Emerging roles of zinc finger proteins in regulating adipogenesis

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 70, Issue 23, 2013, Pages 4569-4584

  Wei, Shengjuan ^a,b   Zhang, Lifan ^b,c   Zhou, Xiang ^b   Du, Min ^b   Jiang, Zhihua ^b   Hausman, Gary J ^d   Bergen, Werner G ^e   Zan, Linsen ^a   Dodson, Michael V ^b  

^a NORTHWEST A F UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NANJING AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^e AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adipocyte; Adipogenesis; Adipose tissue; Adiposity; Obesity; Zfp423; Zinc finger

Indexed keywords

CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 1; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE FACTOR 2; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR 11; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR 15; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR 2; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR 3; KRUPPEL LIKE FACTOR 7; NUCLEIC ACID BINDING PROTEIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PR DOMAIN CONTAINING 16 PROTEIN; PROTEIN CHOP 10; SCHNURRI 2 PROTEIN; SMAD1 PROTEIN; SMAD4 PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 3; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SLUG; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR YY1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZINC FINGER AND BTB DOMAIN CONTAINING 16 PROTEIN; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 395; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 423; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 521; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN 638;

ADIPOGENESIS; AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OSTEOBLAST; PROADIPOCYTE; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MOTIF; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

ADIPOCYTES; ADIPOGENESIS; ANIMALS; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OBESITY; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; ZINC FINGERS;

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 84889884465     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: 14209071     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1395-0     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Dodson MV, Mir PS, Hausman GJ, Guan LL, Du M, Jiang Z, Fernyhough ME, Bergen WG (2011) Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and adipocytes. J Lipids 2011:721686
2. Dodson MV, Boudina S, Albrecht E, Bucci L, Fernyhough-Culver M, Wei S, Bergen WG, Amaral AJ, Moustaid-Moussa N, Poulos S, Hausman GJ (2013) A long journey to effective obesity treatments: is there light at the end of the tunnel? Exp Biol Med. doi: 10.1177/1535370213477603
3. Fernyhough ME, Helterline DI, Vierck JL, Hausman GJ, Hill RA, Dodson MV (2005) Dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes to form adipofibroblasts: more than just a possibility. Adipocytes 1:17-24
4. Fernyhough ME, Bucci LR, Hausman GJ, Antonio J, Vierck JL, Dodson MV (2005) Gaining a solid grip on adipogenesis. Tissue Cell 37:335-338
5. Ganss B, Jheon A (2004) Zinc finger transcription factors in skeletal development. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 15:282-297
6. Leon O, Roth M (2000) Zinc fingers: DNA binding and protein-protein interactions. Biol Res 33:21-30
7. Havel PJ (2004) Update on adipocyte hormones: regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes 53(Suppl 1):S143-S151
8. Rousset S, Alves-Guerra MC, Mozo J, Miroux B, Cassard-Doulcier AM, Bouillaud F, Ricquier D (2004) The biology of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. Diabetes 53(Suppl 1):S130-S135
9. Townsend K, Tseng Y (2012) Brown adipose tissue: recent insights into development, metabolic function and therapeutic potential. Adipocyte 1:13-24
10. Ashrafi K (2007) Obesity and the regulation of fat metabolism. In: WormBook (ed) The C. elegans Research Community, Wormbook, United Kingdom
11. Ntaios G, Gatselis NK, Makaritsis K, Dalekos GN (2013) Adipokines as mediators of endothelial function and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 227:216-221
12. Billon N, Monteiro MC, Dani C (2008) Developmental origin of adipocytes: new insights into a pending question. Biol Cell 100:563-575
13. Wei S, Zan L, Hausman GJ, Rasmussen TP, Bergen WG, Dodson MV (2013) Dedifferentiated adipocyte-derived progeny cells (DFAT cells): potential stem cells of adipose tissue. Adipocyte. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/adip.23784
14. German AJ, Ryan VH, German AC, Wood IS, Trayhurn P (2010) Obesity, its associated disorders and the role of inflammatory adipokines in companion animals. Vet J 185:4-9
15. Jo J, Gavrilova O, Pack S, Jou W, Mullen S, Sumner AE, Cushman SW, Periwal V (2009) Hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia: dynamics of adipose tissue growth. PLoS Comput Biol 5:e1000324
16. Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B, Middleton J (2007) Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cells 25:2739-2749
17. Kolf CM, Cho E, Tuan RS (2007) Mesenchymal stromal cells. Biology of adult mesenchymal stem cells: regulation of niche, self-renewal and differentiation. Arthr Res Ther 9:204
18. Camp HS, Ren D, Leff T (2002) Adipogenesis and fat-cell function in obesity and diabetes. Trends Mol Med 8:442-447
19. Zamani N, Brown CW (2011) Emerging roles for the transforming growth factor-{beta} superfamily in regulating adiposity and energy expenditure. Endocr Rev 32:387-403
20. Cristancho AG, Lazar MA (2011) Forming functional fat: a growing understanding of adipocyte differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12:722-734
21. Gregoire FM, Smas CM, Sul HS (1998) Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiol Rev 78:783-809
22. Gupta RK, Arany Z, Seale P, Mepani RJ, Ye L, Conroe HM, Roby YA, Kulaga H, Reed RR, Spiegelman BM (2010) Transcriptional control of preadipocyte determination by Zfp423. Nature 464:619-623
23. Hanas JS, Hazuda DJ, Bogenhagen DF, Wu FY, Wu CW (1983) Xenopus transcription factor A requires zinc for binding to the 5 S RNA gene. J Biol Chem 258:14120-14125
24. Miller J, McLachlan AD, Klug A (1985) Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes. EMBO J 4:1609-1614
25. Lee MS, Gippert GP, Soman KV, Case DA, Wright PE (1989) Three-dimensional solution structure of a single zinc finger DNA-binding domain. Science 245:635-637
26. Mackay JP, Crossley M (1998) Zinc fingers are sticking together. Trends Biochem Sci 23:1-4
27. Sanchez-Garcia I, Rabbitts TH (1994) The LIM domain: a new structural motif found in zinc-finger-like proteins. Trends Genet 10:315-320
28. Klug A, Schwabe JW (1995) Protein motifs 5 Zinc fingers. FASEB J 9:597-604
29. Tupler R, Perini G, Green MR (2001) Expressing the human genome. Nature 409:832-833
30. Laity JH, Lee BM, Wright PE (2001) Zinc finger proteins: new insights into structural and functional diversity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 11:39-46
31. Ciftci-Yilmaz S, Mittler R (2008) The zinc finger network of plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:1150-1160
32. Iuchi S (2001) Three classes of C2H2 zinc finger proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 58:625-635
33. Pavletich NP, Pabo CO (1993) Crystal structure of a five-finger GLI-DNA complex: new perspectives on zinc fingers. Science 261:1701-1707
34. Shi Y, Berg JM (1995) Specific DNA-RNA hybrid binding by zinc finger proteins. Science 268:282-284
35. Brown RS (2005) Zinc finger proteins: getting a grip on RNA. Curr Opin Struct Biol 15:94-98
36. Wolfe SA, Nekludova L, Pabo CO (2000) DNA recognition by Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 29:183-212
37. Tang QQ, Jiang MS, Lane MD (1999) Repressive effect of Sp1 on the C/EBPalpha gene promoter: role in adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 19:4855-4865
38. Jiang MS, Lane MD (2000) Sequential repression and activation of the CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha) gene during adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12519-12523
39. Quach JM, Walker EC, Allan E, Solano M, Yokoyama A, Kato S, Sims NA, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (2011) Zinc finger protein 467 is a novel regulator of osteoblast and adipocyte commitment. J Biol Chem 286:4186-4198
40. Kang S, Akerblad P, Kiviranta R, Gupta RK, Kajimura S, Griffin MJ, Min J, Baron R, Rosen ED (2012) Regulation of early adipose commitment by Zfp521. PLoS Biol 10:e1001433
41. Hasegawa R, Tomaru Y, de Hoon M, Suzuki H, Hayashizaki Y, Shin JW (2013) Identification of ZNF395 as a novel modulator of adipogenesis. Exp Cell Res 319:68-76
42. Jin W, Takagi T, Kanesashi SN, Kurahashi T, Nomura T, Harada J, Ishii S (2006) Schnurri-2 controls BMP-dependent adipogenesis via interaction with Smad proteins. Dev Cell 10:461-471
43. Schupp M, Lazar MA (2010) Fingered for a fat fate. Cell Metab 11:244-245
44. Akerblad P, Lind U, Liberg D, Bamberg K, Sigvardsson M (2002) Early B-cell factor (O/E-1) is a promoter of adipogenesis and involved in control of genes important for terminal adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 22:8015-8025
45. Hesslein DG, Fretz JA, Xi Y, Nelson T, Zhou S, Lorenzo JA, Schatz DG, Horowitz MC (2009) Ebf1-dependent control of the osteoblast and adipocyte lineages. Bone 44:537-546
46. Huang Y, Das AK, Yang QY, Zhu MJ, Du M (2012) Zfp423 promotes adipogenic differentiation of bovine stromal vascular cells. PLoS One 7:e47496
47. Janesick A, Blumberg B (2011) Endocrine disrupting chemicals and the developmental programming of adipogenesis and obesity. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 93:34-50
48. You L, Pan L, Chen L, Chen JY, Zhang X, Lv Z, Fu D (2012) Suppression of zinc finger protein 467 alleviates osteoporosis through promoting differentiation of adipose derived stem cells to osteoblasts. J Transl Med 10:11
49. Warming S, Liu P, Suzuki T, Akagi K, Lindtner S, Pavlakis GN, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG (2003) Evi3, a common retroviral integration site in murine B-cell lymphoma, encodes an EBFAZ-related Krüppel-like zinc finger protein. Blood 101:1934-1940
50. Wu M, Hesse E, Morvan F, Zhang JP, Correa D, Rowe GC, Kiviranta R, Neff L, Philbrick WM, Horne WC, Baron R (2009) Zfp521 antagonizes Runx2, delays osteoblast differentiation in vitro, and promotes bone formation in vivo. Bone 44:528-536
51. Shen S, Pu J, Lang B, McCaig CD (2011) A zinc finger protein Zfp521 directs neural differentiation and beyond. Stem Cell Res Ther 2:20
52. Stephens JM (2012) The fat controller: adipocyte development. PLoS Biol 10:e1001436
53. Takagi T, Harada J, Ishii S (2001) Murine Schnurri-2 is required for positive selection of thymocytes. Nat Immunol 2:1048-1053
54. Saita Y, Takagi T, Kitahara K, Usui M, Miyazono K, Ezura Y, Nakashima K, Kurosawa H, Ishii S, Noda M (2007) Lack of Schnurri-2 expression associates with reduced bone remodeling and osteopenia. J Biol Chem 282:12907-12915
55. Meruvu S, Hugendubler L, Mueller E (2011) Regulation of adipocyte differentiation by the zinc finger protein ZNF638. J Biol Chem 286:26516-26523
56. Patient RK, McGhee JD (2002) The GATA family (vertebrates and invertebrates). Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:416-422
57. Tong Q, Dalgin G, Xu H, Ting CN, Leiden JM, Hotamisligil GS (2000) Function of GATA transcription factors in preadipocyte-adipocyte transition. Science 290:134-138
58. Schupp M, Cristancho AG, Lefterova MI, Hanniman EA, Briggs ER, Steger DJ, Qatanani M, Curtin JC, Schug J, Ochsner SA, McKenna NJ, Lazar MA (2009) Re-expression of GATA2 cooperates with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma depletion to revert the adipocyte phenotype. J Biol Chem 284:9458-9464
59. Tong Q, Tsai J, Tan G, Dalgin G, Hotamisligil GS (2005) Interaction between GATA and the C/EBP family of transcription factors is critical in GATA-mediated suppression of adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 25:706-715
60. Jack BH, Crossley M (2010) GATA proteins work together with friend of GATA (FOG) and C-terminal binding protein (CTBP) co-regulators to control adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 285:32405-32414
61. Xu Z, Yu S, Hsu CH, Eguchi J, Rosen ED (2008) The orphan nuclear receptor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II is a critical regulator of adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:2421-2426
62. Wang F, Tong Q (2008) Transcription factor PU.1 is expressed in white adipose and inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295:C213-C220
63. Mathsyaraja H, Ostrowski MC (2012) Setting Snail2′s pace during EMT. Nat Cell Biol 14:1122-1123
64. Perez-Mancera PA, Bermejo-Rodriguez C, Gonzalez-Herrero I, Herranz M, Flores T, Jimenez R, Sanchez-Garcia I (2007) Adipose tissue mass is modulated by SLUG (SNAI2). Hum Mol Genet 16:2972-2986
65. Chavrier P, Zerial M, Lemaire P, Almendral J, Bravo R, Charnay P (1988) A gene encoding a protein with zinc fingers is activated during G0/G1 transition in cultured cells. EMBO J 7:29-35
66. Chen Z, Torrens JI, Anand A, Spiegelman BM, Friedman JM (2005) Krox20 stimulates adipogenesis via C/EBPbeta-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cell Metab 1:93-106
67. Boyle KB, Hadaschik D, Virtue S, Cawthorn WP, Ridley SH, O'Rahilly S, Siddle K (2009) The transcription factors Egr1 and Egr2 have opposing influences on adipocyte differentiation. Cell Death Differ 16:782-789
68. Yu X, Shen N, Zhang ML, Pan FY, Wang C, Jia WP, Liu C, Gao Q, Gao X, Xue B, Li CJ (2011) Egr-1 decreases adipocyte insulin sensitivity by tilting PI3 K/Akt and MAPK signal balance in mice. EMBO J 30:3754-3765
69. Shen N, Yu X, Pan FY, Gao X, Xue B, Li CJ (2011) An early response transcription factor, Egr-1, enhances insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes with chronic hyperinsulinism. J Biol Chem 286:14508-14515
70. Mikkelsen TS, Xu Z, Zhang X, Wang L, Gimble JM, Lander ES, Rosen ED (2010) Comparative epigenomic analysis of murine and human adipogenesis. Cell 143:156-169
71. Li J, Song JS, Bell RJ, Tran TN, Haq R, Liu H, Love KT, Langer R, Anderson DG, Larue L, Fisher DE (2012) YY1 regulates melanocyte development and function by cooperating with MITF. PLoS Genet 8:e1002688
72. Deng Z, Cao P, Wan MM, Sui G (2010) Yin Yang 1: a multifaceted protein beyond a transcription factor. Transcription 1:81-84
73. Flanagan JR (1995) Autologous stimulation of YY1 transcription factor expression: role of an insulin-like growth factor. Cell Growth Differ 6:185-190
74. Huang HY, Li X, Liu M, Song TJ, He Q, Ma CG, Tang QQ (2008) Transcription factor YY1 promotes adipogenesis via inhibiting CHOP-10 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375:496-500
75. Tang QQ, Lane MD (2000) Role of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP-10) in the programmed activation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta during adipogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12446-12450
76. Huang H, Lane MD, Tang QQ (2005) Effect of serum on the down-regulation of CHOP-10 during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338:1185-1188
77. Suske G, Bruford E, Philipsen S (2005) Mammalian SP/KLF transcription factors: bring in the family. Genomics 85:551-556
78. Bieker JJ (2001) Krüppel-like factors: three fingers in many pies. J Biol Chem 276:34355-34358
79. Kaczynski J, Cook T, Urrutia R (2003) Sp1- and Krüppel-like transcription factors. Genome Biol 4:206
80. Pearson R, Fleetwood J, Eaton S, Crossley M, Bao S (2008) Krüppel-like transcription factors: a functional family. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:1996-2001
81. Miller IJ, Bieker JJ (1993) A novel, erythroid cell-specific murine transcription factor that binds to the CACCC element and is related to the Krüppel family of nuclear proteins. Mol Cell Biol 13:2776-2786
82. Brey CW, Nelder MP, Hailemariam T, Gaugler R, Hashmi S (2009) Krüppel-like family of transcription factors: an emerging new frontier in fat biology. Int J Biol Sci 5:622-636
83. Wu Z, Wang S (2013) Role of Krüppel-like transcription factors in adipogenesis. Dev Biol 373:235-243
84. Uchida S, Tanaka Y, Ito H, Saitoh-Ohara F, Inazawa J, Yokoyama KK, Sasaki S, Marumo F (2000) Transcriptional regulation of the CLC-K1 promoter by myc-associated zinc finger protein and kidney-enriched Krüppel-like factor, a novel zinc finger repressor. Mol Cell Biol 20:7319-7331
85. Mori T, Sakaue H, Iguchi H, Gomi H, Okada Y, Takashima Y, Nakamura K, Nakamura T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Kadowaki T, Matsuki Y, Ogawa W, Hiramatsu R, Kasuga M (2005) Role of Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) in transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 280:12867-12875
86. Pei H, Yao Y, Yang Y, Liao K, Wu JR (2011) Krüppel-like factor KLF9 regulates PPARgamma transactivation at the middle stage of adipogenesis. Cell Death Differ 18:315-327
87. Gray S, Feinberg MW, Hull S, Kuo CT, Watanabe M, Sen-Banerjee S, DePina A, Haspel R, Jain MK (2002) The Krüppel-like factor KLF15 regulates the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4. J Biol Chem 277:34322-34328
88. Oishi Y, Manabe I, Tobe K, Tsushima K, Shindo T, Fujiu K, Nishimura G, Maemura K, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Suzuki R, Kitamura T, Akira S, Kadowaki T, Nagai R (2005) Krüppel-like transcription factor KLF5 is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Cell Metab 1:27-39
89. Birsoy K, Chen Z, Friedman J (2008) Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis by KLF4. Cell Metab 7:339-347
90. Li D, Yea S, Li S, Chen Z, Narla G, Banck M, Laborda J, Tan S, Friedman JM, Friedman SL, Walsh MJ (2005) Krüppel-like factor-6 promotes preadipocyte differentiation through histone deacetylase 3-dependent repression of DLK1. J Biol Chem 280:26941-26952
91. Lee H, Kim HJ, Lee YJ, Lee MY, Choi H, Lee H, Kim JW (2012) Krüppel-like factor KLF8 plays a critical role in adipocyte differentiation. PLoS One 7:e52474
92. Banerjee SS, Feinberg MW, Watanabe M, Gray S, Haspel RL, Denkinger DJ, Kawahara R, Hauner H, Jain MK (2003) The Krüppel-like factor KLF2 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression and adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 278:2581-2584
93. Wu J, Srinivasan SV, Neumann JC, Lingrel JB (2005) The KLF2 transcription factor does not affect the formation of preadipocytes but inhibits their differentiation into adipocytes. Biochemistry 44:11098-11105
94. Sue N, Jack BH, Eaton SA, Pearson RC, Funnell AP, Turner J, Czolij R, Denyer G, Bao S, Molero-Navajas JC, Perkins A, Fujiwara Y, Orkin SH, Bell-Anderson K, Crossley M (2008) Targeted disruption of the basic Krüppel-like factor gene (Klf3) reveals a role in adipogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 28:3967-3978
95. Kawamura Y, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R, Maeda S (2006) Overexpression of Krüppel-like factor 7 regulates adipocytokine gene expressions in human adipocytes and inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cell line. Mol Endocrinol 20:844-856
96. Eaton SA, Funnell AP, Sue N, Nicholas H, Pearson RC, Crossley M (2008) A network of Krüppel-like Factors (Klfs). Klf8 is repressed by Klf3 and activated by Klf1 in vivo. J Biol Chem 283:26937-26947
97. Yamamoto K, Sakaguchi M, Medina RJ, Niida A, Sakaguchi Y, Miyazaki M, Kataoka K, Huh NH (2010) Transcriptional regulation of a brown adipocyte-specific gene, UCP1, by KLF11 and KLF15. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 400:175-180
98. Tsai J, Tong Q, Tan G, Chang AN, Orkin SH, Hotamisligil GS (2005) The transcription factor GATA2 regulates differentiation of brown adipocytes. EMBO Rep 6:879-884
99. Plaisier CL, Bennett BJ, He A, Guan B, Lusis AJ, Reue K, Vergnes L (2012) Zbtb16 has a role in brown adipocyte bioenergetics. Nutr Diabetes 2:e46
100. Kajimura S, Seale P, Kubota K, Lunsford E, Frangioni JV, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM (2009) Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16-C/EBP-beta transcriptional complex. Nature 460:1154-1158
101. Kajimura S, Seale P, Tomaru T, Erdjument-Bromage H, Cooper MP, Ruas JL, Chin S, Tempst P, Lazar MA, Spiegelman BM (2008) Regulation of the brown and white fat gene programs through a PRDM16/CtBP transcriptional complex. Genes Dev 22:1397-1409
102. Seale P, Bjork B, Yang W, Kajimura S, Chin S, Kuang S, Scime A, Devarakonda S, Conroe HM, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Rudnicki MA, Beier DR, Spiegelman BM (2008) PRDM16 controls a brown fat/skeletal muscle switch. Nature 454:961-967
103. Tanaka T, Yoshida N, Kishimoto T, Akira S (1997) Defective adipocyte differentiation in mice lacking the C/EBPbeta and/or C/EBPdelta gene. EMBO J 16:7432-7443
104. Nedergaard J, Petrovic N, Lindgren EM, Jacobsson A, Cannon B (2005) PPARgamma in the control of brown adipocyte differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1740:293-304
105. Turpin JA, Terpening SJ, Schaeffer CA, Yu G, Glover CJ, Felsted RL, Sausville EA, Rice WG (1996) Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 zinc fingers prevent normal processing of gag precursors and result in the release of noninfectious virus particles. J Virol 70:6180-6189
106. Rice WG, Turpin JA, Huang M, Clanton D, Buckheit RW Jr, Covell DG, Wallqvist A, McDonnell NB, DeGuzman RN, Summers MF, Zalkow L, Bader JP, Haugwitz RD, Sausville EA (1997) Azodicarbonamide inhibits HIV-1 replication by targeting the nucleocapsid protein. Nat Med 3:341-345
107. Ylä-Herttuala S (2012) Endgame: Glybera finally recommended for approval as the first gene therapy drug in the European Union. Mol Ther 20:1831-1832