Speech and Language Disorders

Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Fifth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 782-801

  Bishop, Dorothy V M ^a   Norbury, Courtenay Frazier ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autism and pragmatic language impairments; Disorders of language and communication; General principles of assessment; Prevalence, causes and correlates of specific language impairment; Speech disorders; Speech, language and communication

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889410141     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444300895.ch47     Document Type: Chapter

References (268)

1. Moldin, S. O., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (Eds.). (2006). Understanding autism: From basic neuroscience to treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
2. Volkmar, F. R., Paul, R., Klin, A., & Cohen, D. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. (3rd edn., Vols 1 & 2). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
3. Abdolmaleky, H. M., Smith, C. L., Faraone, S. W., Shafe, R., Stone, W., Glatt, S. S., et al. (2004). Methylomics in psychiatry: Modulation of gene-environment interactions may be through DNA methylation. American Journal of Medical Genetics. B. Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 127, 51-59.
4. Alcantara, J. I., Weisblatt, E., Moore, B., & Bolton, P. (2004). Speech-in-noise perception in high-functioning individuals with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1107-1114.
5. Allen, G., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Attention function and dysfunction in autism. Frontiers in Bioscence, 6, D105-D119.
6. Aman, M. G. (2005). Treatment planning for patients with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 38-45.
7. Aman, M. G., Singh, N. N., Stewart A. W., & Field C. J. (1985). Psychometric characteristics of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 492-502.
8. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2000). Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 105, 1158-1170.
9. American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn.). Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
10. Atladóttir, H. O., Parner, E. T., Schendel, D., Dalsgaard, S., Thomsen, P. H., & Thorsen, P. (2007). Time trends in reported diagnoses of childhood neuropsychiatric disorders: A Danish cohort study. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 193-198.
11. Attwood, T. (1997). Asperger syndrome: A guide for parents and professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley.
12. Autism Genome Project Consortium. (2007). Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nature Genetics, 39, 319-328.
13. Bacchelli, E., & Maestrini, E. (2006). Autism spectrum disorders: Molecular genetic advances. American Journal of Medical Genetics. C. Seminars in Medical Genetics, 142, 13-23.
14. Bailey, A. J., Braeutigam, S., Jousmäki, V., & Swithenby, S. J. (2005). Abnormal activation of face processing systems at early and intermediate latency in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A magnetoencephalographic study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 2575-2585.
15. Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., Gottesman, I., Bolton, P., Simonoff, E., Yuzda, E., et al. (1995). Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine, 25, 63-77.
16. Bailey, A., Luthert, P., Dean, A., Harding, B., Janota, I., Montgomery, M., et al. (1998a). A clinicopathological study of autism. Brain, 121, 889-905.
17. Bailey, A., Palferman, S., Heavey, L., & Le Couteur, A. (1998b). Autism: The phenotype in relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 369-392.
18. Bailey, A., Phillips, W., & Rutter, M. (1996). Autism: Towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological, and neurobiological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37, 89-126.
19. Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., et al. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: The Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet, 368, 210-215.
20. Baron-Cohen, S. (1988). An assessment of violence in a young man with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 351-360.
21. Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Boston, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.
22. Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 248-254.
23. Baron-Cohen, S., Allen, J., & Gillberg, C. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 839-843.
24. Baron-Cohen, S., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Belmonte, M. K. (2005). Sex differences in the brain: Implications for explaining autism. Science, 310, 819-823.
25. Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., et al. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1891-1898.
26. Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Cohen, D. (1993). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
27. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., Charman, T., Swettenham, J., et al. (2000). Early identification of autism by the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 93, 521-525.
28. Bauminger, N. (2002). The facilitation of social-emotional understanding and social interaction in high-functioning children with autism: Intervention outcomes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 283-298.
29. Berument, S. K., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Pickles, A., & Bailey, A. (1999). Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 444-451.
30. Bishop, D. V. (1989). Autism, Asperger syndrome and semanticpragmatic disorder: Where are the boundaries? British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 24, 107-121.
31. Boeschoten, M. A., Kemner, C., Kenemans, J. L., & van Engeland, H. (2007). Abnormal spatial frequency processing in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 2076-2088.
32. Bolton, P., Macdonald, H., Pickles, A., Rios, P., Goode, S., Crowson, M., et al. (1994). A case-control family history study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 877-900.
33. Bolton, P. F., Murphy, M., Macdonald, H., Whitlock, B., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (1997). Obstetric complications in autism: Consequences or causes of the condition? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 272-281.
34. Bondy, A. S., & Frost, L. A. (1998). The picture exchange communication system. Seminars in Speech and Language, 19, 373-388.
35. Bondy, A., & Frost, L. (2001). The Picture Exchange Communication System. Behavior Modification, 25, 725-744.
36. Boucher, J. (1998). SPD as a distinct diagnostic entity: Logical considerations and directions for future research. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 33, 71-108.
37. Bowler, D. M. (1992). Theory of mind in Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 877-893.
38. Buitelaar, J. K., & van der Gaag, R. J. (1998). Diagnostic rules for children with PDD-NOS and multiple complex developmental disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 911-920.
39. Buitelaar, J. K., van der Gaag, R. G., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (1999a). Exploring the boundaries of Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified: Analyses of data from the DSM-IV autistic disorder field trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 33-43.
40. Buitelaar, J. K., van der Gaag, R. J., & van der Hoeven, J. (1998). Buspirone in the management of anxiety and irritability in children with pervasive developmental disorders: results of an open-label study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 56-59.
41. Buitelaar, J. K., van der Wees M., Swaab-Barneveld, H., & van der Gaag, R. J. (1999b). Theory of mind and emotion-recognition functioning in autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control and normal children. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 39-58.
42. Burack, J. A., Enns, J. T., Stauder, J. E., Mottron, L., & Randolph, B. (1997). Attention and autism: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. In D. J. Cohen, & F. R. Volkmar (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorder (2nd edn., pp. 226-242). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
43. Butter, E. M., Wynn, J., & Mulick, J. A. (2003). Early intervention critical to autism treatment. Pediatric Annals, 32, 677-684.
44. Buxbaum, J. D., Silverman, J. M., Smith, J. C., Kilifarski, M., Reichert, J., Hollander, E., et al. (2001). Evidence for a susceptibility gene for autism on chromosome 2 and for genetic heterogeneity. American Journal of Human Genetics, 68, 1514-1520.
45. Campbell, M., Schopler, E., Cueva, J. E., & Hallin, A. (1996). Treatment of autistic disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 134-143.
46. Casanova, M. F. (2004). White matter volume increase and minicolums in autism. Annals of Neurology, 56, 453.
47. Casanova, M. F., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Switala, A. E., & Roy, E. (2002). Minicolumnar pathology in autism. Neurology, 58, 428-432.
48. Casanova, M. F., van Kooten, I., Switala, A. E., van Engeland, H., Heinsen, H., Steinbusch, H. W., et al. (2006). Minicolumnar abnormalities in autism. Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin), 112, 287-303.
49. Castelli, F., Frith, C., Happe, F., & Frith, U. (2002). Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes. Brain, 125, 1839-1849.
50. Ceponiene, R., Lepistö, T., Shestakova, A., Vanhala, R., Alku, P., Näätänen, R., et al. (2003). Speech-sound-selective auditory impairment in children with autism: They can perceive but do not attend. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 100, 5567-5572.
51. Charman, T., & Baird, G. (2002). Practitioner review: Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in 2-and 3-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 43, 289-305.
52. Chesterman, P., & Rutter, S. C. (1994). A case report: Asperger syndrome and sexual offending. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 4, 555-562.
53. Chugani, D. C., Muzik, O., Rothermel, R., Behen, M., Chakraborty, P., Mangner, T., et al. (1997). Altered serotonin synthesis in the dentatothalamocortical pathway in autistic boys. Annals of Neurology, 42, 666-669.
54. Ciesielski, K. T., Courchesne, E., & Elmasian, R. (1990). Effects of focused selective attention tasks on event-related potentials in autistic and normal individuals. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 75, 207-220.
55. Clarke, D. J., Littlejohns, C. S., Corbett, J. A., & Joseph, S. (1989). Pervasive developmental disorders and psychoses in adult life. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 692-699.
56. Constantino, J. N., Gruber, C. P., Davis, S., Hayes, S., Passanante, N., & Przybeck, T. (2004). The factor structure of autistic traits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 45, 719-726.
57. Coon, H. (2006). Current perspectives on the genetic analysis of autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics. C. Seminars in Medical Genetics, 142, 24-32.
58. Corbett, J., Harris, R., Taylor, E., & Trible, M. (1977). Progressive integrative psychosis of childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 211-219.
59. Cox, A., Klein, K., Charman, T., Baird, G., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., et al. (1999). Autism spectrum disorders at 20 and 42 months of age: Stability of clinical and ADI-R diagnosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 719-732.
60. Dahlgren, S. O., & Gillberg, C. (1989). Symptoms in the first two years of life: A preliminary population study of infantile autism. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 238, 169-174.
61. Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., et al. (2006). Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorder. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 28-30.
62. Dawson, G., & Osterling, J. (1997). Early intervention in autism: Effectiveness and common elements of current approaches. In M. Guralnick (Ed.), The effectiveness of early intervention: Second generation research (pp. 307-326). Baltimore: Brookes.
63. de Jonge, M. V. (2006). The search for endophenotypic markers of autism spectrum disorders. Unpublished dissertation, Utrecht University.
64. De Giacomo, A., & Fombonne, E. (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 131-136.
65. DeLong, G. R., Teague, L. A., & McSwain, K. M. (1998). Effects of fluoxetine treatment in young children with idiopathic autism. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40, 551-562.
66. D'Souza, Y., Fombonne, E., & Ward, B. J. (2006). No evidence of persisting measles virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 118, 1664-1675.
67. DiCicco-Bloom, E., Lord, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., Courchesne, E., Dager, S. R., Schmitz, C., et al. (2006). The developmental neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6897-6906.
68. Dietz, C., Swinkels, S., van Daalen, E., van Engeland, H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2006). Screening for Autistic Spectrum Disorder in children aged 14-15 months. II. Population screening with the Early Screening of Autistic Traits questionnaire (ESAT). Design and general findings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 713-722.
69. Einfeld, S. L., & Tonge, B. J. (1995). The Developmental Behavior Checklist: The development and validation of an instrument to assess behavioral and emotional disturbance in children and adolescents with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 81-104.
70. Ernst, M., Zametkin, A. J., Matochik, J. A., Pascualvaca, D., & Cohen, R. M. (1997). Low medial prefrontal dopaminergic activity in autistic children [letter]. Lancet, 350, 638.
71. Esch, B. E., & Carr, J. E. (2004). Secretin as a treatment for autism: A review of the evidence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 543-556.
72. Fatemi, S. H., Halt, A. R., Stary, J. M., Kanodia, R., Schulz, S. C., & Realmuto, G. R. (2002). Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa proteins are reduced in autistic parietal and cerebellar cortices. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 805-810.
73. Filipek, P. A. (2005). Medical aspects of autism. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd edn., Vols 1 & 2, pp. 534-581). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
74. Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Ashwal, S., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H. Jr., Dawson, G., et al. (2000). Practice parameter: Screening and diagnosis of autism. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology, 55, 468-479.
75. Filipek, P. A., Accardo, P. J., Baranek, G. T., Cook, E. H. Jr., Dawson, G., Gordon, B., et al. (1999). The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 439-484.
76. Fischel, J. E., Whitehurst, G. J., Caulfield, M. B., & DeBaryshe, B. (1989). Language growth in children with expressive language delay. Pediatrics, 83, 218-227.
77. Folstein, S., & Rutter, M. (1977). Infantile autism: A genetic study of 21 twin pairs. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 297-321.
78. Fombonne, E. (1999). The epidemiology of autism: A review. Psychological Medicine, 29, 769-786.
79. Fombonne, E. (2002). Epidemiological trends in rates of autism. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, S4-S6.
80. Fombonne, E. (2003). The prevalence of autism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 87-89.
81. Fombonne, E., Bolton, P., Prior, J., Jordan, H., & Rutter, M. (1997). A family study of autism: Cognitive patterns and levels in parents and siblings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 667-683.
82. Fombonne, E., Rogé, B., Claverie, J., Courty, S., & Frémolle, J. (1999). Microcephaly and macrocephaly in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 113-119.
83. Frith, U. (1991). Autism and Asperger Syndrome (pp. 37-92). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. [Translation of Asperger, H. (1944). Die autistischen Psychopathen im Kindesalter. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheitan, 117, 76-136.]
84. Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma (2nd edn.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
85. Frith, U., & Happé, F. (1994). Autism: Beyond "theory of mind". Cognition, 50, 115-132.
86. Fuster, J. M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe (3rd edn.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
87. Gervais, H., Belin, P., Boddaert, N., Leboyer, M., Coez, A., Sfaello, I., et al. (2004). Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 801-802.
88. Geurts, H. M., Verte, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2004). How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 45, 836-854.
89. Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1991). Brief report: Violence in Asperger syndrome: A critique. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 349-354.
90. Gillberg, C. (1989). Asperger syndrome in 23 Swedish children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31, 520-531.
91. Glasson, E. J., Bower, C., Petterson, B., de Klerk, N., Chaney, G., & Hallmayer, J. F. (2004). Perinatal factors and the development of autism: A population study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 618-627.
92. Grandin, T., & Scariano, M. (1986). Emergence: Labeled autistic. New York: Warner Books.
93. Green, J., Gilchrist, A., Burton, D., & Cox, A. (2000). Social and psychiatric functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome compared with conduct disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 279-293.
94. Green, L., Fein, D., Modahl, C., Feinstein, C., Waterhouse, L., & Morris, M. (2001). Oxytocin and autistic disorder: Alterations in peptide forms. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 609-613.
95. Grice, S. J., Halit, H., Farroni, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., & Johnson, M. H. (2005). Neural correlates of eye-gaze detection in young children with autism. Cortex, 41, 342-353.
96. Griffith, E. M., Pennington, B. F., Wehner, E. A., & Rogers, S. J. (1999). Executive functions in young children with autism. Child Development, 70, 817-832.
97. Guy, J., Gan, J., Selfridge, J., Cobb, S., & Bird, A. (2007). Reversal of neurological defects in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. Science, 315, 1143-1147.
98. Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., Chabris, C. F., Clark, J., Steele, S., et al. (2004). Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces. Neuroimage, 22, 1141-1150.
99. Hagberg, B., Aicardi, J., Dias, K., & Ramos, O. (1983). A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett syndrome. Report of 35 cases. Annals of Neurology, 14, 471-479.
100. Hagerman, R. J. (2006). Lessons from fragile X regarding neurobiology, autism and neurodegeneration. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, 63-74.
101. Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detailfocused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5-25.
102. Hartman, C. A., Luteijn, E., Serra, M., & Minderaa, R. (2006). Refinement of the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ): An instrument that describes the diverse problems seen in milder forms of PDD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 325-342.
103. Hoeksma, M. R., Kenemans, J. L., Kemner, C., & van Engeland, H. (2005). Variability in spatial normalization of pediatric and adult brain images. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 1188-1194.
104. Hollander, E., Dolgoff-Kaspar, R., Cartwright, C., Rawitt, R., & Novotny, S. (2001). An open trial of divalproex sodium in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 530-534.
105. Hollander, E., Novotny, S., Hanratty, M., Yaffe, R., DeCaria, C. M., Aronowitz, B. R., et al. (2003). Oxytocin infusion reduces repetitive behaviors in adults with autistic and Asperger disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28, 193-198.
106. Hollander, E., Phillips, A., Chaplin, W., Zagursky, K., Novotny, S., Wasserman, S., et al. (2005). A placebo controlled crossover trial of liquid fluoxetine on repetitive behaviors in childhood and adolescent autism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 582-589.
107. Honda, H., Shimizu, Y., & Rutter, M. (2005). No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: A total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 46, 572-579.
108. Hornig, M., & Lipkin, W. I. (2001). Infectious and immune factors in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: Epidemiology, hypotheses, and animal models. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 7, 200-210.
109. Hornig, M., Chian, D., & Lipkin W. I. (2004). Neurotoxic effects of postnatal thimerosal are mouse strain dependent. Molecular Psychiatry, 9, 833-845.
110. Howlin, P. (1998). Practitioner review: Psychological and educational treatments for autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 307-322.
111. Howlin, P. (2003). Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: Implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 3-13.
112. Howlin, P. (2005). Outcomes in autism spectrum disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd edn), (pp. 201-220). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
113. Howlin, P. (2005). The effectiveness of interventions for children with autism. Journal of Neural Transmission Supplementum, 69, 101-119.
114. Howlin, P., Alcock, J., & Burkin, C. (2005). An 8 year follow-up of a specialist supported employment service for high-ability adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism: the International Journal of Research and Practice, 9, 533-549.
115. Howlin, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Hadwin, J. (1999). Teaching children with autism to mind-read: A practical guide for teachers and parents. New York/London: Wiley & Son.
116. Howlin, P., & Moore, A. (1997). Diagnosis of autism: a survey of over 1200 patients in the UK. Autism, 1, 135-162.
117. Hughes, C., Russell, J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994). Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism. Neuropsychologia, 32, 477-492.
118. Hutton, J., Goode, S., Murphy, M., Le Couteur, A., & Rutter, M. (in press). New-onset psychiatric disorders in individuals with autism. Autism.
119. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC). (1998). A full genome screen for autism with evidence for linkage to a region on chromosome 7q. Human Molecular Genetics, 7, 571-578.
120. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC). (2001). A genomewide screen for autism: Strong evidence for linkage to chromosomes 2q, 7q, and 16p. American Journal of Human Genetics, 69, 570-581.
121. Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2004). Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: Evidence of underconnectivity. Brain, 127, 1811-1821.
122. Kasai, K., Hashimoto, O., Kawakubo, Y., Yumoto, M., Kamio, S., Itoh, K., et al. (2005). Delayed automatic detection of change in speech sounds in adults with autism: A magnetoencephalographic study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 116, 1655-1664.
123. Kabot, S., Masi, W., & Segal, M. (2003). Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Professional Psychology, 34, 26-33.
124. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.
125. Keel, J. H., Mesibov, G. B., & Woods, A. V. (1997). TEACCHsupported employment program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 3-9.
126. Keller, F., &. Persico, A. M. (2003). The neurobiological context of autism. Molecular Neurobiology, 28, 1-22.
127. Kemner, C., & van Engeland, H. (2006). ERPs and eye movements reflect atypical visual perception in pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 45-54.
128. Kemner, C., Verbaten, M. N., Cuperus, J. M., Camfferman, G., & van Engeland, H. (2004). Visual and somatosensory event-related brain potentials in autistic children and three different control groups. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 92, 225-237.
129. Kerbeshian, J., Burd, L., & Fisher, W. (1987). Lithium carbonate in the treatment of two patients with infantile autism and atypical bipolar symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 401-405.
130. Kjelgaard, M. M., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2001). An investigation of language impairment in autism: Implications for genetic subgroups. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16, 287-308.
131. Klin, A., McPartland, J., & Volkmar F. R. (2005a). Asperger syndrome. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd edn., pp. 88-125). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
132. Klin, A., Pauls, D., Schultz, R., & Volkmar, F. (2005b). Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: Implications for research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 221-234.
133. Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., & Sparrow, S. S. (1992). Autistic social dysfunction: Some limitations of the theory of mind hypothesis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 861-876.
134. Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., & Sparrow, S. S. (Eds.). (2000). Asperger syndrome. New York: Guilford Press.
135. Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Rourke, B. P. (1995). Validity and neuropsychological characterization of Asperger syndrome: Convergence with nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1127-1140.
136. Koegel, R. L., & Frea, W. D. (1993). Treatment of social behavior in autism through the modification of pivotal social skills. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 369-377.
137. Koshino, H., Carpenter, P. A., Minshew, N. J., Cherkassky, V. L., Keller, T. A., & Just, M. A. (2005). Functional connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning autism. Neuroimage, 24, 810-821.
138. Kozinetz, C. A., Skender, M. L., MacNaughton, N., Almes, M. J., Schultz, R. J., Percy, A. K., et al. (1993). Epidemiology of Rett syndrome: A population-based registry. Pediatrics, 91, 445-450.
139. Lainhart, J. E. (1999). Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings. International Review of Psychiatry, 11, 278-298.
140. Lainhart, J. E. (2006). Advances in autism neuroimaging research for the clinician and geneticist. American Journal of Medical Genetics. C. Seminars in Medical Genetics, 142, 33-39.
141. Lam, K. S. L., Aman, M. G., & Arnold, L. E. (2006). Neurochemical correlates of autistic disorder: A review of the literature. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27, 254-289.
142. Lamb, J. A., Barnby, G., Bonora, E., Sykes, N., Bachelli, E., Blasi, F., et al. (2005). Analysis of IMGSAC autism susceptibility loci: Evidence for sex limited and parent of origin specific effects. Journal of Medical Genetics, 42, 132-137.
143. Larsson, H. J., Eaton, W. W., Madsen, K. M., Vestergaard, M., Olesen, A. V., Agerbo, E., et al. (2005). Risk factors for autism: Perinatal factors, parental psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161, 916-925.
144. Le Couteur, A. C., Bailey, A., Goode, S., Pickles, A., Robertson, S., Gottesman, I., et al. (1996). A broader phenotype of autism: The clinical spectrum in twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 785-801.
145. Le Couteur, A., Lord, C., & Rutter, M. (2003). The Autism Diagnostic Interview: Revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
146. Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Wing, L., Gould, J., & Taylor, C. (2002). The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: Algorithms for ICD-10 childhood autism and Wing and Gould autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 43, 327-342.
147. Levy, S. E., & Hyman, S. L. (2003). Use of complementary and alternative treatments for children with autistic spectrum disorders is increasing. Pediatric Annals, 32, 685-691.
148. Lockyer, L., & Rutter M. (1969). A five-to fifteen-year follow-up study of infantile psychosis. III. Psychological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 865-882.
149. Lord, C., & Schopler, E. (1989). Stability of assessment results of autistic and non-autistic language-impaired children from preschool years to early school age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 575-590.
150. Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (2001). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS manual). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
151. Lotter, V. (1966). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children. I. Prevalence. Social Psychiatry, 1, 124-137.
152. Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3-9.
153. Madsen, K. M., Lauritsen, M. B., Pedersen, C. B., Thorsen, P., Plesner, A. M., Andersen, P. H., et al. (2003). Thimerosal and the occurrence of autism: Negative ecological evidence from Danish population-based data. Pediatrics, 112, 604-606.
154. Magnus, P., Irgens, L. M., Haug, K., Nystad, W., Skjaerven, R., Stoltenberg, C., & the MoBa Study Group. (2006). Cohort profile: The Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa). International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 1146-1150.
155. Mawhood, L. M., & Howlin, P. (1999). The outcome of a supported employment scheme for high functioning adults with autism of Asperger syndrome. Autism: International Journal of Research and Practice, 3, 229-253.
156. McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Suckling, J., Lam, G. Y., Tai, K. S., et al. (2005). Mapping the brain in autism: A voxelbased MRI study of volumetric differences and intercorrelations in autism. Brain, 128, 268-276.
157. McBride, P. A., Anderson, G. M., Hertzig, M. E., Snow, M. E., Thompson, S. M., Khait, V. D., et al. (1998). Effects of diagnosis, race, and puberty on platelet serotonin levels in autism and mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 767-776.
158. McCracken J. T., McGough, J., Shah, B., Cronin, P., Hong, D., Aman, M. G., et al. (2002). Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. New England Journal of Medicine, 5, 314-321.
159. McDougle, C. J., Erickson, C. A., Stigler, K. A., & Posey, D. J. (2005). Neurochemistry in the pathophysiology of autism. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 9-18.
160. McDougle, C. J., Holmes, J. P., Carlson, D. C., Pelton, G. H., Cohen, D. J., & Price, L. H. (1998). A double-blind, placebocontrolled study of risperidone in adults with autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders [see comments]. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 633-641.
161. McDougle, C. J., Naylor, S. T., Cohen, D. J., Aghajanian, G. K., Heninger, G. R., & Price, L. H. (1996a). Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free adults with autistic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 993-1000.
162. McDougle, C.J., Naylor, S.T., Cohen, D.J., Volkmar, F.R., Heninger, G.R., & Price L.H. (1996b). A double-blind placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with autistic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1001-1008.
163. McEachin, J. J., Smith, T., & Lovaas, O. I. (1993). Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 97, 359-372.
164. McPartland, J., Dawson G., Webb, S. J., Panagiotides, H., & Carver, L. J. (2004). Event-related brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1235-1245.
165. Medical Research Council. (2001). MRC review of autism research: Epidemiology and causes. London: Medical Research Council.
166. Mesibov, G. B. (1984). Social skills training with verbal autistic adolescents and adults: A program model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 395-404.
167. Mesibov, G., Shea, V., & Schopler, E. (2004). The TEACCH approach to autism spectrum disorders. New York: Plenum Press.
168. Miller, J. F., Campbell, T. F., Chapman, R. S., & Weismer S. E. (1984). Language behaviour in acquired childhood aphasia. In A. Holland (Ed.), Language disorders in children (pp. 57-99). Cambridge: College-Hill.
169. Minshew, N. J. (1991). Indices of neural function in autism: Clinical and biologic implications. Pediatrics, 87, 774-780.
170. Moldin, S. O., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (Eds.). (2006). Understanding autism: From basic neuroscience to treatment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
171. Moldin, S. O., Rubenstein, J. L., & Hyman, S. E. (2006). Can autism speak to neuroscience? Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6893-6896.
172. Molenaar, P. C. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Dolan, C. V. (1993). A third source of developmental differences. Behavior Genetics, 23, 519-524.
173. Moretti, P., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (2006). MeCP2 dysfunction in Rett syndrome and related disorders. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 16, 276-281.
174. Mountcastle, V. B. (1997). The columnar organization of the neocortex. Brain, 120, 701-722.
175. Mouridsen, S. E. (1995). The Landau-Kleffner syndrome: A review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 4, 223-228.
176. Mouridsen, S. E., Rich, B., & Isager, T. (1999). Psychiatric morbidity in disintegrative psychosis and infantile autism: A long-term followup study. Psychopathology, 32, 177-183.
177. Mulder, E. J., Anderson, G. M., Kema, I. P., de Bildt, J. A., van Lang, N. D., Den Boer, J. A., et al. (2004). Platelet serotonin levels in pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation: Diagnostic group differences, within-group distribution, and behavioral correlates. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 491-499.
178. Müller, R. A., Kleinhans, N., Kemnotsu, N., Pierce, K., & Courchesne, E. (2003). Abnormal variability and distribution of functional maps in autism: An FMRI study of visuomotor learning. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1847-1862.
179. Murch, S. (2005). Diet, immunity, and autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Pediatrics, 146, 582-584.
180. National Research Council. (2001). Educating children with autism. Committee on Educational Interventions for Children with Autism. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
181. Nelson, K. B., Grether, J. K., Croen, L. A., Dambrosia, J. M., Dickens, B. F., Jelliffe, L. L., et al. (2001). Neuropeptides and neurotrophins in neonatal blood of children with autism or mental retardation. Annals of Neurology, 49, 597-606.
182. Nelson, P. G., Kuddo, T., Song, E. Y., Dambrosia, J. M., Kohler, S., Satyanarayana, G., et al. (2006). Selected neurotrophins, neuropeptides, and cytokines: Developmental trajectory and concentrations in neonatal blood of children with autism or Down syndrome. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 24, 73-80.
183. Nir, I., Meir, D., Zilber, N., Knobler, H., Hadjez, J., & Lerner, Y. (1995). Brief report: Circadian melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and cortisol levels in serum of young adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25, 641-654.
184. Ozonoff, S., & McEvoy, R. E. (1994). A longitudinal study of executive function and theory of mind development in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 415-431.
185. Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B., & Rogers, S. (1991a). Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic children: Relationship to theory of mind. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 1081-1105.
186. Ozonoff, S., Rogers, S. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1991b). Asperger syndrome: Evidence of an empirical distinction from high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1107-1122.
187. Ozonoff, S., & Strayer, D. L. (1997). Inhibitory function in nonretarded children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 59-77.
188. Palmen, S. J., & van Engeland, H. (2004). Review on structural neuroimaging findings in autism. Journal of Neural Transmission, 111, 903-929.
189. Palmen, S. J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Kemner, C., Schnack, H. G., Sitskoorn, M. M., Appels, M. C., et al. (2005). Brain anatomy in non-affected parents of autistic probands: An MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1411-1420.
190. Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51-87.
191. Philippe, A., Martinez, M., Guilloud-Bataille M., Gillberg, C., Rastam Sponheim E., Coleman, M., et al. (1999). Genome-wide scan for autism susceptibility genes. Paris Autism Research International Sibpair Study. Human Molecular Genetics, 8, 805-812.
192. Pickles, A., Bolton, P., Macdonald, H., Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., Sim, C. H., et al. (1995). Latent-class analysis of recurrence risks for complex phenotypes with selection and measurement error: A twin and family history study of autism. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, 717-726.
193. Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Conti-Ramsden, G., Falcaro, M., Simkin, Z., Charman, T., et al. (submitted). Loss of language in early development of autism and specific language impairment.
194. Pierce, K., Haist, F., Sedaghar, F., & Courchesne, E. (2004). The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: Findings of fusiform activity and beyond. Brain, 127, 2703-2716.
195. Piggot, J., Kwon, H., Mobbs, D., Blasey, C., Lotspeich, L., Menon, V., et al. (2004). Emotional attribution in high-functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorder: A functional imaging study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 473-480.
196. Piven, J., Palmer, P., Jacobi, D., Childress, D., & Arndt, S. (1997). Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 185-190.
197. Plioplys, A. V. (1994). Autism: Electroencephalogram abnormalities and clinical improvement with valproic acid. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 148, 220-222.
198. Polich, J., & Herbst K. L. (2000). P300 as a clinical assay: Rationale, evaluation, and findings. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 38, 3-19.
199. Purcell, A. E., Jeon, O. H., Zimmerman, A. W., Blue, M. E., & Pevsner, J. (2001). Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism. Neurology, 57, 1618-1628.
200. Rapin, I. (1997). Autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 97-104.
201. Ratey, J. J., Bemporad, J., Sorgi, P., Bick, P., Polakoff, S., O'Driscoll, G., et al. (1987a). Brief report: Open trial effects of beta-blockers on speech and social behaviors in 8 autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 439-446.
202. Ratey, J. J., Mikkelsen, E., Sorgi, P., Zuckerman, S., Polakoff, S., Bemporad, J., et al. (1987b). Autism: The treatment of aggressive behaviors. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 35-41.
203. Reichenberg, A., Gross, R., Weiser, M., Bresnahan, M., Silverman, J., Harlap, S., et al. (2006). Advancing paternal age and autism. Archive of General Psychiatry, 63, 1026-1032.
204. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP). (2005a). Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1266-1274.
205. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP). (2005b). Risperidone treatment of autistic disorder: Longer-term benefits and blinded discontinuation after 6 months. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1361-1369.
206. Risch, N. (1999). Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. American Journal of Human Genetics, 46, 222-253.
207. Ritvo, E. R., & Freeman, B. J. (1978). Current research on the syndrome of autism: introduction. The National Society for Autistic Children's definition of the syndrome of autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 565-575.
208. Robins, D. L., Fein, D., Barton, M. L., & Green, J. A. (2001). The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: An initial study investigating the early detection of autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 131-144.
209. Roeyers, H. (1996). The influence of nonhandicapped peers on the social interactions of children with a pervasive development disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26, 303-320.
210. Roger, J. H. (2000). The MMR question. Lancet, 356, 160-161.
211. Rogers, S. J., & DiLalla, D. L. (1990). Age of symptom onset in young children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 863-872.
212. Rønningen, K. S., Paltiel, L., Meltzer, H. M., Nordhagen, R., Lie, K. K., Hovengen, R., et al. (2006). The biobank of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study: A resource for the next 100 years. European Journal of Epidemiology, 21, 619-625.
213. Russell, J., Jarrold, C., & Hood, B. (1999). Two intact executive capacities in children with autism: Implications for the core executive dysfunctions in the disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 103-112.
214. Rutter, M. (1970). Autistic children: Infancy to adulthood. Seminars in Psychiatry, 2, 435-450.
215. Rutter, M. (1985). The treatment of autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 193-214.
216. Rutter, M. (2000). Genetic studies of autism: From the 1970s into the millennium. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 3-14.
217. Rutter, M. (2005). Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: Changes over time and their meaning. Acta Paediatrica, 94, 2-15.
218. Rutter, M. (2006). Autism: Its recognition, early diagnosis, and service implications. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27, S54-S58.
219. Rutter, M., & Hersov, L. (1977). Child psychiatry: Modern approaches. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
220. Rutter, M., Anderson-Wood L., Beckett, C., Bredenkamp, D., Castle, J., Groothues C., et al. (1999). Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation. English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 537-549.
221. Rutter, M., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003a). Using sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: Unifying issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1092-1115.
222. Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003b). Autism Diagnostic Interview revised (ADI-R). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
223. Rutter, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2006). Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: Multiple varieties but real effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 226-261.
224. Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., & Kunce, L. J. (1998). Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism? New York/London: Plenum Press.
225. Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klein, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson A. W., Volkmar, F., et al. (2000). Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 331-340.
226. Scragg, P., & Shah, A. (1994). Prevalence of Asperger syndrome in a secure hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 679-682.
227. Shao, Y., Raiford, K. L., Wolpert, C. M., Cope, H. A., Ravan, S. A., Ashley-Koch A. A., et al. (2002). Phenotypic homogeneity provides increased support for linkage on chromosome 2 in autistic disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 1058-1061.
228. Shea, S., Turgay, A., Carroll, A., Schulz, M., Orlik, H., Smith, I., et al. (2004). Risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatrics, 114, 634-641.
229. Siegel, B., Pliner, C., Eschler, J., & Elliott, G. R. (1988). How children with autism are diagnosed: Difficulties in identification of children with multiple developmental delays. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 9, 199-204.
230. Sigman, M., Ruskin, E., Arbeile, S., Corona, R., Dissanayake, C., Espinosa, M., et al. (1999). Continuity and change in the social competence of children with autism, Down syndrome, and developmental delays. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64, 1-114.
231. Smalley, S. L. (1998). Autism and tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 407-414.
232. Smith, I. M., & Bryson, S. E. (1994). Imitation and action in autism: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 259-273.
233. Smith, M. D., Belcher, R. G., & Juhrs, P. D. (1995). A guide to successful employment for individuals with autism. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
234. Sparrow, S. S., Balla, D., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1984). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
235. Starr, E., Berument, S. K., Pickles, A., Tomlins, M., Bailey, A., Papanikolaou, K., et al. (2001). A family genetic study of autism associated with profound mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 89-96.
236. Swinkels, S. H. N., Dietz, C., van Daalen, E., Kerkhof, I. H., van Engeland, H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2006). Screening for autistic spectrum in children aged 14 to 15 months. I. The development of the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire (ESAT). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 723-732.
237. Szatmari, P., Bartolucci, G., & Bremner, R. (1989). Asperger syndrome and autism: comparison of early history and outcome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31, 709-720.
238. Szatmari, P., Bryson, S. E., Streiner D. L., Wilson, F. B. A., Archer, L., & Ryerse, C. (2000). Two-year outcome of preschool children with autism or Asperger syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1980-1987.
239. Szatmari, P., Jones, M. B., Zwaigenbaum, L., & MacLean, J. E. (1998). Genetics of autism: Overview and new directions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 351-368.
240. Teder-Sälejärvi, W. A., Pierce, K. L., Courchesne, E., & Hillyard, S. A. (2005). Auditory spatial localization and attention deficits in autistic adults. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 23, 221-234.
241. Tordjman, S., Anderson, G. M., McBride, P. A., Hertzig, M. E., Snow, M. E., Hall, L. M., et al. (1997). Plasma beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 705-715.
242. Torrey, E. F., Dhavale, D., Lawlor, J. P., & Yolken, R. H. (2004). Autism and head circumference in the first year of life. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 892-894.
243. Trikalinos, T. A., Karvouni, A., Zintzaras, E., Ylisaukko-oja, T., Peltonen, L., Jarvela, I., et al. (2006). A heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis for autism-spectrum disorders. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 29-36.
244. Troost, P. W., Lahuis, B. E., Steenhuis, M. P., Ketelaars, C. E., Buitelaar, J. K., van Engeland, H., et al. (2005). Long-term effects of risperidone in children with autism spectrum disorders: A placebo discontinuation study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 1137-1144.
245. Van der Gaag, R. J. (1993). Multiplex developmental disorder: An exploration of borderlines on the autistic spectrum. Utrecht: Unpublished thesis, Utrecht University.
246. Verbaten, M. N., Roelofs, J. W., van Engeland, H., Kenemans, J. K., & Slangen, J. L. (1991). Abnormal visual event-related potentials of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 449-470.
247. Volkmar, F., Cook, E. H. Jr., Pomeroy, J., Realmuto, G., & Tanguay, P. (1999). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Working Group on Quality Issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 32S-54S.
248. Volkmar, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (1991). Comorbid association of autism and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1705-1707.
249. Volkmar, F. R., & Nelson, D. S. (1990). Seizure disorders in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 127-129.
250. Volkmar, F. R., & Rutter, M. (1995). Childhood disintegrative disorder: Results of the DSM-IV autism field trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1092-1095.
251. Vorstman, J. A., Staal, W. G., van Daalen, E., van Engeland, H., Hochstenbach, P. F. R., & Franke, L. (2006). Identification of novel autism candidate regions through analysis of reported cytogenetic abnormalities associated with autism. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 18-28.
252. Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., et al. (1998). Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children [see comments]. Lancet, 351, 637-641.
253. Walhovd, K. B., & Fjell, A. M. (2003). The relationship between P3 and neuropsychological function in an adult life span sample. Biological Psychology, 62, 65-87.
254. Wang, A. T., Ting, M. A., Dapretto, M., Hariri, A. R., Sigman, M., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2004). Neural correlates of facial affect processing in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 481-490.
255. Werner, E., & Dawson, G. (2005). Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home videotapes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 889-895.
256. Whitaker-Azmitia, P. M. (2001). Serotonin and brain development: Role in human developmental diseases. Brain Research Bulletin, 56, 479-485.
257. Willemsen-Swinkels, S. H., Buitelaar, J. K., Nijhof, G. J., & van Engeland, H. (1995). Failure of naltrexone hydrochloride to reduce self-injurious and autistic behavior in mentally retarded adults: Double-blind placebo-controlled studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 766-773.
258. Williams, D. L., Goldstein, G., Carpenter, P. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2005). Verbal and spatial working memory in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 747-756.
259. Wing, L. (1997). The autistic spectrum. Lancet, 350, 1761-1766.
260. Wing, L. (1981). Asperger syndrome: A clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 11, 115-129.
261. Wing, L., Leekam, S. R., Libby, S. J., Gould, J., & Larcombe, M. (2002). The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: Background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 43, 307-325.
262. Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29.
263. Wing, L., & Shah, A. (2000). Catatonia in autistic spectrum disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 357-362.
264. World Health Organization (WHO). (1996). Multiaxial classification of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders in children and adolescents. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
265. Yirmiya, N., Sigman, M. D., Kasari, C., & Mundy, P. (1992). Empathy and cognition in high-functioning children with autism. Child Development, 63, 150-160.
266. Young, L. J., & Wang, Z. (2004). The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1048-1054.
267. Ziatas, K., Durkin, K., & Pratt, C. (1998). Belief term development in children with autism, Asperger syndrome, specific language impairment, and normal development: Links to theory of mind development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 755-763.
268. Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Rogers, T., Roberts, W., Brian, J., & Szatmari, P. (2005). Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 143-152.