A Theory of Reservation-Dwelling American Indian Alcohol Use Risk

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 133, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 395-418

  Spillane, Nichea S ^a   Smith, Gregory T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

alcohol; American Indian; contextual differences; individual differences; problem drinking

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOLISM; AMERICAN INDIAN; CAUCASIAN; DEMOGRAPHY; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS;

ALCOHOLISM; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN; PERSONALITY; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 34250204152     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.395     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. Abbott P.J. American Indian and Alaska Native aboriginal use of alcohol in the United States. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 7 (1996) 1-13
2. Akins S., Mosher C., Rotolo T., and Griffin R. Patterns and correlates of substance use among American Indians in Washington State. Journal of Drug Issues (2003, Winter) 45-71
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases. 3rd ed., rev. (1987), Author, Washington, DC
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (1994), Author, Washington, DC
5. Anderson K.G., Smith G.T., and Fischer S. Women and acquired preparedness: Personality and learning implications for alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 64 (2003) 384-392
6. Bachman J.G., O'Malley P.M., and Johnston L.D. Drug use among young adults: The impacts of sole status and social environments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (1984) 629-645
7. Bachman R. Death and violence on the reservation (1992), Auburn House, New York
8. Barnow S., Shultz G., Lucht M., Ulrich I., Preuss U.W., and Freyberger H.J. Do alcohol expectancies and peer delinquency/substance use mediate the relationship between impulsivity and drinking behaviour in adolescence?. Alcohol & Alcoholism 39 (2004) 213-219
9. Bates S.B., Beauvais F., and Trimble J.E. American Indian adolescent alcohol involvement and ethnic identity. Substance Use and Misuse 32 (1997) 2013-2031
10. Bauer L.O., and Hesselbrock V.M. P300 decrements in teenagers with conduct problems: Implications for substance abuse risk and brain development. Biological Psychiatry 46 (1999) 263-272
11. Bauer L.O., and Hesselbrock V.M. Subtypes of family history and conduct disorder: Effects on P300 during the Stroop test. Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (1999) 51-62
12. Beals J., Novins D.K., Whitesell N.R., Spicer P., Mitchell C.M., and Manson S.M. Prevalence of mental disorders and utilization of mental health services in two American Indian reservation populations: Mental health disparities in a national context. American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1723-1732
13. Beals J., Spicer P., Mitchell C.M., Novins D.K., Manson S.M., and the AI-SUPERPFP Team. Racial disparities in alcohol use: Comparison of 2 American Indian reservation populations with national data. American Journal of Public Health 93 (2003) 1683-1685
14. Beauvais F. Characteristics of Indian youth and drug use. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 5 (1992) 51-67
15. Beauvais F. Comparison of drug use rates for reservation Indian, non-reservation Indian and Anglo youth. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 5 (1992) 13-31
16. Beauvais F. Trends in Indian adolescent drug and alcohol use. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 5 (1992) 1-12
17. Beauvais F. Trends in drug use among American Indian students and dropouts, 1975-1994. American Journal of Public Health 8 (1996) 1594-1598
18. Beauvais F. American Indians and alcohol. Alcohol Health & Research World 22 (1998) 253-259
19. Beauvais F., Jumper-Thurman P.J., Helm H., Plested B., and Burnside M. Surveillance of drug use among American Indian adolescents: Patterns over 25 years. Journal of Adolescent Health 34 (2004) 493-500
20. Beauvais F., and La Boueff S. Drug and alcohol abuse interventions in American Indian communities. The International Journal of the Addictions 20 (1985) 139-171
21. Beauvais F., Oetting E.R., and Edwards R.W. Trends in drug use of Indian adolescents living on the reservations: 1975-1983. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 11 (1985) 209-229
22. Bechtel R. Patient and community: The ecological bond. In: O'Connor W., and Lubin B. (Eds). Ecological approaches in clinical and community psychology (1984), Wiley, New York 216-231
23. Bennion L.J., and Li T. Alcohol metabolism in American Indians and Whites. New England Journal of Medicine 294 (1976) 9-13
24. Branscombe N.R., Schmitt M.T., and Harvey R.D. Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999) 135-149
25. Brave Heart M.Y.H., and DeBruyn L.M. The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian and Alaskan Native Mental Health Research 8 (1998) 60-82
26. Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development (1979), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
27. Brook J.S., Gordon A.S., Whiteman M., and Cohen P. Dynamics of childhood and adolescent personality traits and adolescent drug use. Developmental Psychology 22 (1986) 403-414
28. Brown S.A., Goldman M.S., Inn A., and Anderson L.R. Expectations of reinforcement from alcohol: Their domain and relation to drinking patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57 (1980) 93-99
29. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Indian entities recognized and eligible to receive services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Federal Register (2002, July 12) 67
30. Caetano R., Clark C.L., and Tam T. Alcohol consumption among racial/ethnic minorities. Alcohol Health & Research World 22 (1998) 233-241
31. Carroll M.E. Reducing drug abuse by enriching the environment with alternative non-drug reinforcers. In: Green L., and Kagel J. (Eds). Advances in behavioral economics 3 (1996), Ablex, Norwood, NJ 37-68
32. Caspi A. Why maladaptive behaviors persist: Sources of continuity and change across the life course. In: Funder D.C., Parke R.D., Tomlinson-Kersey C., and Widaman K. (Eds). Studying lives through time: Personality and development (1993), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 343-376
33. Caspi A., and Roberts B.W. Personality development across the life course: The argument for change and continuity. Psychological Inquiry 12 (2001) 49-66
34. Cassidy J., Aikins J.W., and Chernoff J.J. Children's peer selection: Experimental examination of the role of self-perceptions. Developmental Psychology 39 (2003) 495-508
35. Cheadle A., Pearson D., Wagner E., Psaty B.M., Diehr P., and Koepsell T. Relationship between socioeconomic status, health status, and lifestyle practices of American Indians: Evidence from a Plains reservation population. Public Health Reports 109 (1994) 405-411
36. Chen C.C., Lu R.B., Chen Y.C., Wang M.F., Chang Y.C., Li T.K., et al. Interaction between the functional polymorphisms of the alcohol-metabolism genes in protection against alcoholism. American Journal of Human Genetics 65 (1999) 795-807
37. Chen Y.C., Lu R.B., Peng G.S., Wang M.F., Wang H.K., Ko H.C., et al. Alcohol metabolism and cardiovascular response in an alcoholic patient homozygous for the ALDH2*2 variant gene allele. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23 (1999) 1853-1860
38. Christiansen B.A., Smith G.T., Roehling P.V., and Goldman M.S. Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 48 (1989) 483-489
39. Christiansen B.A., and Teahan J.E. Cross-cultural comparisons of Irish and American adolescent drinking practices and beliefs. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 48 (1987) 558-562
40. Church A.T. Culture and personality: Toward an integrated cultural trait psychology. Journal of Personality 68 (2000) 651-703
41. Connors G.J., Maisto S.A., and Watson D.W. Racial factors influencing college students' ratings of alcohol's usefulness. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 21 (1988) 247-252
42. Correia C.J., Simons J., Carey K.B., and Borsari B.E. Predicting drug use: Application of behavioral theories of choice. Addictive Behaviors 23 (1998) 705-710
43. Costa Jr. P.T., and McCrae R.R. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual (1992), Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL
44. Costello E.J., Farmer E.M.Z., Angold A., Burns B.J., and Erkanli A. Psychiatric disorders among American Indian and White youth in Appalachia: The Great Smoky Mountains study. American Journal of Public Health 87 (1997) 827-832
45. Darkes J., and Goldman M.S. Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: Experimental evidence for a mediational process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61 (1993) 344-353
46. Darkes J., and Goldman M.S. Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: Process and structure in the alcohol expectancy network. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 6 (1998) 64-76
47. DeBruyn L.M., Lujan C.C., and May P.A. A comparative study of abused and neglected American Indian children in the Southwest. Social Science and Medicine 35 (1992) 305-315
48. De Raad B., Perugini M., Hrebickova M., and Szarota P. Lingua franca of personality: Taxonomies and structures based on the psycholexical approach. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29 (1998) 212-232
49. Donovan D.M., Jessor J.E., and Jessor S.L. Problem drinking in adolescence and young adulthood: A follow-up study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 44 (1983) 109-137
50. Donovan D.M., and O'Leary M.R. The drinking-related locus of control scale: Reliability, factor structure and validity. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 39 (1978) 759-784
51. Dozier E.P. Problem drinking among American Indians: The role of sociocultural deprivation. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 27 (1966) 72-87
52. Duran E., and Duran B. Native American postcolonial psychology (1995), State University of New York Press, Albany
53. Edgar N.C., and Knight R.G. Gender and alcohol-related expectancies for self and others. Australian Journal of Psychology 46 (1994) 144-149
54. Ehlers C.L., Wall T.L., Betancourt M., and Gilder D.A. The clinical course of alcoholism in 243 Mission Indians. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 1204-1210
55. Ehlers C.L., Wall T.L., Garcia-Andrade C., and Phillips E. Visual P3 findings in Mission Indian youth: Relationship to family history of alcohol dependence and behavioral problems. Psychiatry Research 105 (2001) 67-78
56. Fenna D., Mix L., Schaefer O., and Gilbert J.A.L. Ethanol metabolism in various racial groups. Canadian Medical Association Journal 105 (1971) 472-475
57. Fergusson D.M., Horwood J., and Ridder E.M. Show me the child at seven: The consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46 (2005) 837-849
58. Fischer S., Anderson K.G., and Smith G.T. Coping with distress by eating or drinking: The role of trait urgency and expectancies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 18 (2004) 269-274
59. Fischer, S., & Smith, G. T. (2006). Binge eating, problem drinking, and pathological gambling: Linking behavior to shared traits and social learning. Manuscript submitted for publication.
60. Fischer S., Smith G.T., Anderson K.G., and Flory K.H. Expectancy influences the operation of personality on behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 17 (2003) 108-114
61. Fischer S., Smith G.T., Spillane N.S., and Cyders M. Urgency: Individual differences in reaction to mood and implications for addictive behaviors. In: Columbus F. (Ed). The psychology of mood (2005), Nova Science, New York 85-107
62. Fleming C.M. The next twenty years of prevention in Indian country: Visionary, complex, and practical. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 4 (1992) 85-88
63. Frank J.W., Moore R.S., and Ames G.M. Historical and cultural roots of drinking problems among American Indians. American Journal of Public Health 90 (2000) 344-351
64. Franklin B., and Labaree L. The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1964), Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
65. French L.A. Addictions and Native Americans (2000), Greenwood, Westport, CT
66. French L.A. Alcohol and other drug addictions among Native Americans: The movement toward tribal-centric treatment programs. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 22 (2004) 81-91
67. Garcia-Andrade C., Wall T.L., and Ehlers C.L. Alcohol expectancies in a Native American population. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 20 (1996) 1438-1442
68. Garcia-Andrade C., Wall T.L., and Ehlers C.L. The firewater myth and response to alcohol in Mission Indians. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 983-988
69. General Accounting Office. Health care services are not always available to Native Americans (2005). http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05789.pdf Retrieved January 17, 2006, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05789.pdf
70. Gill K., Eagle M., and Deitrich R.A. A description of alcohol/drug use and family history of alcoholism among urban American Indians. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 8 (1997) 41-52
71. Gilliland F.D., Becker T.M., Samet J.M., and Key C.R. Trends in alcohol-related mortality among New Mexico's American Indians, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19 (1995) 1572-1577
72. Goldman M.S., Brown S.A., Christiansen B.A., and Smith G.T. Alcoholism and memory: Broadening the scope of alcohol-expectancy research. Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991) 137-146
73. Gotham H.J., Sher K.J., and Wood P.K. Predicting stability change in frequency of intoxication from the college years to beyond: Individual-difference and role transition variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106 (1997) 619-629
74. Grobsmith E.S. Indians in prison (1994), University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln
75. Grossman D.C., Sugarman J.R., Fox C., and Moran J. Motor-vehicle crash-injury risk factors among American Indians. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29 (1997) 313-319
76. Hartup W.W., and Van Lieshout C.F.M. Personality development in social context. Annual Review of Psychology 46 (1995) 655-687
77. Hawkins E.H., and Blume A.W. Loss of sacredness: Historical context of health policies for indigenous people in the United States. In: Mail P.D., Heurtin-Roberts S., Martin S.E., and Howard J. (Eds). Alcohol use among American Indians: Multiple perspectives on a complex problem (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37) (2002), National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 25-46
78. Hawkins E.H., Cummins L.H., and Marlatt G.A. Preventing substance abuse in American Indian and Alaska Native youth: Promising strategies for healthier communities. Psychological Bulletin 130 (2004) 304-323
79. Hawkins J.D., Catalano R.F., and Miller Y. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992) 64-105
80. Hazel K.L., and Mohatt G.V. Cultural and spiritual coping in sobriety: Informing substance abuse prevention for Alaska Native communities. Journal of Community Psychology 29 (2001) 541-562
81. Herman-Stahl M., Spencer D.L., and Duncan J.E. The implications of cultural orientations for substance use among American Indians. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 11 (2003) 67-83
82. Hisnanick J. The prevalence of alcohol abuse among American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Health Values 16 (1992) 32-37
83. Hurlburt G., Gade E., and Fuqua D. Sex and race as factors on locus of control scores with an alcoholic population. Psychological Reports 52 (1983) 517-518
84. Iacono W.G., Malone S.M., and McGue M. Substance use disorders, externalizing psychopathology, and P300 event-related potential amplitude. International Journal of Psychopathology 48 (2003) 147-178
85. Indian Health Services. Trends in Indian Health (1997), Author, Rockville, MD
86. Indian Health Services. Indian Health Service fact sheet (2006). http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfor/PublicAffairs/Welcome-Info/ThisFacts.asp Retrieved January 17, 2006, from http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfor/PublicAffairs/Welcome-Info/ThisFacts.asp
87. Jang K.L., McCrae R.R., Angleitner A., Reimann R., and Livesley W.J. Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: Support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1556-1565
88. Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., and Bachman J.G. Drug use among American high school seniors, college students, and young adults (1991), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD
89. Jones-Saumty D., Hochhaus L., Dru R., and Zeiner A. Psychological factors of familial alcoholism in American Indians and Caucasians. Journal of Clinical Psychology 39 (1983) 783-790
90. Kagan J., Reznick S.R., and Snidman N. The physiology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Development 58 (1987) 1459-1473
91. Kandel D. Marijuana users in young adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry 41 (1984) 200-209
92. Kim I.J., Zane N.W.S., and Hong S. Protective factors against substance use among Asian American youth: A test of the peer cluster theory. Journal of Community Psychology 30 (2002) 565-584
93. King J., Beals J., Manson S.M., and Trimble J.E. A structural equation model of factors related to substance use among American Indian adolescents. Drugs and Society 6 (1992) 253-268
94. Kramer J., and Barker J.C. Homelessness among older American Indians, Los Angeles, 1987-1989. Human Organization 55 (1996) 396-408
95. Krueger R.F., McGue M., and Iacono W.G. The higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: Internalization, externalization, and their connections to personality. Personality and Individual Differences 30 (2001) 1245-1259
96. LaFromboise T.D. American Indian mental health policy. American Psychologist 43 (1988) 388-397
97. Lamarine R.J. Alcohol abuse among Native Americans. Journal of Community Health 13 (1988) 143-154
98. Leigh B.C., and Stacy A.W. Alcohol outcome expectancies: Scale construction and predictive utility in higher order confirmatory models. Psychological Assessment 5 (1993) 216-229
99. Leland J. Firewater myths: North American Indian drinking and alcohol addiction (1976), Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies, New Brunswick, NJ
100. Levy J., and Kunitz S. Indian reservations, anomie, and social pathologies. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27 (1971) 97-128
101. Lieber C.S. Metabolism of ethanol and alcoholism: Racial and acquired factors. Annals of Internal Medicine 76 (1972) 326-327
102. Loehlin J.C. Genes and environment in personality development (1992), Sage, Newbury Park, CA
103. Lujan C., DeBruyn L.M., May P.A., and Bird M.E. Profile of abused and neglected American Indian children in the southwest. Child Abuse & Neglect 13 (1989) 449-461
104. Lundahl L.H., Davis T.M., Adesso V.J., and Lukas S.E. Alcohol expectancies: Effects of gender, age, and family history of alcoholism. Addictive Behaviors 22 (1997) 115-125
105. MacAndrew C., and Edgerton R. Drunken comportment: A social explanation (1969), Aldine, Chicago
106. Mail P.D. Early modeling of drinking behavior by Native American elementary school children playing drunk. The International Journal of the Addictions 30 (1995) 1187-1197
107. Mail P.D., Heurtin-Roberts S., Martin S.E., and Howard J. Alcohol use among American Indians: Multiple perspectives on a complex problem (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37) (2002), National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
108. Mail P.D., and Johnson S. Boozing, sniffing, and toking: An overview of the past, present, and future of substance use by American Indians. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 5 (1993) 1-33
109. Mancall P.C. Deadly medicine: Indians and alcohol in early America (1995), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
110. Mariano A.J., Donovan D.M., Walker P.S., Mariano M.J., and Walker D. Drinking-related locus of control and the drinking status of urban Native Americans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 50 (1989) 331-338
111. Markus H.R., and Kitayama S. Culture and the Self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review 98 (1991) 224-253
112. Markus H.R., Kitayama S., and Heiman R.J. Culture and basic psychological principles. In: Higgins E.T., and Kruglanski A.W. (Eds). Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (1996), Guilford Press, New York 857-913
113. May P.A. Substance abuse and the American Indian: Prevalence and susceptibility. The International Journal of the Addictions 17 (1982) 1185-1209
114. May P.A. The epidemiology of alcohol abuse among American Indians: Mythical and real properties. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 18 (1994) 121-143
115. May P.A., and Gossage P. New data on the epidemiology of adult drinking and substance use among American Indians of the Northern states: Male and female data on prevalence, patterns, and consequences. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research 10 (2001) 1-25
116. May P.A., McCloskey J., and Gossage J.P. Fetal alcohol syndrome among American Indians: Epidemiology, issues, and research review. In: Mail P.D., Heurtin-Roberts S., Martin S.E., and Howard J. (Eds). Alcohol use among American Indians: Multiple perspectives on a complex problem (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37) (2002), National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 319-343
117. May P.A., and Smith M.B. Some Navajo Indian opinions about alcohol abuse and prohibition: A survey and recommendations for policy. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 49 (1988) 324-334
118. McCarthy D.M., Kroll L.S., and Smith G.T. Integrating disinhibition and learning risk for alcohol. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 9 (2001) 389-398
119. McCarthy D.M., Miller T.L., Smith G.T., and Smith J.A. Disinhibition and expectancy in risk for alcohol use: Comparing black and white college samples. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 62 (2001) 313-329
120. McCarthy, D. M., & Smith, G. T. (1996, June). Meta-analysis of alcohol expectancy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Washington, DC.
121. McCrae R.R., and Costa Jr. P.T. Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist 52 (1997) 509-516
122. McCrae R.R., Terracciano A., and 78 members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005) 547-561
123. McGue M., Iacono W.G., Legrand L., Malone S., and Elkins I. The origins of age at first drink. I. Associations with substance-use disorders, disinhibitory behavior and psychopathology, and P3 amplitude. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 25 (2001) 1156-1165
124. McKay D., and Schare M.L. The effects of alcohol and alcohol expectancies on subjective reports and physiological reactivity: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors 24 (1999) 633-647
125. Mitchell C.M., Beals J., Novins D.K., Spicer P., and the AI-SUPERPFP Team. Drug use among two American Indian populations: Prevalence of lifetime use and DSM-IV substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 69 (2003) 29-41
126. Moncher M.S., Holden G.W., and Trimble J.E. Substance abuse among Native American youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 58 (1990) 408-415
127. Moran J.R. Urban Indians and alcohol problems: Research findings on alcohol use, treatment, prevention, and related issues. In: Mail P.D., Heurtin-Roberts S., Martin S.E., and Howard J. (Eds). Alcohol use among American Indians: Multiple perspectives on a complex problem (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 37) (2002), National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 265-292
128. Morris E.P., Stewart S.H., and Ham L.S. The relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorders: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 734-760
129. National American Indian Housing Council. Too few rooms: Residential crowding in Native American communities and Alaska Native villages (2001). http://naihc.indian.com Retrieved October 24, 2005, from http://naihc.indian.com
130. Nies J. Native American history (1996), Ballantine Books, New York
131. O'Connell J.M., Novins D.K., Beals J., Spicer P., and the AI-SUPERPFP Team. Disparities in patterns of alcohol use among reservation-based and geographically dispersed American Indian populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29 (2005) 107-116
132. Oetting E.R., and Beauvais F. Peer cluster theory, socialization characteristics, and adolescent drug use: A path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology 34 (1987) 205-213
133. Oetting E.R., and Beauvais F. Orthogonal cultural identification theory: The cultural identification of minority adolescents. The International Journal of Addictions 25 (1990) 655-685
134. Oetting E.R., Beauvais F., and Edwards R. Alcohol and Indian youth: Social and psychological correlates and prevention. The Journal of Drug Issues 18 (1988) 87-101
135. Oetting E.R., Edwards R.W., Goldstein G.S., and Garcia-Mason V. Drug use among five southwestern Native American tribes. The International Journal of Addictions 15 (1980) 439-450
136. Oetting E.R., Swaim R.C., Edwards R.W., and Beauvais F. Indian and Anglo adolescent alcohol use and emotional distress: Path models. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 15 (1989) 153-172
137. Ouellette J.A., Gerrard M., Gibbons F.X., and Reis-Bergan M. Parents, peers, and prototypes: Antecedents of adolescent alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems in rural youth. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 13 (1999) 183-197
138. Patterson C.M., and Newman J.P. Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Psychological Review 100 (1993) 716-736
139. Peabody D., and De Raad B. The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (2002) 1025-1035
140. Pedigo J. Finding the "meaning" of Native American substance abuse: Implications for community prevention. The Personnel and Guidance Journal 61 (1983) 273-277
141. Polich J., Pollock V.E., and Bloom F.E. Meta-analysis of P300 amplitude from males at risk for alcoholism. Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994) 55-73
142. Quintero G. "The lizard in the green bottle": "Aging out" of problem drinking among Navajo men. Social Sciences & Medicine 51 (2000) 1031-1045
143. Rachlin H., Logue A.W., Gibbon J., and Frankel M. Cognition and behavior in studies of choice. Psychological Review 93 (1986) 33-45
144. Ramasamy R. Post-high school employment: A follow-up of Apache Native American youth. Journal of Learning Disabilities 29 (1996) 174-179
145. Read J.P., Wood M.D., Lejuez C.W., Palfai T.P., and Slack M. Gender, alcohol consumption, and differing alcohol expectancy dimensions in college drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 12 (2004) 298-308
146. Robin R., Long J., Rasmussen J., Albaugh B., and Goldman D. Relationship of binge drinking to alcohol dependence, other psychiatric disorders, and behavioral problems in an American Indian tribe. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 22 (1998) 518-523
147. Rotter J.B. Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 43 (1975) 56-67
148. Saucier G., and Goldberg L.R. Lexical studies of indigenous personality factors: Premises, products, and prospects. Journal of Personality 69 (2001) 847-879
149. Scarr S., and McCartney K. How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environment effects. Child Development 54 (1983) 424-435
150. Schuckit M.A. Advances in understanding the vulnerability to alcoholism. In: Jaffee J.H., and O'Brien C.P. (Eds). Addictive states (1992), Raven Press, New York 93-108
151. Schulenberg J., O'Malley P.M., Bachman J.G., Wadsworth K.N., and Johnston L.D. Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57 (1996) 289-304
152. Sher K.J., and Trull T.J. Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: Alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103 (1994) 25-30
153. Sisson R.W., and Azrin N.H. The community reinforcement approach. In: Miller W.R., and Hester R.K. (Eds). Handbook of alcoholism treatment approaches: Effective alternatives (1989), Pergamon Press, New York 242-258
154. Smith G.T. Psychological expectancy as mediator of vulnerability to alcoholism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 708 (1994) 165-171
155. Smith G.T., and Anderson K.G. Adolescent risk for alcohol problems as acquired preparedness: A model and suggestions for intervention. In: Monti P.M., Colby S.M., and O'Leary T.A. (Eds). Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse: Reaching teens through brief intervention (2001), Guilford Press, New York 109-141
156. Smith G.T., and Goldman M.S. Alcohol expectancy theory and the identification of high-risk adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence 4 (1994) 229-247
157. Smith G.T., Goldman M.S., Greenbaum P., and Christiansen B.A. The expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (1995) 32-40
158. Smith G.T., Spillane N.S., and Annus A.M. Implications of an emerging integration of universal and culturally-specific psychologies. Perspectives on Psychological Science 1 (2006) 211-233
159. Smith G.T., Williams S.F., Cyders M., and Kelley S. Reactive personality-environment transactions and adult developmental trajectories. Developmental Psychology 42 (2006) 877-887
160. Spicer P., Beals J., Croy C.D., Mitchell C.M., Novins D.K., Moore L., Manson S.M., and the AI-SUPERPFP Team. The prevalence of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in two American Indian populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27 (2003) 1785-1797
161. Spillane, N. S., & Smith, G. T. (2003, June). Applications of psychological theory to problem drinking among Native Americans. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
162. Spillane, N. S., & Smith, G. T. (2005). Empirical support for a multifaceted model of American Indian drinking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism, Santa Barbara, CA.
163. Spillane, N. S., Smith, G. T., & Fischer, S. (in press). Advancing behavioral ecological theories of problem drinking by considering reservation dwelling American Indians. In F. Columbus (Ed.), New research on alcohol abuse and alcoholism. New York: Nova Science.
164. Stacy A.W., Newcomb M.D., and Bentler P.M. Cognitive motivations and drug use: A 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100 (1991) 502-515
165. Stice E., Myers M.G., and Brown S.A. A longitudinal grouping analysis of adolescent substance use escalation and de-escalation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 12 (1998) 14-27
166. Swaim R.C., Oetting E.R., Thurman P.J., Beauvais F., and Edwards R.W. American Indian adolescent drug use and socialization characteristics: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 24 (1993) 53-70
167. Tarter R.E. Are there inherited behavioral traits that predispose to substance abuse?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56 (1988) 189-196
168. Taylor M.J. The influence of self-efficacy on alcohol use among American Indians. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 6 (2000) 152-167
169. Tolman E.C. Purposive behavior in animals and man (1932), Century, New York
170. Travis R. Suicide in northwest Alaska. White Cloud Journal 3 (1983) 23-30
171. Triandis H.C. The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 506-520
172. Triandis H.C. Culture and social behavior (1994), McGraw-Hill, New York
173. U.S. Census Bureau. Population by race only, race in combination only, race alone or in combination, and Hispanic or Latino origin, for the United States: 2000 [data table] (2001). http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t-c1/tab03.pdf Retrieved February 15, 2006, from http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t-c1/tab03.pdf
174. U.S. Census Bureau. United States Census 2000 (2005). http://www.census.gov Retrieved October 24, 2005, from http://www.census.gov
175. U.S. Census Bureau. We the people: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States (2006). http://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/censr-28.pdf Retrieved February 10, 2006, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/censr-28.pdf
176. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health, culture, race, and ethnicity-A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General (2001), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, Rockville, MD
177. Vuchinich R.E., and Tucker J.A. Contributions from behavioral theories of choice to an analysis of alcohol abuse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97 (1988) 181-195
178. Wall T.L., Carr L., and Ehlers C.L. Protective association of genetic variation in alcohol dehydrogenase with alcohol dependence in Native American Mission Indians. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 41-46
179. Wall T.L., Garcia-Andrade C., Thomasson H.R., Carr L.G., and Ehlers C.L. Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphisms in Native Americans: Identification of the ADH2*3 allele. Alcohol and Alcoholism 32 (1997) 129-132
180. Ward J.A. Preventative implications of a Native American Indian mental health program: Focus on suicide and violent death. Journal of Preventative Psychiatry 2 (1984) 371-385
181. Weisner T.S., Weibel-Orlando J.C., and Long J. "Serious drinking," "White man's drinking" and "teetotaling": Drinking levels and styles in an urban American Indian population. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 45 (1984) 237-250
182. Westermeyer J., and Neider J. Depressive symptoms among Native American alcoholics at the time of a 10-year follow-up. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 8 (1985) 429-434
183. Whitbeck L.B., Adams G.W., Hoyt D.R., and Chen X. Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. American Journal of Community Psychology 33 (2004) 119-130
184. Whitbeck L.B., Chen X., Hoyt D.R., and Adams G.W. Discrimination, historical loss and enculturation: Culturally specific risk and resiliency factors for alcohol abuse among American Indians. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 65 (2004) 409-418
185. Whitbeck L.B., Hoyt D.R., McMorris B.J., Chen X., and Stubben J.D. Perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among American Indian children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42 (2001) 405-424
186. Whiteside S.P., and Lynam D.R. The five-factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences 30 (2001) 669-689
187. Whitley G.P. Reservation versus nonreservation American Indians: Loci of control and consumption of alcohol. Psychological Reports 46 (1980) 431-434
188. Widiger T.A., Verheul R., and van den Brink W. Personality and psychopathology. In: Pervin L.A., and John O.P. (Eds). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 2nd ed. (1999), Guilford Press, New York 347-366
189. Wills T.A., McNamara G., Vaccaro D., and Hirky A.E. Escalated substance use: A longitudinal grouping analysis form early to middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 (1996) 166-180
190. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and health related problems (The) ICD-10, second edition (2004), Author, Geneva, Switzerland
191. Young T.J. Substance use and abuse among Native Americans. Clinical Psychology Review 8 (1988) 125-138
192. Young T.J. Native American drinking: A neglected subject of study and research. Journal of Drug Education 21 (1991) 65-72
193. Zucker R.A. Pathways to alcohol problems and alcoholism: A developmental account of the evidence for multiple alcoholisms and for contextual contributions to risk. In: Zucker R.A., Howard J., and Boyd G.M. (Eds). The development of alcohol problems: Exploring the biopsychosocial matrix of risk (1994), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD v-xx
194. Zucker R.A., and Gomberg E.S.L. Etiology of alcoholism reconsidered: The case of the biopsychosocial process. American Psychologist 41 (1986) 783-793