Pregnancy-associated plasma protein a (papp-a) and preeclampsia

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 63, Issue , 2014, Pages 169-209

  Kalousová, Marta ^a   Muravská, Alexandra ^a   Zima, Tomáš ^a  

^a CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

Doppler; PAPP A; Polymorphisms; Preeclampsia; Pregnancy associated plasma protein A; Pulsatile index; Screening

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED PLASMA PROTEIN A;

ARTICLE; BLOOD; CHEMISTRY; FEMALE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY-ASSOCIATED PLASMA PROTEIN-A;

EID: 84890818409     PISSN: 00652423     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800094-6.00005-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Walker J.J. Preeclampsia. Lancet 2000, 356:1260-1265.
2. Roberts J.M., Cooper D.W. Pathogenesis and genetics of preeclampsia. Lancet 2001, 357:53-56.
3. Eiland E., Nzerue C., Faulkner M. Preeclampsia 2012. J. Pregnancy 2012, 2012:586578.
4. Anderson U.D., Olsson M.G., Kristensen K.H., Äkerström B., Hansson S.R. Review: biochemical markers to predict preeclampsia. Placenta 2012, 33(Suppl.):S42-S47.
5. Kupferminc M.J., Eldor A., Steinman N., Many A., Bar-Am A., Jaffa A., Fait G., Lessing J.B. Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilia in women with complications of pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340:9-13.
6. Lockwood C.J. Inherited thrombophilias in pregnant patients: detection and treatment paradigm. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002, 99:333-341.
7. Dizon-Townson D.S., Nelson L.M., Easton K., Ward K. The factor V Leiden mutation may predispose women to severe preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996, 175:902-905.
8. Lee E.S., Oh M.J., Jung J.W., et al. The levels of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble FLT-1 in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2007, 22:94-98.
9. Huppertz B. Placental origins of preeclampsia: challenging the current hypothesis. Hypertension 2008, 51:970-975.
10. Wanq A., Rana S., Karumanchi S.A. Preeclampsia: the role of angiogenic factors in its pathogenesis. Physiology 2009, 24:147-158.
11. Carty D.M., Delles C., Dominiczak A.F. Novel biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2008, 18:186-194.
12. Hourrier S., Salomon L.J., Dreux S., Muller F. Screening for adverse pregnancy outcome at early gestational age. Clin. Chim. Acta 2010, 411:1547-1552.
13. Springer D., Potluková E., Limanová Z., Zima T. Recommendations on prenatal screening and the connections to other diseases such as thyroid dysfunction. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2012, 50:1211-1220.
14. Cuckle H.S. Screening for pre-eclampsia-lessons from aneuploidy screening. Placenta 2011, 32:S42-S48.
15. Baumann M.U., Bersinger N.A., Surbek D.V. Serum markers for predicting pre-eclampsia. Mol. Asp. Med. 2007, 28:227-244.
16. Grill S., Rusterholz C., Zanetti-Dällenbach R., Tercanli S., Holzgreve W., Hahn S., Lapaire O. Potential markers of preeclampsia-a review. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2009, 7:70.
17. Pennings J.L.A., Kuc S., Rodenburg W., Koster M.P.H., Schielen P.C.J.I., de Vries A. Integrative data mining to identify novel candidate serum biomarkers for pre-eclampsia screening. Prenat. Diagn. 2011, 31:1153-1159.
18. Verlohren S., Herraiz I., Lapaire O., Schlembach D., Moertl M., Zeisler H., Calda P., Holzgreve W., Galindo A., Engels T., Denk B., Stepan H. The sFIt-1/PlGF ratio in different types of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and its prognostic potential in preeclamptic patients. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012, 206:58.e1-58.e8.
19. Daponte A., Deligeoroglou E., Pournaras S., Tsezou A., Garas A., Anastasiadou F., Hadjichristodoulou C., Messinis I.E. Angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 as serum biomarkers for ectopic pregnancy and missed abortion: a case-control study. Clin. Chim. Acta 2013, 16:145-151.
20. Bolin M., Wiberg-Itzel E., Wikström A.K., Goop M., Larsson A., Olovsson M., Akerud H. Angiopoietin-1/angiopoietin-2 ratio for prediction of preeclampsia. Am. J. Hypertens. 2009, 22:891-895.
21. Leinonen E., Wathén K.A., Alfthan H., Ylikorkala O., Andersson S., Stenman U.H., Vuorela P. Maternal serum angiopoietin-1 and -2 and tie-2 in early pregnancy ending in preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 95:126-133.
22. Han S.Y., Jun J.K., Lee C.H., Park J.S., Syn H.C. Angiopoietin-2: a promising indicator for the occurrence of severe preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy 2012, 31:189-199.
23. Bolin M., Akerud P., Hansson A., Akerud H. Histidine-rich glycoprotein as an early biomarker of preeclampsia. Am. J. Hypertens. 2011, 24:496-501.
24. Bolin M., Wikström A.K., Wiberg-Itzel E., Olsson A.K., Ringvall M., Sundström-Poromaa I., Axelsson O., Thilaganathan B., Åkerud H. Prediction of preeclampsia by combining serum histidine-rich glycoprotein and uterine artery Doppler. Am. J. Hypertens. 2012, 25:1305-1310.
25. Anderson U.D., Olsson M.G., Rutardóttir S., Centlow M., Kristensen K.H., Isberg P.E., Thilaganathan B., Akerström B., Hansson S.R. Fetal hemoglobin and α1-microglobulin as first- and early second-trimester predictive biomarkers for preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2011, 204:520.
26. Olsson M.G., Centlow M., Rutardóttir S., Stenfors I., Larsson J., Hosseini-Maaf B., Olsson M.L., Hansson S.R., Akerström B. Increased levels of cell-free hemoglobin, oxidation markers, and the antioxidative heme scavenger alpha(1)-microglobulin in preeclampsia. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2010, 48:284-291.
27. Fasshauer M., Bluher M., Stumvoll M., Tonessen P., Faber R., Stepan H. Differential regulation of visfatin and adiponectin in pregnancies with normal and abnormal placental function. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 2007, 66:434-439.
28. Hu W., Wang Z., Wang H., Huang H., Dong M. Serum visfatin levels in late pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2008, 87:413-418.
29. Senna A.A., Zedan M., Abd El Salam G.E., EI Mashad A.I. Study of plasma adrenomedullin level in normal pregnancy and preclampsia. Medscape J. Med. 2008, 10:29.
30. Gratton R.J., Gluszynski M., Mazzuca D.M., Nygard K., Han V.K. Adrenomedullin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the placentae of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:6048-6055.
31. Herse F., Staff A.C., Hering L., Muller D.N., Luft F.C., Dechend R. ATI-receptor autoantibodies and uteroplacental RAS in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. J. Mol. Med. 2008, 86:697-703.
32. Herse F., Verlohren S., Wenzel K., Pape J., Muller D.N., Modrow S., Wallukat G., Luft F.C., Redman C.W., Dechend R. Prevalence of agonistic autoantibodies against the angiotensin II type I receptor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase I in a gestational age-matched case study. Hypertension 2009, 53:393-398.
33. Laigaard J., Sorensen T., Placing S., Holck P., Frohlich C., Wojdemann K.R., Sundberg K., Shalmi A.C., Tabor A., Norgaard-Pedersen B., Ottesen B., Christiansen M., Wewer M.U. Reduction of the disintegrin and metalloprotease ADAMI2 in preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005, 106:144-149.
34. Spencer K., Cowans N.J., Stamatopoulou A. ADAMI2 in maternal serum as a potential marker of pre-eclampsia. Prenat. Diagn. 2008, 28:212-216.
35. Wright D., Akolekar R., Syngelaki A., Poon L.C.Y., Nicolaides K.H. A competing risks model in early screening for preeclampsia. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2012, 32:171-178.
36. Tuuli M.G., Odibo A.O. The role of serum markers and uterine artery Doppler in identifying at-risk pregnancies. Clin. Perinatol. 2011, 38:1-19.
37. Pedrosa A.C., Matias A. Screening for pre-eclampsia: a systematic review of tests combining uterine artery Doppler with other markers. J. Perinat. Med. 2011, 39:619-635.
38. Kuc S., Wortelboer E.J., van Rijn B.B., Franx A., Visser G.H., Schielen P.C. Evaluation of 7 serum biomarkers and uterine artery Doppler ultrasound for first-trimester prediction of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2011, 66:225-239.
39. Giguere Y., Charland M., Bujold E., Bernard N., Grenier S., Rousseau F., Lafond J., Légaré F., Forest J.C. Combining biochemical and ultrasonographic markers in predicting preeclampsia: a systematic review. Clin. Chem. 2010, 56:361-374.
40. Jebbink J., Wolters A., Fernando F., Afink G., van der Post J., Ris-Stalpers C. Molecular genetics of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome-a review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2012, 1822:1960-1969.
41. Mütze S., Rudnik-Schöneborn S., Zerres K., Rath W. Genes and preeclampsia syndrome. J. Perinat. Med. 2008, 36:38-58.
42. Lin T.M., Halbert S.P., Kiefer D., Spellacy W.N., Gall S. Characterization of four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1974, 118:223-236.
43. Brambati B., Lanzani A., Tului L. Ultrasound and biochemical assessment of first trimester of pregnancy. The Embryo: Normal and Abnormal Development and Growth 1990, 181-194. Springer Verlag, London. M. Chapman, J.G. Grudzinskas, T. Chard (Eds.).
44. Wald N.J., Kennard A., Hackshaw A.K. First trimester serum screening for Down's syndrome. Prenat. Diagn. 1995, 15:1227-1240.
45. Kirkegaard I., Uldbjerg N., Oxvig C. Biology of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in relation to prenatal diagnostics: an overview. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2010, 89:1118-1125.
46. Deveci K., Sogut E., Evliyaoglu O., Duras N. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and C-reactive protein levels in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women at third trimester. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 2009, 35:94-98.
47. Bayes-Genis A., Conover C.A., Overgaard M.T., Bailey K.R., Christiansen M., Holmes D.R., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a marker of acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345:1022-1029.
48. Kalousová M., Sulková S., Fialová L., Soukupová J., Malbohan I.M., Špaček P., et al. Glycoxidation and inflammation in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003, 18:2577-2581.
49. Consuegra-Sanchez L., Fredericks S., Kaski J.C. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A: has this biomarker crossed the boundary from research to clinical practice?. Drug News Perspect. 2009, 22:341-348.
50. Kalousová M., Benáková H., Kuběna A.A., Dusilová-Sulková S., Tesař V., Zima T. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein a as an independent mortality predictor in long-term hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 2012, 35:192-201.
51. Bonno M., Oxvig C., Kephart G.M., Wagner J.M., Kristensen T., Sottrup-Jensen L., et al. Localization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and colocalization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A messenger ribonucleic acid and eosinophil granule major basic protein messenger Ribonucleic acid in placenta. Lab. Invest. 1994, 71:560-566.
52. Overgaard M.T., Oxvig C., Christiansen M., Lawrence J.B., Conover C.A., Gleich G.J., et al. Messenger ribonucleic acid levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein: expression in human reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. Biol. Reprod. 1999, 61:1083-1089.
53. Boldt H.B., Conover C.A. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A): a local regulator of IGF bioavailability through cleavage of IGFBPs. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 2007, 17:10-18.
54. Laursen L.S., Overgaard M.T., Weyer K., Boldt H.B., Ebbesen P., Christiansen M., et al. Cell surface targeting of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A proteolytic activity. Reversible adhesion is mediated by two neighboring short consensus repeats. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:47225-47234.
55. Conover C.A., Harrington S.C., Bale L.K., Oxvig C. Surface association of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A accounts for its colocalization with activated macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007, 292:H994-H1000.
56. Haaning J., Oxvig C., Overgaard M.T., Ebbesen P., Kristensen T., Sottrup-Jensen L. Complete cDNA sequence of the preproform of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Evidence for expression in the brain and induction by cAMP. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 237:159-163.
57. Overgaard M.T., Haaning J., Boldt H.B., Olsen I.M., Laursen L.S., Christiansen M., et al. Expression of recombinant human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and identification of the proform of eosinophil major basic protein as its physiological inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:31128-31133.
58. Kristensen T., Oxvig C., Sand O., Muller N.P., Sottrup-Jensen L. Amino acid sequence of human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A derived from cloned cDNA. Biochemistry 1994, 33:1592-1598.
59. Rudenko G., Hohenester E., Muller Y.A. S domains: multiple functions-one business end?. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2001, 26:363-368.
60. Boldt H.B., Glerup S., Overgaard M.T., Sottrup-Jensen L., Oxvig C. Definition, expression, and characterization of a protein domain in the N-terminus of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A distantly related to the family of laminin G-like modules. Protein Expr. Purif. 2006, 48:261-273.
61. Artavanis-Tsakonas S., Rand M.D., Lake R.J. Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. Science 1999, 284:770-776.
62. Boldt H.B., Overgaard M.T., Laursen L.S., Weyer K., Sottrup-Jensen L., Oxvig C. Mutational analysis of the proteolytic domain of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A): classification as a metzincin. Biochem. J. 2001, 358:359-367.
63. Soares D.C., Gerloff D.L., Syme N.R., Coulson A.F., Parkinson J., Barlow P.N. Large-scale modelling as a route to multiple surface comparisons of the CCP module family. Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 2005, 18:379-388.
64. Overgaard M.T., Boldt H.B., Laursen L.S., Sottrup-Jensen L., Conover C.A., Oxvig C. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), a novel insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 proteinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:21849-21853.
65. Tallant C., García-Castellanos R., Seco J., Baumann U., Gomis-Rüth F.X. Molecular analysis of ulilysin, the structural prototype of a new family of metzincin metalloproteases. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:17920-17928.
66. Soe R., Overgaard M.T., Thomsen A.R., Laursen L.S., Olsen I.M., Sottrup-Jensen L., et al. Expression of recombinant murine pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and a novel variant (PAPP-Ai) with differential proteolytic activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 2002, 269:2247-2256.
67. Lawrence J.B., Oxvig C., Overgaard M.T., Sottrup-Jensen L., Gleich G.J., Hays L.G., et al. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF binding protein-4 protease secreted by human fibroblasts is pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96:3149-3153.
68. Durham S.K., Kiefer M.C., Riggs B.L., Conover C.A. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 by a specific insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 proteinase in normal human osteoblast-like cells: implications in bone cell physiology. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1994, 9:111-117.
69. Byun D., Mohan S., Yoo M., Sexton C., Baylink D.J., Qin X. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A accounts for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) proteolytic activity in human pregnancy serum and enhances the mitogenic activity of IGF by degrading IGFBP-4 in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86:847-854.
70. Ortiz C.O., Chen B.K., Bale L.K., Overgaard M.T., Oxvig C., Conover C.A. Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease system in cultured human osteoblasts. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2003, 18:1066-1072.
71. Conover C.A., Durham S.K., Zapf J., Masiarz F.R., Kiefer M.C. Cleavage analysis of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent IGF-binding protein-4 proteolysis and expression of protease-resistant IGF-binding protein-4 mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:4395-4400.
72. Byun D., Mohan S., Kim C., Suh K., Yoo M., Lee H., et al. Studies on human pregnancy-induced insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 proteases in serum: determination of IGF-II dependency and localization of cleavage site. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:373-381.
73. Monget P., Mazerbourg S., Delpuech T., Maurel M.C., Manière S., Zapf J., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is involved in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) proteolytic degradation in bovine and porcine preovulatory follicles: identification of cleavage site and characterization of IGFBP-2 degradation. Biol. Reprod. 2003, 68:77-86.
74. Rivera G.M., Fortune J.E. Selection of the dominant follicle and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins: evidence that pregnancy-associated plasma protein A contributes to proteolysis of IGF-binding protein 5 in bovine follicular fluid. Endocrinology 2003, 144:437-446.
75. Laursen L.S., Overgaard M.T., Søe R., Boldt H.B., Sottrup-Jensen L., Giudice L.C., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5 independent of IGF: implications for the mechanism of IGFBP-4 proteolysis by PAPP-A. FEBS Lett. 2001, 504:36-40.
76. Boldt H.B., Kjaer-Sorensen K., Overgaard M.T., Weyer K., Poulsen C.B., Sottrup-Jensen L., et al. The Lin12-notch repeats of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A bind calcium and determine its proteolytic specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:38525-38531.
77. Bergmann U., Tuuttila A., Stetler-Stevenson W.G., Tryggvason K. Autolytic activation of recombinant human 72 kilodalton type IV collagenase. Biochemistry 1995, 34:2819-2825.
78. Oxvig C., Sand O., Kristensen T., Gleich G.J., Sottrup-Jensen L. Circulating human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is disulfide-bridged to the proform of eosinophil major basic protein. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268:12243-12246.
79. Barker R.L., Gleich G.J., Pease L.R. Acidic precursor revealed in human eosinophil granule major basic protein cDNA. J. Med. 1988, 168:1493-1498.
80. Wasmoen T.L., Bell M.P., Loegering D.A., Gleich G.J., Prendergast F.G., McKean D.J. Biochemical and amino acid sequence analysis of human granule major basic protein. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263:12559-12563.
81. Popken-Harris P., Checkel J., Loegering D., Madden B., Springett M., Kephart G., et al. Regulation and processing of a precursor form of eosinophil granule major basic protein (ProMBP) in differentiating eosinophils. Blood 1998, 92:623-631.
82. Oxvig C., Haaning J., Kristensen L., Wagner J.M., Rubin I., Stigband T., et al. Identification of angiotensinogen and complement C3dg as novel proteins binding the proform of eosinophil major basic protein in human pregnancy serum and plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:13645-13651.
83. Gleich G.J., Loegering D.A., Maldonado J.E. Identification of a major basic protein in guinea pig eosinophil granules. J. Exp. Med. 1973, 137:1459-1471.
84. Peters M.S., Rodriguez M., Gleich G.J. Localization of human eosinophil granule major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin by immunoelectron microscopy. Lab. Invest. 1986, 54:656-662.
85. Gleich G.J., Adolphson C.R., Leiferman K.M. The biology of the eosinophilic leukocyte. Annu. Rev. Med. 1993, 44:85-101.
86. Qin Q.P., Kokkala S., Lund J., Tamm N., Voipio-Pulkki L.M., Pettersson K. Molecular distinction of circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in myocardial infarction and pregnancy. Clin. Chem. 2005, 51:75-83.
87. Lin T.M., Halbert S.P., Spellacy W.N., Gall S. Human pregnancy-associated plasma proteins during the postpartum period. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1976, 124:382-387.
88. Conover C.A. PAPP-A: a new anti-aging target?. Aging Cell. 2010, 9:942-946.
89. Chen B.K., Leiferman K.M., Pittelkow M.R., Overgaard M.T., Oxvig C., Conover C.A. Localization and regulation of pregnancy-associated plasma protein a expression in healing human skin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:4465-4471.
90. Hourvitz A., Widger A.E., Filho F.L., Chang R.J., Adashi E.Y., Erickson G.F. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A gene expression in human ovaries is restricted to healthy follicles and corpora lutea. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:4916-4920.
91. Mazerbourg S., Overgaard M.T., Oxvig C., Christiansen M., Conover C.A., Laurendeau I., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in ovine, bovine, porcine, and equine ovarian follicles: involvement in IGF binding protein-4 proteolytic degradation and mRNA expression during follicular development. Endocrinology 2001, 142:5243-5253.
92. Sangiorgi G., Mauriello A., Bonanno E., Oxvig C., Conover C.A., Christiansen M., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a is markedly expressed by monocyte-macrophage cells in vulnerable and ruptured carotid atherosclerotic plaques: a link between inflammation and cerebrovascular events. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006, 47:2201-2211.
93. Silahtaroglu A.N., Tümer Z., Kristensen T., Sottrup-Jensen L., Tommerup N. Assignment of the human associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) to 9q33.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization to mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 1993, 62:214-216.
94. Overgaard M.T., Sorensen E.S., Stachowiak D., Boldt H.B., Kristensen L., Sottrup-Jensen L., et al. Complex of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein. Disulfide structure and carbohydrate attachment. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:2106-2117.
95. Ford E.B. Polymorphism and taxonomy. The New Systematics 1940, 493-513. Clarendon Press, Oxford. J. Huxley (Ed.).
96. Brookes A.J. The essence of SNPs. Gene 1999, 234:177-186.
97. Website of the The National Centre for Biotechnology Information. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
98. Suzuki K., Sata F., Yamada H., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A polymorphism and the risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2006, 70:99-108.
99. Park S., Youn J.C., Shin D.J., et al. Genetic polymorphism in the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A associated with acute myocardial infarction. Coron. Artery Dis. 2007, 18:417-422.
100. Germanová A., Jáchymová M., Germanová A., Koucký M., Hájek Z., Zima T., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A polymorphism in patients with risk pregnancies. Folia Biol. (Praha) 2011, 57:82-85.
101. Muravská A., Germanová A., Jáchymová M., Hájek Z., Švarcová J., Zima T., et al. Association of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A polymorphism with preeclampsia-a pilot study. Clin. Biochem. 2011, 44:1380-1384.
102. Hughes G., Bischof P., Wilson G., Klopper A. Assay of a placental protein to determine fetal risk. Br. Med. J. 1980, 280:671-673.
103. Consuegra-Sanchez L., Fredericks S., Kaski J.C. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2009, 203:346-352.
104. Kajinami K., Kawai Y. Beyond C-reactive protein; new evidence for another inflammatory biomarker predicting cardiovascular disease risk. Atherosclerosis 2011, 214:39-40.
105. Tertti R., Wittfooth S., Porela P., Airaksinen K.E., Metsärinne K., Pettersson K. Intravenous administration of low molecular weight and unfractionated heparin elicits a rapid increase in serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Clin. Chem. 2009, 55:1214-1217.
106. Bischof P., Amandruz M., Weil-Franck C., et al. The disappearance rate of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) after the end of normal and abnormal pregnancies. Arch. Gynecol. 1984, 236:93-98.
107. Duberg S., Bischof P., Schindler A.M., Béguin F., Herrmann W., Sizonenko P.C. Tissue and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A): comparison with other fetoplacental products. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1982, 89:352-357.
108. Smith G.C., Stenhouse E.J., Crossley J.A., Aitken D.A., Cameron A.D., Connor J.M. Early pregnancy levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein a and the risk of intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth, preeclampsia, and stillbirth. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:1762-1767.
109. Goetzl L., Krantz D., Simpson J.L., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, free beta-hCG, nuchal translucency, and risk of pregnancy loss. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004, 104:30-36.
110. Cuckle H., Arbuzova S., Spencer K., et al. Frequency and clinical consequences of extremely high maternal serum PAPP-A levels. Prenat. Diagn. 2003, 23:385-388.
111. Tul N., Pusenjak S., Osredkar J., Spencer K., Novak-Antolic Z. Predicting complications of pregnancy with first-trimester maternal serum free-betahCG, PAPP-A and inhibin-A. Prenat. Diagn. 2003, 23:990-996.
112. Lin T.M., Halbert S.P., Spellacy W.N., Berna B.H. Plasma concentrations of four pregnancy proteins in complications of pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1977, 128:808-810.
113. Hughes G., Bischoff P., Wilson G., Smith R., Klopper A. Tests of fetal wellbeing in the third trimester of pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1980, 87:650-656.
114. Imaizumi H. Fluctuations in pregnancy-associated protein A (PAPP-A) levels in the sera of pregnant. Nihon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 1983, 35:159-167.
115. Toop K., Klopper A. Concentration of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in patients with pre-eclamptic toxaemia. Placenta 1981, 3:167-173.
116. Barnea E.R., Bischoff P., Page C., DeCherney A.H., Herrmann W., Naftolin F. Placental and circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein A concentrates in normal and pathological term pregnancies. Obstet. Gynecol. 1986, 68:382-386.
117. Dobashi K., Ajika K., Ohkawa T., Okano H., Okinaga S., Arai K. Immunohistochemical localization of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in placentae from normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Placenta 1984, 5:205-212.
118. Farina A., Sekizawa A., Purwosunu Y., et al. Quantitative distribution of a panel of circulating mRNA in preeclampsia versus controls. Prenat. Diagn. 2006, 26:1115-1120.
119. Atis A., Aydin Y., Basol E., Kaleli S., Turgay F., Goker N. PAPP-A levels of late pregnancy in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2012, 285:45-49.
120. Lai J., Pinas A., Poon L.C., Agathokleous M., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum placental growth factor, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and free β-human chorionic gonadotrophin at 30-33 weeks in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2013, 33:164-172.
121. Bersinger N.A., Odegard R.A. Second- and third-trimester serum levels of placental proteins in preeclampsia and small-for-gestational age pregnancies. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2004, 83:37-45.
122. D'Anna R., Baviera G., Giordano D., Russo S., Santamaria A., Granese R., Corrado F. ADAM 12 and PAPP-A at 14-17 weeks' gestation as biomarkers of pre-eclampsia. Prenat. Diagn. 2011, 31:602-604.
123. Bestwick J.P., George L.M., Wu T., Morris J.K., Wald N.J. The value of early second trimester PAPP-A and ADAM12 in screening for pre-eclampsia. J. Med. Screen. 2012, 19:51-54.
124. Spencer K., Yu C.K., Savvidou M., Papageorghiou A.T., Nicolaides K.H. Prediction of pre-eclampsia by uterine artery Doppler ultrasonography and maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, activin A and inhibin A at 22+0 to 24+6 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2006, 27:658-663.
125. Dugoff L., Hobbins J.C., Malone F.D., et al. First-trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free-beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations and nuchal translucency are associated with obstetric complications: a population-based screening study (the FASTER Trial). Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004, 191:1446-1451.
126. Zwahlen M., Gerber S., Bersinger N.A. First trimester markers for pre-eclampsia: placental vs. non-placental protein serum levels. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2007, 63:15-21.
127. Kang J.H., Farina A., Park J.H., et al. Down syndrome biochemical markers and screening for preeclampsia at first and second trimester: correlation with the week of onset and the severity. Prenat. Diagn. 2008, 28:704-709.
128. Akolekar R., Zaragoza E., Poon L.C., Pepes S., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum placental growth factor at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2008, 32:732-739.
129. Poon L.C., Kametas N.A., Maiz N., Akolekar R., Nicolaides K.H. First-trimester prediction of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Hypertension 2009, 53:812-818.
130. Poon L.C., Maiz N., Valencia C., Plasencia W., Nicolaides K.H. First-trimester maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2009, 33:23-33.
131. Hedley P.L., Placing S., Wøjdemann K., et al. Free leptin index and PAPP-A: a first trimester maternal serum screening test for pre-eclampsia. Prenat. Diagn. 2010, 30:103-109.
132. Nasrin B., Fatema N., Jebunnessa F., Shamim S., Chowdhury S.B., Ali L. Early pregnancy maternal serum PAPP-A and urinary protein-creatinine ratio as predictive markers of pregnancy induced hypertension. Mymensingh Med. J. 2010, 19:267-274.
133. Wortelboer E.J., Koster M.P., Cuckle H.S., Stoutenbeek P.H., Schielen P.C., Visser G.H. First-trimester placental protein 13 and placental growth factor: markers for identification of women destined to develop early-onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG 2010, 117:1384-1389.
134. Sifakis S., Akolekar R., Mantas N., Kappou D., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum human placental growth hormone (hPGH) at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation in preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy 2011, 30:74-82.
135. Stamatopoulou A., Cowans N.J., Matwejew E., von Kaisenberg C., Spencer K. Placental protein-13 and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A as first trimester screening markers for hypertensive disorders and small for gestational age outcomes. Hypertens. Pregnancy 2011, 30:384-395.
136. Nanda S., Yu C.K., Giurcaneanu L., Akolekar R., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum adiponectin at 11-13 weeks of gestation in preeclampsia. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2011, 29:208-215.
137. Ranta J.K., Raatikainen K., Romppanen J., Pulkki K., Heinonen S. Decreased PAPP-A is associated with preeclampsia, premature delivery and small for gestational age infants but not with placental abruption. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2011, 157:48-52.
138. Myatt L., Clifton R.G., Roberts J.M., et al. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network, first-trimester prediction of preeclampsia in nulliparous women at low risk. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012, 119:1234-1242.
139. Nanda S., Poon L.C., Muhaisen M., Acosta I.C., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum resistin at 11 to 13 weeks' gestation in normal and pathological pregnancies. Metabolism 2012, 61:699-705.
140. Di Lorenzo G., Ceccarello M., Cecotti V., et al. First trimester maternal serum PlGF, free β-hCG, PAPP-A, PP-13, uterine artery Doppler and maternal history for the prediction of preeclampsia. Placenta 2012, 33:495-501.
141. Mikat B., Zeller A., Scherag A., Drommelschmidt K., Kimmig R., Schmidt M. βhCG and PAPP-A in first trimester: predictive factors for preeclampsia?. Hypertens. Pregnancy 2012, 31:261-267.
142. Akolekar R., Syngelaki A., Beta J., Kocylowski R., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum placental protein 13 at 11-13 weeks of gestation in preeclampsia. Prenat. Diagn. 2009, 29:1103-1108.
143. Yu C.K., Ertl R., Skyfta E., Akolekar R., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum vitamin D levels at 11-13 weeks of gestation in preeclampsia. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2012, 27:115-118.
144. Staboulidou I., Galindo A., Maiz N., Karagiannis G., Nicolaides K.H. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a in preeclampsia and chromosomal defects. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2009, 25:336-339.
145. Foidart J.M., Munaut C., Chantraine F., Akolekar R., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal plasma soluble endoglin at 11-13 weeks' gestation in pre-eclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2010, 35:680-687.
146. Sifakis S., Akolekar R., Kappou D., Mantas N., Nicolaides K.H. Maternal serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) at 11-13 weeks in preeclampsia. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2012, 26:253-258.
147. Vandenberghe G., Mensink I., Twisk J.W., Blankenstein M.A., Heijboer A.C., van Vugt J.M. First trimester screening for intra-uterine growth restriction and early-onset pre-eclampsia. Prenat. Diagn. 2011, 31:955-961.
148. Akolekar R., Syngelaki A., Sarquis R., Zvanca M., Nicolaides K.H. Prediction of early, intermediate and late pre-eclampsia from maternal factors, biophysical and biochemical markers at 11-13 weeks. Prenat. Diagn. 2011, 31:66-74.
149. Audibert F., Boucoiran I., An N., et al. Screening for preeclampsia using first-trimester serum markers and uterine artery Doppler in nulliparous women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010, 203:383.
150. Akolekar R., Syngelaki A., Poon L., Wright D., Nicolaides K.H. Competing risks model in early screening for preeclampsia by biophysical and biochemical markers. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 2013, 33:8-15.
151. Odibo A.O., Zhong Y., Goetzinger K.R., Odibo L., Blick J.L., Bower C.R., Nelson D.M. First-trimester placental protein 13, PAPP-A, uterine artery Doppler and maternal characteristics in the prediction of pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2011, 32:598-602.
152. Bonaca M.P., Scirica B.M., Sabatine M.S., et al. Prospective evaluation of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012, 60:332-338.
153. Fialová L., Kalousová M., Soukupová J., et al. Relationship of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a to renal function and dialysis modalities. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 2004, 27:88-95.
154. Coskun A., Bicik Z., Duran S., Alcelik A., Soypacaci Z., Yavuz O., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in dialysis patients. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2007, 45:63-66.
155. Kalousová M., Horejsí M., Fialová L., Soukupová J., Sulková S., Malbohan I.M., et al. Increased levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A are associated with mortality in hemodialysis patients: preliminary results. Blood Purif. 2004, 22:298-300.
156. Etter C., Straub Y., Hersberger M., Räz H.R., Kistler T., Kiss D., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is an independent short-time predictor of mortality in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Eur. Heart J. 2010, 31:354-359.
157. Kalousová M., Fialová L., Skrha J., Zima T., Soukupová J., Malbohan I.M., et al. Oxidative stress, inflammation and autoimmune reaction in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prague Med. Rep. 2004, 105:21-28.
158. Pellitero S., Reverter J.L., Granada M.L., et al. Association of the IGF1/pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A system and adipocytokine levels with the presence and the morphology of carotid plaques in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with stable glycaemic control. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2009, 160:925-932.
159. Astrup A.S., Tarnow L., Christiansen M., Hansen P.R., Parving H.H., Rossing P. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in a large cohort of Type 1 diabetic patients with and without diabetic nephropathy-a prospective follow-up study. Diabet. Med. 2007, 24:1381-1385.
160. Güçlü E., Coskun A., Tokmak A., et al. Does pregnancy-associated plasma protein A have a role in allergic rhinitis?. Am. J. Rhinol. 2008, 22:219-222.
161. Coskun A., Balbay O., Duran S., et al. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and asthma. Adv. Ther. 2007, 24:362-367.