religious activity and risk behavior among African American adolescents: Concurrent and developmental effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 151-161. doi:0091-0562/04/0600-0151/0
    • (2004) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 151-161
    • Steinman, K.J.1    Zimmerman, M.A.2
  • 268
    • 77954225663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binge drinking in African American males from adolescence to young adulthood: The protective influence of religiosity, family connectedness, and close friends' substance use
    • doi:10.3109/ 10826081003754765
    • Stevens-Watkins, D., & Rostosky, S. (2010). Binge drinking in African American males from adolescence to young adulthood: The protective influence of religiosity, family connectedness, and close friends' substance use. Substance Use & Misuse, 45, 1435-1451. doi:10.3109/ 10826081003754765
    • (2010) Substance Use & Misuse , vol.45 , pp. 1435-1451
    • Stevens-Watkins, D.1    Rostosky, S.2
  • 269
    • 0035999650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity patters of adolescent drinking: A tri-ethnic study
    • Stewart, C., & Power, T. G. (2002). Identity patters of adolescent drinking: A tri-ethnic study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 156-168.
    • (2002) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.63 , pp. 156-168
    • Stewart, C.1    Power, T.G.2
  • 272
    • 80052297396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial identification, racial discrimination, and substance use vulnerability among African American young adults
    • doi:10.1177/0146167211410574
    • Stock, M. L., Gibbons, F. X., Walsh, L. A., & Gerrard, M. (2011). Racial identification, racial discrimination, and substance use vulnerability among African American young adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1349-1361. doi:10.1177/0146167211410574
    • (2011) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.37 , pp. 1349-1361
    • Stock, M.L.1    Gibbons, F.X.2    Walsh, L.A.3    Gerrard, M.4
  • 273
    • 33746824585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance use in ethnic minority youth
    • doi:10.1300/ J233v05n01_05
    • Strada, M. J., & Donohue, B. (2006). Substance use in ethnic minority youth. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 5, 67-89. doi:10.1300/ J233v05n01_05
    • (2006) Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , vol.5 , pp. 67-89
    • Strada, M.J.1    Donohue, B.2
  • 274
    • 85050831471 scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in men's unemployment
    • doi:10.2307/2524546
    • Stratton, L. S. (1993). Racial differences in men's unemployment. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46, 451-463. doi:10.2307/2524546
    • (1993) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.46 , pp. 451-463
    • Stratton, L.S.1
  • 275
    • 85015495409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:Summary of national findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No. SMA 10-4586Findings). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume 1. Summary of national findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No. SMA 10-4586Findings). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/ 2k9Results.htm
    • (2010) , vol.1
  • 276
    • 84890937397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings (NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings (NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
    • (2011)
  • 277
    • 34247471696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug use in African American and Hispanic adolescents: Culture, development, and behavior
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091408
    • Szapocznik, J., Prado, G., Burlew, A. K., Williams, R. A., & Santisteban, D. A. (2007). Drug use in African American and Hispanic adolescents: Culture, development, and behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 77-105. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091408
    • (2007) Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 77-105
    • Szapocznik, J.1    Prado, G.2    Burlew, A.K.3    Williams, R.A.4    Santisteban, D.A.5
  • 278
    • 0033013957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and drinking behavior in three ALDH2 genotypes among Japanese university students
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04226.x
    • Takeshita, T., & Morimoto, K. (1999). Self-reported alcohol-associated symptoms and drinking behavior in three ALDH2 genotypes among Japanese university students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1065-1069. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04226.x
    • (1999) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.23 , pp. 1065-1069
    • Takeshita, T.1    Morimoto, K.2
  • 279
    • 84907125985 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting alcohol consumption in Black women: Part II
    • doi:10.3109/10826089009056228
    • Taylor, J., & Jackson, B. (1990). Factors affecting alcohol consumption in Black women: Part II. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 1415-1427. doi:10.3109/10826089009056228
    • (1990) International Journal of the Addictions , vol.25 , pp. 1415-1427
    • Taylor, J.1    Jackson, B.2
  • 280
    • 0001362752 scopus 로고
    • Religion and religious observations among aging Black Americans
    • In J. S. Jackson, L. M. Chatters, & R. J. Taylor (Eds.),Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • Taylor, R. J. (1992). Religion and religious observations among aging Black Americans. In J. S. Jackson, L. M. Chatters, & R. J. Taylor (Eds.), Aging in Black America (pp. 101-123). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    • (1992) Aging in Black Americ , pp. 101-123
    • Taylor, R.J.1
  • 281
    • 0000718124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective religiosity among African Americans: A synthesis of findings from five national samples
    • doi:10.1177/ 0095798499025004004
    • Taylor, R. J., Mattis, J., & Chatters, L. M. (1999). Subjective religiosity among African Americans: A synthesis of findings from five national samples. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 524-543. doi:10.1177/ 0095798499025004004
    • (1999) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.25 , pp. 524-543
    • Taylor, R.J.1    Mattis, J.2    Chatters, L.M.3
  • 282
    • 79960141398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental knowledge and substance use among African American adolescents: Influence of gender and grade level
    • doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9406-3
    • Tebes, J. K., Cook, E. C., Vanderploeg, J. J., Feinn, R., Chinman, M. J., Shepard, J. K., . . . Connell, C. M. (2011). Parental knowledge and substance use among African American adolescents: Influence of gender and grade level. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20, 406-413. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9406-3
    • (2011) Journal of Child and Family Studies , vol.20 , pp. 406-413
    • Tebes, J.K.1    Cook, E.C.2    Vanderploeg, J.J.3    Feinn, R.4    Chinman, M.J.5    Shepard, J.K.6    Connell, C.M.7
  • 284
    • 0029587495 scopus 로고
    • ADH2 gene polymorphisms are determinants of alcohol pharmokinetics
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530- 0277.1995.tb01013.x
    • Thomasson, H. R., Beard, J. D., & Li, T. K. (1995). ADH2 gene polymorphisms are determinants of alcohol pharmokinetics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 1494-1499. doi:10.1111/j.1530- 0277.1995.tb01013.x
    • (1995) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.19 , pp. 1494-1499
    • Thomasson, H.R.1    Beard, J.D.2    Li, T.K.3
  • 285
    • 0027159741 scopus 로고
    • Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and alcoholism
    • doi:10.1007/BF01067417
    • Thomasson, H. R., Crabb, D. W., Edenberg, H. J., & Li, T.-K. (1993). Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and alcoholism. Behavior Genetics, 23, 131-136. doi:10.1007/BF01067417
    • (1993) Behavior Genetics , vol.23 , pp. 131-136
    • Thomasson, H.R.1    Crabb, D.W.2    Edenberg, H.J.3    Li, T.-K.4
  • 286
    • 0025409577 scopus 로고
    • Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents
    • doi:10.2307/ 1131101
    • Thornton, M. C., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., & Allen, W. R. (1990). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents. Child Development, 61, 401- 409. doi:10.2307/ 1131101
    • (1990) Child Development , vol.61 , pp. 401-409
    • Thornton, M.C.1    Chatters, L.M.2    Taylor, R.J.3    Allen, W.R.4
  • 288
    • 84990324239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of personal identity and racial identity on drug outcomes among African American children
    • doi:10.1177/ 0095798400026004005
    • Townsend, T. G., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2000). The impact of personal identity and racial identity on drug outcomes among African American children. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 421- 436. doi:10.1177/ 0095798400026004005
    • (2000) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 421-436
    • Townsend, T.G.1    Belgrave, F.Z.2
  • 289
    • 27144531254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American substance use: Epidemiology, prevention, and treatment
    • doi:10.1177/1077801202250452
    • Turner, W. L., & Wallace, B. (2003). African American substance use: Epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Violence Against Women, 9, 576-589. doi:10.1177/1077801202250452
    • (2003) Violence Against Women , vol.9 , pp. 576-589
    • Turner, W.L.1    Wallace, B.2
  • 290
    • 84890932616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age. Retrieved from
    • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2011). Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age. Retrieved from http://www .bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t02.htm
    • (2011)
  • 291
    • 84890958456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. Retrieved from
    • U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/ 12s0713.pdf
    • (2012)
  • 292
    • 84890956211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Office of Family Assistance (OFA) fact sheet. Retrieved from
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2009). Office of Family Assistance (OFA) fact sheet. Retrieved from http://archive.acf.hhs.gov/opa/fact_sheets/tanf_ factsheet.html
    • (2009)
  • 293
    • 0023676597 scopus 로고
    • Contributions from behavioral theories of choice to an analysis of alcohol abuse
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.181
    • Vuchinich, R. E., & Tucker, J. A. (1988). Contributions from behavioral theories of choice to an analysis of alcohol abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 181-195. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.2.181
    • (1988) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.97 , pp. 181-195
    • Vuchinich, R.E.1    Tucker, J.A.2
  • 294
    • 33646840890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic associations of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase with alcohol dependence and their mechanisms of action
    • doi:10.1097/01.ftd.0000179840 .78762.33
    • Wall, T. L. (2005). Genetic associations of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase with alcohol dependence and their mechanisms of action. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 27, 700-703. doi:10.1097/01.ftd.0000179840 .78762.33
    • (2005) Therapeutic Drug Monitoring , vol.27 , pp. 700-703
    • Wall, T.L.1
  • 295
    • 0035096709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genetic association with the development of alcohol and other substance use behavior in Asian Americans
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.173
    • Wall, T. L., Shea, S. H., Chan, K. K., & Carr, L. G. (2001). A genetic association with the development of alcohol and other substance use behavior in Asian Americans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 173-178. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.173
    • (2001) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.110 , pp. 173-178
    • Wall, T.L.1    Shea, S.H.2    Chan, K.K.3    Carr, L.G.4
  • 296
    • 0029929401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigatorobserved alcohol induced flushing but not self-report of flushing is a valid predictor of ALDH2 genotype
    • Wall, T. L., Thomasson, H. R., & Ehlers, C. L. (1996). Investigatorobserved alcohol induced flushing but not self-report of flushing is a valid predictor of ALDH2 genotype. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 267-272.
    • (1996) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.57 , pp. 267-272
    • Wall, T.L.1    Thomasson, H.R.2    Ehlers, C.L.3
  • 297
    • 0026799216 scopus 로고
    • Subjective feelings of alcohol intoxication in Asians with genetic variations of ALDH2 alleles
    • doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01907.x
    • Wall, T. L., Thomasson, H. R., Schuckit, M. A., & Ehlers, C. L. (1992). Subjective feelings of alcohol intoxication in Asians with genetic variations of ALDH2 alleles. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 16, 991-995. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb01907.x
    • (1992) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , vol.16 , pp. 991-995
    • Wall, T.L.1    Thomasson, H.R.2    Schuckit, M.A.3    Ehlers, C.L.4
  • 298
    • 0031699607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use: The role of racialized social systems
    • doi:10.1300/J023v14n01_03
    • Wallace, J. M., Jr. (1999a). Explaining race differences in adolescent and young adult drug use: The role of racialized social systems. Drugs & Society, 14, 21-36. doi:10.1300/J023v14n01_03
    • (1999) Drugs & Society , vol.14 , pp. 21-36
    • Wallace, J.M.1
  • 299
    • 0033031918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social ecology of addition: Race, risk and resilience
    • Wallace, J. M., Jr. (1999b). The social ecology of addition: Race, risk and resilience. Pediatrics, 103, 1122-1127.
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.103 , pp. 1122-1127
    • Wallace, J.M.1
  • 300
    • 0027340615 scopus 로고
    • Validity of self-reports in student-based studies on minority populations: Issues and concerns
    • In M. R. De La Rosa & J.-L. Recio Adrados (Eds.), Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from
    • Wallace, J. M., Jr., & Bachman, J. G. (1993). Validity of self-reports in student-based studies on minority populations: Issues and concerns. In M. R. De La Rosa & J.-L. Recio Adrados (Eds.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph Series: Vol. 130. Drug abuse among minority youth: Advances in research and methodology (pp. 167-200). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from http://archives .drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/130.pdf#page174
    • (1993) National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph Series: Drug abuse among minority youth: Advances in research and methodology , vol.130 , pp. 167-200
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Bachman, J.G.2
  • 301
    • 0037306434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students, 1976-2000
    • doi:10.1046/ j.1360-0443.2003.00282.x
    • Wallace, J. M., Jr., Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Cooper, S. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2003). Gender and ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students, 1976-2000. Addiction, 98, 225-234. doi:10.1046/ j.1360-0443.2003.00282.x
    • (2003) Addiction , vol.98 , pp. 225-234
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Bachman, J.G.2    O'Malley, P.M.3    Schulenberg, J.E.4    Cooper, S.M.5    Johnston, L.D.6
  • 302
    • 0346103794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of race and religion on abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among adolescents
    • Wallace, J. M., Jr., Brown, T., Bachman, J., & LaVeist, T. (2003). The influence of race and religion on abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 843- 848.
    • (2003) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.64 , pp. 843-848
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Brown, T.2    Bachman, J.3    LaVeist, T.4
  • 304
    • 0036157033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing substance abuse among African American children and youth: Race differences in risk factor exposure and vulnerability
    • doi:10.1023/A:1013617721016
    • Wallace, J. M., Jr., & Muroff, J. R. (2002). Preventing substance abuse among African American children and youth: Race differences in risk factor exposure and vulnerability. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 235-261. doi:10.1023/A:1013617721016
    • (2002) Journal of Primary Prevention , vol.22 , pp. 235-261
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Muroff, J.R.2
  • 305
    • 0030449776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative analysis of cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use among an ethnically diverse sample of Hispanic, African American, and Non-Hispanic White adolescents
    • Warheit, G. J., Vega, W. A., Khoury, E. L., Gil, A. A., & Elfenbein, P. H. (1996). A comparative analysis of cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use among an ethnically diverse sample of Hispanic, African American, and Non-Hispanic White adolescents. Journal of Drug Issues, 26, 901-922.
    • (1996) Journal of Drug Issues , vol.26 , pp. 901-922
    • Warheit, G.J.1    Vega, W.A.2    Khoury, E.L.3    Gil, A.A.4    Elfenbein, P.H.5
  • 306
    • 14644393727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race/ethnic differences in alcohol abuse among youth: An examination of risk-taking attitudes as a mediating factor
    • doi:10.1300/J233v03n03_03
    • Watt, T. T. (2005). Race/ethnic differences in alcohol abuse among youth: An examination of risk-taking attitudes as a mediating factor. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 3, 33-47. doi:10.1300/J233v03n03_03
    • (2005) Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , vol.3 , pp. 33-47
    • Watt, T.T.1
  • 307
    • 0033785616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic differences in access to and use of health care services, 1977 to 1996
    • doi:10.1177/ 1077558700574003
    • Weinick, R. M., Zuvekas, S. H., & Cohen, J. W. (2000). Racial and ethnic differences in access to and use of health care services, 1977 to 1996. Medical Care Research and Review, 57, 36 -54. doi:10.1177/ 1077558700574003
    • (2000) Medical Care Research and Review , vol.57 , pp. 36-54
    • Weinick, R.M.1    Zuvekas, S.H.2    Cohen, J.W.3
  • 308
    • 0026687644 scopus 로고
    • Drinking among homeless and marginally housed adults in New York State
    • Welte, J. W., & Barnes, G. M. (1992). Drinking among homeless and marginally housed adults in New York State. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 303-315.
    • (1992) Journal of Studies on Alcohol , vol.53 , pp. 303-315
    • Welte, J.W.1    Barnes, G.M.2
  • 309
    • 20444391755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incarceration and racial inequality in men's employment
    • doi:10.2307/2696029
    • Western, B., & Pettit, B. (2000). Incarceration and racial inequality in men's employment. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54, 3-16. doi:10.2307/2696029
    • (2000) Industrial and Labor Relations Review , vol.54 , pp. 3-16
    • Western, B.1    Pettit, B.2
  • 310
    • 0036844535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol dehydrogenase and alcohol dependence: Variation in genotype-associated risk between populations
    • doi:10.1086/344287
    • Whitfield, J. B. (2002). Alcohol dehydrogenase and alcohol dependence: Variation in genotype-associated risk between populations. American Journal of Human Genetics, 71, 1247-1250. doi:10.1086/344287
    • (2002) American Journal of Human Genetics , vol.71 , pp. 1247-1250
    • Whitfield, J.B.1
  • 311
    • 0033392213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, socioeconomic status, and health: The added effects of racism and discrimination
    • doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x
    • Williams, D. R. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health: The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 173-188. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x
    • (1999) Annals New York Academy of Sciences , vol.896 , pp. 173-188
    • Williams, D.R.1
  • 312
    • 58249106480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research
    • doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
    • Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 20-47. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
    • (2009) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.32 , pp. 20-47
    • Williams, D.R.1    Mohammed, S.A.2
  • 313
    • 77249089824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities
    • doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x
    • Williams, D. R., Mohammed, S. A., Leavell, J., & Collins, C. (2010). Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 69-101. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x
    • (2010) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.1186 , pp. 69-101
    • Williams, D.R.1    Mohammed, S.A.2    Leavell, J.3    Collins, C.4
  • 314
    • 0037311382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies
    • doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.2.200
    • Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003). Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings from community studies. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 200-208. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.2.200
    • (2003) American Journal of Public Health , vol.93 , pp. 200-208
    • Williams, D.R.1    Neighbors, H.W.2    Jackson, J.S.3
  • 315
    • 0030811247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress, and discrimination
    • doi: 10.1177/135910539700200305
    • Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress, and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351. doi: 10.1177/135910539700200305
    • (1997) Journal of Health Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 335-351
    • Williams, D.R.1    Yu, Y.2    Jackson, J.S.3    Anderson, N.B.4
  • 316
    • 0345528980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family communication and religiosity related to substance use and sexual behavior in early adolescents: A test for pathways through self-control and prototype perceptions
    • doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.4.312
    • Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Family communication and religiosity related to substance use and sexual behavior in early adolescents: A test for pathways through self-control and prototype perceptions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 312-323. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.4.312
    • (2003) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.17 , pp. 312-323
    • Wills, T.A.1    Gibbons, F.X.2    Gerrard, M.3    Murry, V.M.4    Brody, G.H.5
  • 317
    • 0345269129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Buffering effect of religiosity for adolescent substance use
    • doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.1.24
    • Wills, T. A., Yaeger, A. M., & Sandy, J. M. (2003). Buffering effect of religiosity for adolescent substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 24-31. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.1.24
    • (2003) Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , vol.17 , pp. 24-31
    • Wills, T.A.1    Yaeger, A.M.2    Sandy, J.M.3
  • 318
    • 84965710850 scopus 로고
    • Race and unemployment: Labor market experiences of Black and White men, 1968-1988
    • doi:10.1177/0730888495022003002
    • Wilson, F. D., Tienda, M., & Wu, L. (1995). Race and unemployment: Labor market experiences of Black and White men, 1968-1988. Work and Occupations, 22, 245-270. doi:10.1177/0730888495022003002
    • (1995) Work and Occupations , vol.22 , pp. 245-270
    • Wilson, F.D.1    Tienda, M.2    Wu, L.3
  • 320
    • 80755176291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic variations in substance-related disorders among adolescents in the United States
    • doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.120
    • Wu, L.-T., Woody, G. E., Yang, C., Pan, J.-J., & Blazer, D. G. (2011). Racial/ethnic variations in substance-related disorders among adolescents in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 1176- 1185. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.120
    • (2011) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 1176-1185
    • Wu, L.-T.1    Woody, G.E.2    Yang, C.3    Pan, J.-J.4    Blazer, D.G.5
  • 321
    • 0032751005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial discrimination and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operations: Findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study
    • doi:10.1093/phr/114.5.448
    • Yen, I. H., Ragland, D. R., Greiner, B. A., & Fisher, J. M. (1999). Racial discrimination and alcohol-related behavior in urban transit operations: Findings from the San Francisco Muni Health and Safety Study. Public Health Reports, 114, 448-458. doi:10.1093/phr/114.5.448
    • (1999) Public Health Reports , vol.114 , pp. 448-458
    • Yen, I.H.1    Ragland, D.R.2    Greiner, B.A.3    Fisher, J.M.4
  • 322
    • 0013344175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional polymorphism of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: Alcohol metabolism, alcoholism, and alcohol-induced organ damage
    • In D. P. Agarwal & H. K. Seitz (Eds.), New York, NY: Dekker
    • Yin, S. J., & Agarwal, D. P. (2001). Functional polymorphism of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases: Alcohol metabolism, alcoholism, and alcohol-induced organ damage. In D. P. Agarwal & H. K. Seitz (Eds.), Alcohol in health and disease (pp. 1-26). New York, NY: Dekker.
    • (2001) Alcohol in health and disease , pp. 1-26
    • Yin, S.J.1    Agarwal, D.P.2
  • 324
    • 0031961821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alcohol use and wages: New results from the national household survey on drug abuse
    • doi:10.1016/S0167- 6296(97)00023-4
    • Zarkin, G. A., French, M. T., Mroz, T., & Bray, J. W. (1998). Alcohol use and wages: New results from the national household survey on drug abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 17, 53-68. doi:10.1016/S0167- 6296(97)00023-4
    • (1998) Journal of Health Economics , vol.17 , pp. 53-68
    • Zarkin, G.A.1    French, M.T.2    Mroz, T.3    Bray, J.W.4
  • 325
    • 0026815973 scopus 로고
    • Life-style and substance use among male African-American urban adolescents: A cluster analytic approach
    • doi:10.1007/BF00942184
    • Zimmerman, M. A., & Maton, K. I. (1992). Life-style and substance use among male African-American urban adolescents: A cluster analytic approach. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 121-138. doi:10.1007/BF00942184
    • (1992) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 121-138
    • Zimmerman, M.A.1    Maton, K.I.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.