The epidemiology of autism: A review

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 769-786

  Fombonne, Eric ^a  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; CULTURAL FACTOR; DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; IMMIGRANT; INFANT; INTELLIGENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; METHODOLOGY; NEWBORN; SOCIAL CLASS; STATISTICS; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MENTAL RETARDATION;

EID: 0032804766     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291799008508     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Ahlsen, G., Gillberg, C., Lindblom, R., & Gillberg, C. (1994). Tuberous sclerosis in Western Sweden: a population study of cases with early childhood onset. Archives of Neurology 51, 76-81.
2. Aussilloux, C., Collery, F. & Roy, J. (1989). Epidémiologie de l'autisme infantile dans le département de l'Hérault. Revue Française de Psychiatrie 7, 24-28.
3. Bohman, M., Bohman, I. L., Bjôrck, P. O. & Sjöholm, E. (1983). Childhood psychosis in a northern Swedish county: some preliminary findings from an epidemiological survey. In Epidemiological Approaches in Child Psychiatry (ed. M. H. Schmidt and H. Remschmidt), pp. 164-173. Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart.
4. Brask, B. H. (1970). A prevalence investigation of childhood psychoses. In Nordic Symposium on the Care of Psychotic Children, pp. 145-153. Barnepsychiatrist Forening, Universitetsforlagets Trykningssentral: Oslo.
5. Bregman, J. D. & Volkmar, F. R. (1988). Autistic social dysfunction and Down's syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 440-441.
6. Bryson, S. E., Clark, B. S. & Smith, I. M. (1988). First report of a Canadian epidemiological study of autistic syndromes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 4, 433-445.
7. Burd, L., Fisher, W. & Kerbeshan, J. (1987). A prevalence study of pervasive developmental disorders in North Dakota. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 700-703.
8. Chess, S. (1971). Autism in children with congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 1, 33-47.
9. Chess, S. (1977). Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 7, 69-81.
10. Cialdella, Ph. & Mamelle, N. (1989). An epidemiological study of infantile autism in a French department. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30, 165-175.
11. Deykin, E. Y. & MacMahon, B. (1979). The incidence of seizures among children with autistic symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 136, 1310-1312.
12. Ehlers, S. & Gillberg, C. (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34, 1327-1350.
13. Fombonne, E. (1996). Is the prevalence of autism increasing? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 6, 673-676.
14. Fombonne, E. (1997). The prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders in the UK. Autism 1, 227-229.
15. Fombonne, E. (1998). Inflammatory bowel disease and autism. Lancet 351, 955.
16. Fombonne, E. & du Mazaubrun, C. (1992). Prevalence of infantile autism in four French regions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 27, 203-210.
17. Fombonne, E., du Mazaubrun, C., Cans, C. & Grandjean, H. (1997). Autism and associated medical disorders in a large French epidemiological sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 1561-1569.
18. Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L. & Ghaziuddin. N. (1992). Autism in Downs' syndrome: presentation and diagnosis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 35, 449-456.
19. Gillberg, C. (1984). Infantile autism and other childhood psychoses in a Swedish region: epidemiological aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 25, 35-43.
20. Gillberg, C. (1987). Infantile autism in children of immigrant parents. A population-based study from Göteborg, Sweden. British Journal of Psychiatry 150, 856-858.
21. Gillberg, C. & Coleman, M. (1996). Autism and medical disorders: a review of the literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 38, 191-202.
22. Gillberg, C. & Forsell, C. (1984). Childhood psychosis and neurofibromatosis - more than a coincidence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 13, 1-8.
23. Gillberg, C., Steffenburg, S. & Schaumann, H. (1991). Is autism more common now than ten years ago? British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 403-409.
24. Gillberg, C., Gillberg, I. C. & Ahlsén, G. (1994). Autistic behaviour and attention deficits in tuberous sclerosis: a population-based study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 36, 50-56.
25. Gillberg, C., Schaumann, H. & Gillberg, I. C. (1995). Autism in immigrants: children born in Sweden to mothers born in Uganda. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39, 141-144.
26. Goodman, R. & Richards, H. (1995). Child and adolescent psychiatric presentations of second-generation Afro-Caribbeans in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 362-369.
27. Haga, H. & Miyamoya, Y. (1971). A survey on the actual state of so-called autistic children in Kyoto prefecture. Japanese Journal of Child Psychiatry 11, 160-167.
28. Herder, G. A. (1993). Infantile autism among children in the county of Nordland: prevalence and etiology. Tidsskrift tarden Norske Laegeforening 113, 2247-2249.
29. Honda, W., Shimizu, Y., Misumi, K., Nimi, M. & Ohashi, Y. (1996). Cumulative incidence and prevalence of childhood autism in children in Japan. British Journal of Psychiatry 169, 228-235.
30. Hoshino, Y., Yashima, Y., Ishige, K., Tachibana, R., Watanabe, M., Kancki, M., Kumashiro, H., Ueno, B., Takahashi, E. & Furukawa, H. (1982). The epidemiological study of autism in FukushimaKen. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica 36, 115-124.
31. Howlin, P., Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1995). The recognition of autism in children with Down syndrome. Implications for intervention and some speculations about pathology. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 37, 406-414.
32. Hunt, A. & Lindenbaum, R. H. (1984). Tuberous sclerosis: a new estimate of prevalence within the Oxford region. Journal of Medical Genetics 21, 272-277.
33. Ishii, T. & Takahashi, I. (1983). The epidemiology of autistic children in Toyota, Japan: prevalence. Japanese Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 24, 311-321.
34. Knobloch, H. & Pasamanick, B. (1975). Some etiologic and prognostic factors in early infantile autism and psychosis. Pediatrics 55, 182-191.
35. LeCouteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M. & MacLennan, J. (1989). Autism Diagnostic Interview: a standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19, 363-387.
36. Lord, C., Schopler, E. & Revecki, D. (1982). Sex differences in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmenlal Disorders 12, 317-330.
37. Lotter, V. (1966). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: I. Prevalence. Social Psychiatry 1, 124-137.
38. Lotter, V. (1967). Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: II. Some characteristics of the parents and children. Social Psychiatry , 4, 163-173.
39. Lotter, V. (1974). Social adjustment and placement of autistic children in Middlesex: a follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 4, 11-32.
40. Lowe, T. L., Tanaka, K., Seashore, M. R., Young, J. G. & Cohen, D. J. (1980). Detection of phenylketonuria in autistic and psychiatric children. Journal of the American Medical Association 143, 126-128.
41. McCarthy, P., Fitzgerald, M. & Smith, M. A. (1984). Prevalence of childhood autism in Ireland. Irish Medical Journal 77, 129-130.
42. Magnússon, P. & Sæmundsen, E. (1999). Prevalence of autism in Iceland. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (in the press).
43. Matsuishi, T., Shiotsuki, M., Yoshimura, K., Shoji, H., Imuta, F. & Yamashita, F. (1987). High prevalence of infantile autism in Kurume City, Japan. Journal of Child Neurology 2, 268-271.
44. Mouridsen, S. E., Bachmann-Andersen, L., Sörensen, S. A., Rich, B. & Isager, T. (1992). Neurofibromatosis in infantile autism and other types of childhood psychoses. Acta Paedopsychiatrica 55, 15-18.
45. Nakai, M. (1971). Epidemiology of autistic children in Gifu-Ken. Japanese Journal of Child Psychiatry 12, 262-266.
46. Ritvo, E. R., Freeman, B. J., Pingree, C., Mason-Brothers, A., Jorde, L., Jenson, W. R., McMahon, W. M., Petersen, P. B., Mo, A. & Ritvo, A. (1989). The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry 146, 194-199.
47. Rumeau-Rouquette, C., du Mazaubrun, C., Verrier, A., Mlika, A., Bréart, G., Goujard, J. & Fombonne, E. (1994). Prévalence des Handicaps: Évolution dans Trois Générations d'enfants 1972, 1976, 1981. Editions INSERM: Paris.
48. Rutter, M. (1970). Autistic children: infancy to adulthood. Seminars in Psychiatry 2, 435-450.
49. Rutter, M., Bailey, A., Bolton, P. & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism and known medical conditions: myth and substance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35, 311-322.
50. Schopler, E., Andrews, C. E. & Strupp, K. (1979). Do autistic children come from upper-middle-class parents? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 9, 139-151.
51. Shepherd, C. W., Beard, C. M., Gomez, M. R., Kurland, L. T. & Whisnant, J. P. (1991). Tuberous sclerosis complex in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1950-1989. Archives of Neurology 48, 400-401.
52. Smalley, S. L., Tanguay, P. E., Smith, M. & Gutierrez, G. (1992). Autism and tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22, 339-355.
53. Spitzer, R. L. & Siegel, B. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 6, 855-862.
54. Sponheim, E. & Skjeldal, O. (1998). Autism and related disorders: epidemiological findings in a Norwegian study using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28, 217-227.
55. Steffenburg, S. & Gillberg, C. (1986). Autism and autistic-like conditions in Swedish rural and urban areas: a population study. British Journal of Psychiatry 149, 81-87.
56. Steinhausen, H.-C., Göbel, D., Breinlinger, M. & Wohlloben, B. (1986). A community survey of infantile autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 25, 186-189.
57. Sugiyama, T. & Abe, T. (1989). The prevalence of autism in Nagoya, Japan: a total population study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 19, 87-96.
58. Tanoue, Y., Oda, S., Asano, F. & Kawashima, K. (1988). Epidemiology of infantile autism in Southern Ibaraki, Japan: Differences in prevalence in birth cohorts. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 18, 155-166.
59. Treffert, D. A. (1970). Epidemiology of infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry 22, 431-438.
60. Tsai, L., Stewart, M. A., Faust, M. & Shook, S. (1982). Social class distribution of fathers of children enrolled in the Iowa autism program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 12, 211-221.
61. Tuchman, R. F., Rapin, I. & Shinnar, S. (1991). Autistic and dysphasic children. II. Epilepsy. Pediatrics 88, 1219-1225.
62. Turner, G., Webb, T., Wake, S. & Robinson, H. (1996). Prevalence of the fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics 64, 196-197.
63. Volkmar, F. R. & Nelson, D. S. (1990). Seizure disorders in autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1, 127-129.
64. Volkmar, F. R., Klin, A., Siegel, B., Szatmark, I., Lord, C., Campbell, M., Freeman, B. J., Cicchetti, D. V., Rutter, M., Kline, W., Buitelaar, J., Hattab, Y., Fombonne, E., Fuentes, J., Werry, J., Stone, W., Kerbeshian, J., Hoshino, Y., Bergman, J., Loveland, K., Szymanski, L. & Towbin, X. (1994). Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 1361-1367.
65. Wakefield, A., Murch, S., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A., Thomson, M., Harvey, P., Valentine, A., Davies, S. & Walker-Smith, J. (1998). Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 351, 637-641.
66. Webb, E. V. J., Lobo, S., Hervas, A., Scourfield, J. & Fraser, W. I. (1997). The changing prevalence of autistic disorder in a Welsh health district. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 39, 150-152.
67. Wignyosumarto, S., Mukhlas, M. & Shirataki, S. (1992). Epidemiological and clinical study of autistic children in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences 38, 1-19.
68. Wing, L. (1980). Childhood autism and social class: a question of selection? British Journal of Psychiatry 137, 410-417.
69. Wing, L. (1981). Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions. Psychiatry Research 5, 129-137.
70. Wing, L. (1993). The definition and prevalence of autism: a review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2, 61-74.
71. Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interactions and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 9, 11-29.
72. Wing, L., Yeates, S., Brierly, L. M. & Gould, J. (1976). The prevalence of early childhood autism: comparison of administrative and epidemiological studies. Psychological Medicine 6, 89-100.
73. Zahner, G. E. P. & Pauls, D. L. (1987). Epidemiological surveys of infantile autism. In Handbook of Autism and Pervasive and Developmental Disorders (ed. D. J. Cohen, A. M. Donnellan and R. Paul), pp. 199-207. Wiley and Sons: New York.