3.5billion years of reshaped Moho, southern Africa

Tectonophysics

Volumn 609, Issue , 2013, Pages 675-689

  Stankiewicz, Jacek ^a,b   De Wit, Maarten ^c  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^b European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology and The Luxembourg National Museum of Natural History   (Luxembourg)

^c NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Archean; Crustal thickness; Moho; Phanerozoic; Proterozoic; Thermo tectonics

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; MOHO; PHANEROZOIC; PROTEROZOIC; THERMO-TECTONICS;

GEODYNAMICS; SEISMIC RESPONSE; SEISMIC WAVES;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

ARCHEAN; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; MOHO; PHANEROZOIC; PROTEROZOIC; SEISMIC DATA; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; SWATH BATHYMETRY; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TECTONIC SETTING;

SOUTHERN AFRICA;

EID: 84889089657     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.08.033     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Adam J.M.-C., Lebedev S. Azimuthal anisotropy beneath southern Africa from very broad-band surface-wave dispersion measurements. Geophysic. J. Int. 2012, 191:155-174.
2. Armstrong R.A., Compston W., Retief E.A., Williams I.S., Welke H.J. Zircon ion microprobe studies bearing on the age and evolution of the Witwatersrand Triad. Precambrian Res. 1991, 53:243-266.
3. Armstrong R.A., Lana C., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L. SHRIMP zircon age constraints on Mesoarchean crustal development in the Vredefort dome, central Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 2006, 405:233-253.
4. Bagai, Z., 2008. Geodynamic evolution and petrogenesis of the Neoarchean Francistown granite-greenstone complex in NE Botswana, SW margin of the Zimbabwe Craton. Unpublished PhD, Univ. of Cape Town.
5. Bagai Z., Armstrong R., Kampunzu A.B. U-Pb single zircon geochronology of granitoids in the Vumba granite-greenstone terrain (NE Botswana): implications for the Archean Zimbabwe Craton. Precambrian Res. 2002, 149-168.
6. Barton J.M., Klemd R. Comment on the paper "Crustal structure of the Zimbabwe Craton and the Limpopo Belt of southern Africa: new constrains form seismic data and implications for its evolution" by Gore et al. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2010, 113:239.
7. Barton J.M., Klemd R., Zeh A. The Limpopo Belt: a result of Archean to Proterozoic, Turkic-type orogenesis?. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 2006, 405:315-332.
8. Bell D.R., Schmitz M.D., Janny P.E. Mesozoic thermal evolution of southern African mantle lithosphere. Lithos 2003, 71:273-287.
9. Blenkinsop T., Martin A., Jelsma H.A. The Zimbabwe Craton. Greenstone Belts 1997, 567-580. Oxford University Press, UK. M.J. de Wit, L.A. Ashwa (Eds.).
10. Brandl G., de Wit M.J. The Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Greenstone Belts 1997, 581-607. Oxford Univ Press, UK. M.J. de Wit, L. Ashwal (Eds.).
11. Broad D.S., Jungslager E.H.A., McLachlan I.R., Roux J. Geology of the offshore Mesozoic basins. The Geology of South Africa, Geol. Soc. Of S. Afr., Pretoria 2006, 553-571. M.R. Johnson (Ed.).
12. Brown R.W., Summerfield M.A., Gleadow A.J. Denudation history along a transect across the Drakensberg Escarpment of southern Africa derived from apalite fission track thermochronology. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107(B12):242. 10.1029/2001JB000745.
13. Buiter S.J.H., Steinberger B., Medvedev S., Tetreault J.L. Could the mantle have caused subsidence of the Congo Basin?. Tectonophysics 2012, 514-517:62-80.
14. Burke K., Gunnell Y. The African erosion surface: a continental-scale synthesis of geomorphology, tectonics and environmental change over the past 180million years. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 2008, 201:66.
15. Burke K., Steinberger B., Torsvik T.H., Smethurst M.A. Plume generation zones at the margins of large low shear velocity provinces on the core-mantle boundary. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 265:49-60.
16. Calvert A.J., Sawyer E.W., Davis W.J., Ludden J.N. Archean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the superior Province of Canada. Nature 1995, 375:670-674.
17. Carlson R.W., Grove T.L., De Wit M.J., Gurney J.J. Program to study crust and mantle of the Archean craton in southern Africa. EOS Trans. A. G. U. 1996, 77:273-277.
18. Carlson R.W., et al. Continental growth, preservation and modification in southern Africa. GSA Today 2000, 10:1-7.
19. Cawthorn R.G., Webb S.J. Connectivity between the western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld Complex. Tectonophysics 2001, 330:195-209.
20. Clowes R.M. Initiation, development, and benefits of Lithoprobe - shaping the direction of Earth science research in Canada and beyond. Can. J. Earth Sci. 2010, 47:291-314.
21. Cook F.A. Continental evolution by lithospheric shingling. AGU Geodynamics Series 1986, 14:13-19. M. Barazangi, L. Brown (Eds.).
22. Cook F.A. Fine structure of the continental reflection Moho. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2002, 114:64-79.
23. Cook F.A., Erdmer P. A 1800km crossection of the lithosphere through the northwestern North American plate: lessons from 4.0billion years of Earth history. Can. J. Earth Sci. 2005, 42:1295-1311.
24. Cook F.A., White D.J., Jones A.G., Easton D.W.S., Hall J., Clowes R.M. How the crust meets the mantle: Lithoprobe perspectives on the Mohorovičič discontinuity and crust-mantle transition. Can. J. Earth Sci. 2010, 47:315-351.
25. Cornell D.H., Thomas R.J., Moen H.F.G., Reid D.L., Moore J.M., Gibson R.L. The Namaqua-Natal Province. The Geology of South Africa 2006, 325-379. Geological Society of South Africa/Council for Geoscience. M.R. Johnson, C.R. Anhaeusser, R.J. Thomas (Eds.).
26. de Wit M.J. Archean greenstone belts do contain fragments of ophiolites. Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology 2004, 13:549-614. Elsevier, Amsterdam. T.M. Kusky (Ed.).
27. de Wit M.J. The Kalahari Epeirogeny and climate change: differentiating cause and effect from Core to Space. Inkaba yeAfrica special volume. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2007, 110:367-392.
28. de Wit M.J., Horsfield B. Inkaba yeAfrica project surveys sector of Earth from core to space. EOS, A. G. U. 2006, 87:113-117.
29. de Wit M.J., Tinker J. Crustal structures across the central Kaapvaal Craton from deep-seismic reflection data. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2004, 107:185-206.
30. de Wit M.J., Hart R.A., Hart R.J. The Jamestown Ophiolite Complex, Barberton greenstone belt: a section through 3.5Ga oceanic crust. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1987, 6:681-730.
31. de Wit M.J., de Ronde C.E.J., Tredoux M., Roering C., Hart R.J., Armstrong R.A., Green R.W.E., Peberdy E., Hart R.A. Formation of an Archaean continent. Nature 1992, 357:553-562.
32. Kaapvaal Craton Special Volume S. Afr. Journ. Geology 2004, 107. (324 pp.). M.J. de Wit, S.H. Richardson, L.D. Ashwal (Eds.).
33. de Wit M.J., Furness H., Robin B. Geology and tectonostratigraphy of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Res. 2011, 186:1-27.
34. Dewey J.F., Robb L., van Schalkwyk L. Did Bushmanland extentionally unroof Namaqualand?. Precambrian Res. 2006, 150:173-182.
35. Dirks P.H.G.M., Charlesworth E.G., Munyai M.R. Cratonic extension and Archean gold mineralisation in the Sheba-Fairview mine, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2009, 112:291-316.
36. Doucouré C.M., de Wit M.J. Temporal variation in rigidity and mechanical behaviour of old thick continental lithosphere. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2003, 105:39-50.
37. Doyle H. Seismology 1995, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, (218 pp.).
38. Durrheim R.J. Seismic reflection and refraction studies of the deep structure of the Agulhas Bank. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 1987, 89:395-398.
39. Durrheim R.J., Mooney W.D. Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: evidence from crustal seismology. Geology 1991, 19:606-609.
40. Durrheim R.J., Mooney W.D. Comment and reply on "Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: evidence from crustal seismology". Geology 1992, 20:664-665.
41. Durrheim R.J., Mooney W.D. Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: seismological and geochemical constraints. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:15,359-15,374.
42. Durrheim R.J., Nicolaysen L.O., Corner B. A deep seismic reflection profile across the Archean-Proterozoic Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. A. G. U. Geodyn. Ser. 1991, 22:213-224.
43. Durrheim R.J., Barker W.H., Green R.W.E. Seismic studies of the Limpopo Belt. Precambrian Res. 1992, 55:187-200.
44. Eagles G., König M. A model of plate kinematics in Gondwana breakup. Geophys. J. Int. 2008, 173:703-717.
45. Eaton D.W. Multi-genetic origin of the continental Moho: insights from LITHOPROBE. Terra Nova 2005, 18:34-43.
46. Eglington B.M. Evolution of the Namaqua-Natal Belt, southern Africa - a geochronological and isotope geochemical review. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2006, 46:93-111.
47. Eglington B.M., Armstrong R.A. The Kaapvaal Craton and adjacent orogens, southern Africa: a geochronological database and overview of the geological development of the craton, South African. J. Geol. 2004, 107:13-32.
48. Flowers R.M., Schoene B. (U/Th)/He thermochronometry constraints on the unroofing of the eastern Kaapvaal Craton and significance for uplift of the southern Africa Plateau. Geology 2010, 38:827-830.
49. Furnes H., Robins B., de Wit M. Geochemistry and petrology of lava in the upper onverwacht suite, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2012, 115:171-210.
50. Furnes H., de Wit M., Robins B. A review of new interpretations of the tectonostratigraphy, geochemistry and evolution of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Gondwana Res. 2013, 23:403-428.
51. Furnes H., de Wit M., Dilek Y. Precambrian greenstone sequences represent different ophiolite types. Gondwana Res. 2013, (in press). 10.1016/j.gr.2013.06.004.
52. Gibbs A.K. Seismic reflection profiles of Precambrian crust: a qualitative assessment. Geodyn. Ser. 1986, 14:95-106. Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC, (339 pp.). M. Barazangi, L. Brown (Eds.).
53. Gibson R.L., Reimold W.U. Geology of the Vredefort Impact Structure 2008, 97. Memoir, Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, (181 pp.).
54. Gohl K., Uenzelmann-Neben G. The crustal role of the Agulhas Plateau, southwest Indian Ocean: evidence from seismic profiling. Geophys. J. Int. 2001, 144:632-646.
55. Gohl K., Uenzelmann-Neben G., Grobys N. Growth and dispersal of a Southeast African Large Igneous Province. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2011, 114:379-386.
56. Good N., de Wit M.J. The Thabazimbi-Murchison Lineament (TML) of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa: 2700Ma of episodic deformation. J. Geol. Soc. London 1997, 154:93-97.
57. Gore J., James D.E., Zengeni T.G., Gwavava O. Crustal structure of the Zimbabwe Craton and the Limpopo Belt of southern Africa: new constrains form seismic data and implications for its evolution. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2009, 112:213-228.
58. Graham K.W.T., Hales A.L. Surface-ship gravity measurements in the Agulhas Bank area, south of South Africa. J. Geophys. Res. 1965, 70:4005-4011.
59. Green R.W.E., Durrheim R.J. A seismic refraction investigation of the Namaqualand metamorphic complex, South Africa. J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:19,927-19,932.
60. Guillocheau, et al. Quantification and causes of the terrigenous sediment budget at the scale of a continental margin: a new method applied to the Namibia-South Africa margin. Basin Res. 2012, 24:3-30.
61. Hales A.L., Nation J.B. A crustal structure profile of the Agulhas Bank. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 1972, 62:1029-1051.
62. Hammer P.T.C., Clowes R.M. Moho reflectivity patterns - a comparison of Canadian Lithoprobe transects. Tectonophysics 1997, 269:179-198.
63. Hart R.J., Nicolaysen I.O., Gale N.H. Radioelement concentrations in the deep profile through Precambrian basement of the Vredefort structure. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 86:10639-10652.
64. Hart R.J., Andreoli M.A.G., Smith C.B., Otter C.B., Durheim R. Ultramafic rocks in the centre of the Vredefort structure: possible exposure of upper mantle. Chem. Geol. 1990, 83:233-248.
65. Hart R.J., McDonald I., Tredoux M., de Wit M.J., Carlson R.W., Andreoli M., Moser D.E., Ashwal L.D. New PGE and Re/Os isotope data from lower crustal sections of the Vredefort dome and a reinterpretation of its "crust on edge" profile. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2004, 107:173-184.
66. Harvey J.D., de Wit M.J., Stankiewicz J., Doucoure C.M. Structural variations of the crust in the Southwestern Cape, deduced from seismic receiver functions. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2001, 104:231-242.
67. Hatton C.J. Mantle plume origin for the Bushveld and Ventersdorp magmatic provinces. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1995, 21:571-577.
68. Hawkesworth C.J., Dhuime B., Pietranik A.B., Cawood P.A., Kemp A.I.S., Storey C.D. The generation and evolution of the continental crust. J. Geol. Soc. 2010, 167:229-248.
69. Hirsch K.K., Bauer K., Scheck-Wenderoth M. Deep structure of the western South African passive margin - results of a combined approach of seismic, gravity and isostatic investigations. Tectonophysics 2008, 470:57-70.
70. Hynes A. Freeboard revisited: continental growth, crustal thickness change and earth's thermal efficiency. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 185:161-172.
71. James D.E., Fouch M.J., VanDecar J.C., van der Lee S., Group K.S. Tectospheric structure beneath southern Africa. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:2485-2488.
72. James D.E., Niu F., Rokosky J. Crustal structure of the Kaapvaal Craton and its significance for crustal evolution. Lithos 2003, 71:413-429.
73. Jarchow C.M., Thompson G.A. The nature of the Mohorovičič discontinuity. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1989, 17:475-506.
74. Jelsma H.A., Dirks P.H.G.M. Neoarchaean tectonic evolution of the Zimbabwe Craton. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 2002, 199:183-211. C.M.R. Fowler, C.J. Ebinger, C.J. Hawkesworth (Eds.).
75. Jelsma H.A., de Wit M.J., Thiart C., Dirks P.H.G.M., Viola G., Basson I.J., Anckar E. Preferential distribution along transcontinental corridors of kimberlites and related rocks of Southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2004, 107:301-324.
76. Johnson M.R., van Vuuren C.J., Hegenberger W.F., Key R., Shoko U. Stratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup in southern Africa: an overview. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1996, 23:3-15.
77. Keller C., Schoene B. Statistical geochemistry reveals disruption in secular lithospheric evolution 2.5Gyr ago. Nature 2012, 490-493.
78. Kgaswane E.M., Nyblade A.A., Julia J., Dirks P.H.G.M., Durheim R.J., Pasyanos M.E. Shear wave velocity structure of the lower crust in southern Africa: evidence for compositional heterogeneity within Archean and Proterozoic terrains. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:B12304. 10.1029/2008JB006217.
79. König M., Jokat W. The Mesozoic breakup of the Weddell Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:B12102.
80. Kwadiba M.T.O.G., Wright C., Kgaswane E.M., Simon R.E., Nguuri T.K. Pn arrivals and lateral variations of Moho geometry beneath the Kaapvaal Craton. Lithos 2003, 71:393-411.
81. Lana C., Gibson R.L., Kirsters A.F.M., Reimold W.U. Archean crustal structure of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa-evidence from the Vredefort dome. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 206:133-144.
82. Lana C., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., Koeberl C., Siegesmund S. Nature of the Archean mid-crust in the central Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa - evidence from the Vredefort dome. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68:623-642.
83. Le Pichon X., Heirtzler J.R. Magnetic anomalies in the Indian Ocean and seafloor spreading. J. Geophys. Res. 1968, 73:2101-2117.
84. Lindeque A.S., Ryberg T., Stankiewicz J., Weber M.H., de Wit M.J. Deep crustal seismic reflection experiment across the southern Karoo Basin, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2007, 110:419-438.
85. Lindeque A., de Wit M.J., Ryberg T., Weber M., Chevallier C. Deep crustal profile across the southern Karoo Basin and Beattie Magnetic Anomaly, South Africa: an integrated interpretation with tectonic implications. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2011, 114:265-292.
86. Ludden J., Hynes A. The Lithoprobe Abitibi-Grenville transect: two billion years of crust formation and recycling in the Precambrian Shield of Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 2000, 37:459-476.
87. Mapeo R.B.M., Kampunzu A.B., Ramokate L.V., Corfu F., Key R.M. Bushveld age magmatism in southeastern Botswana: evidence from U-Pb zircon and titanite geochronology. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2004, 107:219-232.
88. McCourt S., Vearncombe J.R. Shear zones of the Limpopo Belt and adjacent granite-greenstone terranes: implications for late Archean collision tectonics in southern Africa. Precambrian Res. 1992, 55:553-570.
89. McCourt S., Kampunzu A.B., Bagai Z., Armstrong R.A. The crustal architecture of Archean terranes in northeastern Botswana. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2004, 107:147-158.
90. McMillan I.K., Brink G.I., Broad D.S., Maier J.J. Late Mesozoic basins off the south coast of South Africa. African Basins 1997, 319-376. Elsevier, Amsterdam. C. Selley (Ed.).
91. Meissner R. The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach 1986, Academic Press, London, (426 pp.).
92. Mengel K., Kern K. Evolution of the petrological and seismic Moho - implications for the continental crust-mantle boundary. Terra Nova 1992, 4:109-116.
93. Mooney W.D., Laske G., Masters T.G. CRUST 5.1: a global crustal model at 5×5 degrees. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:727-747.
94. Moser D.E., Flowers R.M., Hart R.J. Birth of the Kaapvaal tectosphere 3.08billion years ago. Science 2001, 291:465-468.
95. Moyen J.-M., van Hunen J. Short-term episodicity of Archaean plate tectonics. Geology 2012, 40:451-454.
96. Mueller St, Ansorge J. The crustal structure of western Europe. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1989, 17:335-360.
97. Nair S.K., Gao S.S., Liu K.H., Silver P.G. Southern African crustal evolution and composition: constraints from receiver function studies. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:B02304. 10.1029/2005JB003802.
98. Nguuri T.K., Gore J., James D.E., Webb S.J., Wright C., Zengeni T.G., Gwavava O., Snoke J.A. Crustal structure beneath southern Africa and its implications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:2501-2504.
99. Nui F., James D.E. Constraints on the formation and composition of crust beneath the Kaapvaal Craton from Moho reverberations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 200:121-130.
100. Nyblade A.A., Sleep N.H. Long lasting epeirogenic uplift from mantle plumes and the origin of the Southern African Plateau. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2003, 4. (2003GC000573).
101. Parsiegla N., Gohl K., Uenzelmann-Neben G. The Agulhas Plateau: structure and evolution of a Large Igneous Province. Geophys. J. Int. 2008, 174:336-350.
102. Parsiegla N., Stankiewicz J., Gohl K., Ryberg T., Uenzelmann-Neben G. Southern African continental margin: dynamic processed of a transform margin. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2009, 10:Q03007.
103. Pearson D.G. Evolution of the cratonic lithosphere mantle: an isotopic perspective. Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High-pressure Experimentation 1999, 57-78. A tribute to Francis R. (Joe) Boyd, The Geochemical Society Special Publications, Houston, TX. Y. Fei, C.M. Berthka, B.O. Mysen (Eds.).
104. Pearson D.G., Shirey S.B., Harris J.W., Carlson R.W. Sulphide inclusions in diamonds from the Koffiefontein kimberlite. S. Africa: constraints on diamond ages and mantle Re-Os systematics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1998, 160:311-326.
105. Percival J.A., West G.F. The Kapuskasing uplift: a geological and geophysical synthesis. Can, J. Earth Sci. 1994, 31:1256-1286. J.A. Percival (Ed.).
106. Percival J.A., Cook F.A., Clowes R.M. Tectonic styles in Canada: the LITHOPROBE perspective. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 2012, 49. (498 pp.).
107. Petitjean S., Rabiniwicz M., Gregoire M., Chevrot S. Differences between Archean and Proterozoic lithospheres: assessment of the possible major role of thermal conductivity. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2006, 7:Q03021.
108. Pretorius W., Barton J.M. Measured and calculated compressional wave velocities of crustal and upper mantle rocks in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa - implications for lithospheric structure. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2003, 106:205-212.
109. Roering C., van Reenen D.D., Smit C.A., Barton J.M., de Beer J.H., de Wit M.J., Stettler E.H., van Schalkwyk J.F., Stevens G., Pretorius S. Tectonic models for the evolution of the Limpopo Belt. Precambrian Res. 1992, 55:539-552.
110. Rouby D., Bonnet S., Guillocheau F., Gallaher K., Robin C., Biancotto F., Braun J. Sediment supply to the Orange sedimentary system over the last 150My: an evaluation from sedimentary/denudation balance. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2009, 26:782-794.
111. Rudnick R.L. Making continental crust. Nature 1995, 378:571-578.
112. Scharf T.E., Codilean T.A., de Wit M.J., Jansen J.D., Kubik P.W. Strong rocks sustain ancient postorogenic topography in southern Africa. Geology 2013, 41:331-334.
113. Schmitz M.D., Bowring S.A. The significance of U-Pb zircon dates in the lower crustal xenoliths from the southwestern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Chem. Geol. 2000, 172:50-76.
114. Schmitz M.D., Bowring S.A. Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the lower crust during Neoarchean Ventersdorp rifting and magmatism, Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2003, 115:533-548.
115. Schmitz M.D., Bowring S.A. Lower crustal granulite formation during Mesoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal collisional orogenesis, southern Africa. S. Afr. Journ. Geology 2004, 107:261-284.
116. Schmitz M.D., Bowring S.A., de Wit M.J., Gartz V. Subduction and terrane collision stabilize the western Kaapvaal Craton tectosphere 2.9billion years ago. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 222:363-376.
117. Schoene B., de Wit M.J., Bowring S. Mesoarchean assembly and stabilization of the eastern Kaapvaal Craton: a structural-thermochronological perspective. Tectonics 2008, 27:TC5010. 10.1029/2008TC002267.
118. Schoene B., Dudas F.O.L., Bowring S.A., de Wit M. Sm-Nd isotopic mapping of lithospheric growth and stabilization in the eastern Kaapvaal Craton. Terra Nova 2009, 21:219-228.
119. Scrutton R.A. Structure and evolution of the sea floor south of South Africa. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1973, 19:250-256.
120. Shirey S.B., Richardson S.H. Start of the Wilson cycle at 3Ga shown by diamonds from subcontinental mantle. Science 2011, 333:434-436.
121. Shirey S.B., Harris J.W., Richardson S.H., Fouch M.J., James D.E., Cartigny P., Deines P., Viljoen F. Diamond genesis, seismic structure, and evolution of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe Craton. Science 2002, 297:1683-1685.
122. Silver P.G., Gao S.S., Liu K.H., Kaapvaal Seismic Group Mantle deformation beneath southern Africa. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:2493-2496.
123. Silver P.G., Fouch M., Gao S., Schmitz M. Seismic anisotropy, mantle fabric, and the magmatic evolution of Precambrian southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2004, 107:45-58.
124. Slawson W.F. Vredefort core: a cross section of the upper crust?. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:117-121.
125. Sobolev S.V., Sobolev A.V., Kuzmin D.V., Krivolutskaya N.A., Petrunin A.G., Arndt N.T., Radko V.A., Vasiliev Y.R. Linking mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes. Nature 2011, 477:312-316.
126. Stankiewicz J., Chevrot S., van der Hilst R.D., de Wit M.J. Crustal thickness, discontinuity depth, and upper mantle structure beneath southern Africa: constraints from body wave conversions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2002, 130:235-251.
127. Stankiewicz J., Parsiegla N., Ryberg T., Gohl K., Trumbull R., Weckmann U., Weber M. Crustal structure of the southern margin of the African continent: results from geophysical experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 2008, 113:B10313.
128. Stuart G.W., Zengeni T.G. Seismic crustal structure of the Limpopo mobile belt, Zimbabwe. Tectonophysics 1987, 144:323-335.
129. Tankard A., Welsink H., Aukes P., Newton R., Stettler E. Tectonic evolution of the Cape and Karoo basins of South Africa. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2009, 26:1379-1412.
130. Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution 1985, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, (312 pp.).
131. Taylor J., Stevens G., Armstrong R., Kisters A.F.M. Granulite facies anatexis in the Archean Gneiss Complex, Swaziland, at 2.73Ga: mid crustal metamorphic evidence for mantle heating of the Kaapvaal Craton during Ventersdorp magmatism. Precambrian Res. 2010, 77:88-102.
132. Taylor J., Stevens G., Buick I.S., Lana C. Successive midcrustal, high grade metamorphic evens provide insights into Mid Archean mountain-building along SE Margin of the Proto-Kaapvaal Craton. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2012, 124:1191-1211.
133. Tinker J., de Wit M.J., Grotzinger J. Seismic stratigraphic constraints on Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic evolution of the western margin of the Kaapvaal Craton. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2002, 105:107-134.
134. Tinker J., de Wit M.J., Royden W. Old, strong continental lithosphere with weak Archaean margin at 1.8Ga, Kaapvaal Craton South Africa. S. Afr. J. Geology 2004, 107:255-260.
135. Tinker J., de Wit M.J., Brown R. Mesozoic exhumation of the southern Cape, South Africa, quantified using apatite fission track thermochronology. Tectonophysics 2008, 455:77-93.
136. Torsvik T.H., Burke K., Steinberger B., Webb S.J., Ashwal L.D. Diamonds sampled by plumes from the core-mantle boundary. Nature 2010, 466:352-357.
137. Tucholke B.E., Houtz R.E., Barrett D.M. Continental crust beneath the Agulhas Plateau, southwest Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 1981, 86:3791-3806.
138. Uenzelmann-Neben G., Gohl K., Ehrhardt A. Agulhas Plateau, SW Indian Ocean: new evidence for extensive volcanism. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:1941-1944.
139. van Thienen P., Vlaar N.J., van den Berg A.P. Plate tectonics on the terrestrial planets. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2004, 142:61-74.
140. Vinnik L.P., Green R.W.E., Nicolaysen L.O. Recent deformations of the deep continental root beneath southern Africa. Nature 1995, 375:50-52.
141. Wever T. Comment and reply on "Archean and Proterozoic crustal evolution: evidence from crustal seismology". Geology 1992, 20:664-665.
142. Wright C., Kgaswane E.M., Kwadiba M.T.O., Simon R.E., Nguuri T.K., McRae-Samuel R. South African seismicity, April 1997 to April 1999, and regional variations in the crust and uppermost mantle of the Kaapvaal Craton. Lithos 2003, 71:369-392.
143. Xie H., Hofmann A., Hegner E., Wilson A., Wan Y., Dunyi Liu D. Zircon SHRIMP dating confirms a Palaeoarchaean supracrustal terrain in the southeastern Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa. Gondwana Res. 2012, 21:818-828.
144. Youssof M., Thybo H., Levander A., Yuan X. Strong anisotropy in cratonic lower crust of southern Africa revealed by receiver functions. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2013, (submitted for publication).
145. Zeh A., Gerdes A., Barton J.M. Archean accretion and crustal evolution of the Kalahari craton-the zircon age and Hf isotope record of granitic rocks from Barberton/Swaziland to the Francistown Arc. J. Petrol. 2009, 50:933-966.
146. Zeh A., Gerdes A., Millonig L. Hafnium isotope record of the Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland, southern Africa: evidence for Archaean crust-mantle formation and crust reworking between 3.66 and 2.73Ga. J. Geol. Soc. London 2011, 168:953-964.