Archean accretion and crustal evolution of the kalahari craton - The zircon age and Hf isotope record of granitic rocks from barberton/ swaziland to the francistown arc

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 933-966

  Zeh, Armin ^a   Gerdes, Axel ^b   Barton Jr , Jackson M ^c  

^a Geographisches Institut   (Germany)

^b Institut fur Geowissenschaften   (Germany)

^c NONE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Archean; Kaapvaal Craton; Kalahari Craton; Limpopo Belt; Lu Hf isotopes; U Pb dating; Zircon

Indexed keywords

ACCRETION; AGE DETERMINATION; ARCHEAN; CATHODOLUMINESCENCE; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; CRUSTAL RECYCLING; CRYSTALLIZATION; GRANITOID; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; MANTLE SOURCE; MIXING; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; ZIRCON;

AFRICA; BARBERTON GREENSTONE BELT; BOTSWANA; FRANCISTOWN; GABORONE; KAAPVAAL CRATON; KALAHARI CRATON; LIMPOPO BELT; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; SWAZILAND;

EID: 67449100705     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: 14602415     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egp027     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. Aldiss, D. T. (1991). The Motloutse Complex and the Zimbabwe Craton/ Limpopo Belt transition in Botswana. Precambrian Research 50 89-109.
2. Amelin, Y., Lee, D., Halliday, A. N. & Pidgeon, R. T. (1999). Nature of the Earth. Nature 399, 252-255.
3. Amelin, Y., Lee, D.-C. & Halliday, A. N. (2000). Early-middle Archean crustal evolution deduced from Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotopic studies of single zircon grains. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 4205-4225.
4. Andersen, T., Griffin, W. L. & Pearson, N. J. (2002). Crustal evolution in the SW part of the Baltic Shield: The Hf isotope evidence. Journal of Petrology 43, 1725-1747.
5. Anhaeusser, C. R. (2006). A reevaluation of Archean intracratonic terrane boundaries on the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa: Collisional suture zones? In: Reimold, W. U. & Gibbson, R. (eds) Processes on the Early Earth Geological Society of America, Special Publications 405, 315-332.
6. Armstrong, R. A., Compston, W., De Wit, M. J. & Williams, I. S. (1990). The stratigraphy of the 3.5-3.2 Ga Barberton greenstone belt revisited: a single zircon ion microprobe study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 101, 90-106.
7. Armstrong, R. A., Compston, W., Retief, E. A. & Welke, H. J. (1991). Zircon ion microprobe studies bearing on the age and evolution of the Witwatersrand triad. Precambrian Research 53, 243-266.
8. Bagai, Z., Armstrong, R. & Kampunzu, A. B. (2002). U-Pb single zircon geochronology of granitoids in the Vumba granite-greenstone terrain (NE Botswana): Implication for the Archaean Zimbabwe craton. Precambrian Research 118, 149-168.
9. Barton, J. M., Jr (1983). Pb-isotopic evidence for the age of the Messina Layered Intrusion, Central Zone, Limpopo Mobile Belt. In: Van Biljon, W. J. & Legg, J. H. (eds) The Limpopo Belt. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publications 8, 43-44.
10. Barton, J. M., Jr (1996). The Messina layered intrusion, Limpopo belt, South Africa, an example on the in-situ contamination of an Archean anorthosite complex by continental crust. Precambrian Research 78, 139-150.
11. Barton, J. M., Jr & Sergeev, S. (1997). High precision, U-Pb analyses of single grains of zircon from quartzite in the Beit Bridge Group yield a discordia. South African Journal of Geology 100, 37-41.
12. Barton, J. M., Jr, Robb, L. J., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Van Nierop, D. A. (1983a). Geochronologic and Sr-isotopic studies of certain units in the Barberton granite - greenstone terrane, South Africa. In: Anhaeusser, C. R. (ed.) Contributions to the Geology of the Barberton Mountain Land. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publications 9, 63-72.
13. Barton, J. M., Jr, Du-Toit, M. C., Van Reenen, D. D. & Ryan, B. (1983 b). Geochronologic studies in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Mobile Belt, southern Africa. In: Van Biljon, W. J. & Legg, J. H. (eds) The Limpopo Belt. Special Publication, Geological Society of South Africa 8, 55-64.
14. Barton, J. M., Jr, Doig, R., Smith, C. B., Bohlender, F. & Van Reenen, D. D. (1992). Isotopic and REE characteristics of the intrusive charnoenderbite and enderbite geographically associated with the Matok Pluton, Limpopo Belt, southern Africa. Precambrian Research 55 451-467.
15. Barton, J. M., Jr, Barnett, W. P., Barton, E. S., Barnett, M., Doorgapershad, A., Twiggs, C., Klemd, R., Martin, J., Millonig, L. & Zenglein, R. (2003). The geology of the area surrounding the Venetia kimberlite pipes, Limpopo Belt, South Africa. A complex interplay of nappe tectonics and granitoid magmatism. South African Journal of Geology 106, 109-128.
16. Barton, J.M., Jr, Klemd, R. & Zeh, A. (2006). The Limpopo Belt: A result of Archean to Proterozoic, Turkic-type orogenesis? In: Reimold, W. U. & Gibbson, R. (eds) Processes on the Early Earth. Geological Society of America, Special Publications 405, 315-332.
17. Berger, M. & Rollinson, H. (1997). Isotopic and geochemical evidence for crust-mantle interaction during late Archean crustal growth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4809-4829.
18. Berger, M., Kramers, J. D. & Nägler, T. F. (1995). An Archaean high grade province adjacent to a granite greenstone terrain: Geochemistry and geochronology of charnoenderbites in the Northern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt, Southern Africa and genetic models. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 75, 17-42.
19. Blenkinsop, T. G., Kröner, A. & Chiwara, V. (2004). Single stage, late Archean exhumation of granulites in the Northern Marginal Zone, Limpopo Belt, Zimbabwe, and relevance to gold mineralization at Renco Mine. South African Journal of Geology 107, 377-396.
20. Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (1997). The Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 148, 243-258.
21. Blichert-Toft, J. & Albarède, F. (2008). Hafnium isotopes in Jack Hills zircons and the formation of the Hadean crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 265, 686-702.
22. Blichert-Toft, J. & Arndt, N. T. (1999). Hf isotope compositions of komatiites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 171, 439-451.
23. Boshoff, R., van Reenen, D. D., Smit, C. A., Perchuk, L. L., Kramers, J. D. & Armstrong, R. (2006). Geologic history of the Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex: The West Alldays area. Journal of Geology 114 699-716.
24. Bouvier, A., Vervoort, J. D. & Patchett, P. J. (2008). The Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: Constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 273, 48-57.
25. Brandl, G. & Kröner, A. (1993). Preliminary results of single zircon studies from various Archaean rocks of the north-eastern Transvaal. Abstracts, 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Mbabane, Swaziland, Vol. 2, 54-56.
26. Brandl, G., Jaeckel, P. & Kröner, A. (1996). Single zircon age for the felsic Rubbervale Formation, Murchison greenstone belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 99, 229-234.
27. Brandl, G., Cloete, M. & Anhaeusser, C. R. (2006). Archaean greenstone belts. In: Johnson, M. R., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Thomas, R. J. (eds) The Geology of South Africa. Pretoria: Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg/Council of Geosciences, pp. 9-57.
28. Buick, I. S., Williams, I. S., Gibbson, R. L., Cartwright, I. & Miller, J. A. (2003). Carbon and U-Pb evidence for a Palaeoproterozoic crustal component in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa. Journal of the Geological Society, London 160, 601-612.
29. Carney, J. N., Aldiss, D. T. & Lock, N. P. (1994). The geology of Botswana, Garborone: Geological Survey Department.
30. Chauvel, C. & Blichert-Toft, J. (2001). A hafnium isotope and trace element perspective on melting of the depleted mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 190, 137-151.
31. Chavagnac, V., Kramers, J. D., Nägler, T. F. & Holzer, L. (2001). The behaviour of Nd and Pb isotopes during 2.0 Ga migmatization in paragneisses of the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt (South Africa and Botswana). Precambrian Research 112, 51-86.
32. Chudy, T., Zeh, A., Gerdes, A., Klemd, R. & Barton, J. M., Jr (2008). Paleoarchean (3.3 Ga) mafic magmatism and Paleoproterozoic (2.02 Ga) amphibolite-facies metamorphism in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt: New geochronological, petrological and geochemical constraints from metabasic and metapelitic rocks from the Venetia area. South African Journal of Geology 111, 387-408.
33. Cloete, M. (1999). Aspects of volcanism and metamorphism of the Onverwacht Group lavas in the south-western portion of the Barberton greenstone belt. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of South Africa, 84, 232 pp.
34. Compston, W. & Kröner, A. (1988). Multiple zircon growth within early Archean tonalitic gneiss from the Ancient Gneiss Complex, Swaziland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 87, 13-28.
35. Condie, K. C. (2005). TTGs and adakites: Are they both slab melts? Lithos 80, 33-44.
36. Condie, K. C., Beyer, E., Belousova, E., Griffin, W. L. & O'Reilly, S. Y. (2005). U-Pb isotopic ages and Hf isotopic composition of single zircons: The search for juvenile Precambrian continental crust. Precambrian Research 139, 42-100.
37. Coward, M. P., James, P. R. & Wright, L. (1976). Northern margin of the Limpopo mobile belt, southern Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87, 601-611.
38. Davis, D. W., Amelin, Y., Nowell, G. M. & Parrish, R. R. (2005). Hf isotopes in zircon from the western Superior province, Canada: Implications for Archean crustal development and evolution of the depleted mantle reservoir. Precambrian Research 114, 295-325.
39. De Ronde, C. E. J. & de Wit, M. J. (1994). Tectonic history of the Barberton greenstone belt, Southern Africa: 490 million years of Archean crustal evolution. Tectonics 13, 983-1005.
40. De Ronde, C. E. J. & Kamo, S. L. (2000). An Archean arc-arc collision event: A short-lived (ca 3 Myr) episode, Weltevreden area, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 30, 219-248.
41. De Ronde, C. E. J., Kamo, S., Davis, D. W., de Wit, M. J. & Spooner, E. T. C. (1991). Field geochemical and U-Pb isotopic constraints from hypabyssal felsic intrusions within the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Implications for tectonics and the timing of gold mineralization. Precambrian Research 49, 261-280.
42. De Wit, M. J., Armstrong, R. A., Hart, R. J. & Wilson, A. H. (1987). Felsic igneous rocks within the 3.3 to 3.5 Ga Barberton greenstone belt: high crustal level equivalents of the surrounding tonalite-trondhjemite terrain, emplaced during thrusting. Tectonics 6, 529-562.
43. De Wit, M. J., Roering, C., Hart, R. J., Armstrong, R. A., De Ronde, C. E. J., Green, R. W. E., Tredoux, M., Peberdy, E. & Hart, R. A. (1992). Formation of an Archaean continent. Nature 357, 553-562.
44. De Wit, M. J., Armstrong, R. A., Kamo, S. L. & Erlank, A. J. (1993). Gold-bearing sediments in the Pietersburg greenstone belt: Age equivalents of the Witwatersrand Supergroup sediments, South Africa. Economic Geology 88, 1242-1252.
45. Dirks, P. H. G. M. & Jelsma, H. A. (2002). Crust-mantle decoupling and the growth of the Archaean Zimbabwe craton. Journal of African Earth Science 34, 157-166.
46. Dodson, M. H., Compston, W., Williams, I. S. & Wilson, J. F. (1988). A search for ancient detrital zircons in Zimbabwean sediments. Journal of the Geological Society, London 145, 977-983.
47. Dorland, H. C., Beukes, N. J., Gutzmer, J., Evans, D. A. D. & Armstrong, R. A. (2006). Precise SHRIMP U-Pb age constraints on the lower Watersberg and Soutpansberg Groups, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 109, 139-156.
48. Dziggel, A., Stevens, G., Poujol, M., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Armstrong, R. A. (2002). Metamorphism of the granite-greenstone terrane south of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: An insight into the tectono-thermal evolution of the lower portions of the Onverwacht Group. Precambrian Research 114, 221-247.
49. Eglington, B. M. & Armstrong, R. A. (2004). The Kaapvaal Craton and adjacent orogens, southern Africa: A geochronological data-base and overview of the geological development of the craton. South African Journal of Petrology 107, 13-32.
50. Frei, D. & Gerdes, A. (2009). Accurate and precise in situ zircon U-Pb age dating with high spatial resolution and high sample throughput by automated LA-SF-ICP-MS. Chemical Geology 261, 261-270.
51. Gerdes, A. & Zeh, A. (2006). Combined U-Pb and Hf isotope LA-(MC) ICP-MS analyses of detrital zircons: Comparison with SHRIMP and new constraints for the provenance and age of an Armorican metasediment in Central Germany. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 249, 47-61.
52. Gerdes, A. & Zeh, A. (2009). Zircon formation versus zircon alteration - new insights from combined U-Pb and Lu-Hf in-situ LA-ICP-MS analyses, and consequences for the interpretation of Archean zircon from the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt. Chemical Geology 261, 230-243.
53. Griffin, W. L., O'Reilly, S. Y., Natapov, L. M. & Ryan, C. G. (2003). The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margins. Lithos 71, 215-241.
54. Griffin, W. L., Belousova, E. A., Shee, S. R., Pearson, N. J. & O'Reilly, S. Y. (2004). Archean crustal evolution in the northern Yilgarn Craton: U-Pb and Hf-isotope evidence from detrital zircons. Precambrian Research 131, 231-282.
55. Grobler, D. F. & Walraven, F. (1993). Geochronology of Gaborone Granite Complex extensions in the area north of Mafikeng, South Africa. Chemical Geology 105, 319-337.
56. Gruau, G., Chauvel, C., Arndt, N. T. & Cornichet, J. (1990). Aluminium depletion in komatiites and garnet fractionation in the early Archean mantle: Hafnium isotope constraints. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 3095-3101.
57. Halpin, J. A., Gerakiteys, C. L., Clarke, G. L., Belousova, E. A. & Griffin, W. L. (2005). In-situ U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analyses of the Rayner Complex, east Antarctica. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 148, 689-706.
58. Harrison, T. M., Blichert-Toft, J., Müller, W., Albarède, F., Holden, P. & Mojzsis, S. J. (2005). Heterogeneous Hadean hafnium: Evidence of continental crust by 4.4-4.5 Ga. Science 310, 1947-1950.
59. 18O, and Ti thermometry results for Hadean zircons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 268, 476-486.
60. Hartlaub, R. P., Heaman, L. M., Simonetti, A. & Böhm, C. O. (2006). Relics of Earth' earliest crust: U-Pb, Lu-Hf, and morphological characteristics of >3.7 Ga detrital zircon of the western Canadian Shield. In: Reimold, W. U. & Gibbson, R. (eds) Processes on the Early Earth. Geological Society of America, Special Publications 405, 315-332.
61. Hawkesworth, C. J. & Kemp, A. I. S. (2006). Using hafnium and oxygen isotopes in zircons to unravel the record of crustal evolution. Chemical Geology 226, 144-162.
62. Henderson, D. R., Long, L. E. & Barton, J. M. (2000). Isotopic ages and chemical and isotopic compositions of the Archean Turfloop batholith, Pietersburg granite-greenstone terrane, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 103, 38-46.
63. Hisada, K. & Miyano, T. (1996). Petrology and microthermometry of aluminous rocks in the Botswanan Limpopo Central Zone: Evidence for isothermal decompression and isobaric cooling. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 183-197.
64. Holzer, L., Frei, R., Barton, J. M., Jr & Kramers, J. D. (1998). Unraveling the record of successive high grade events in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt using Pb single phase dating of metamorphic minerals. Precambrian Research 87, 87-115.
65. Holzer, L., Barton, J. M., Jr, Paya, B. K. & Kramers, J. D. (1999). Tectonothermal history in the western part of the Limpopo Belt: Test of tectonic models and new perspectives. Journal of African Earth Sciences 28, 383-402.
66. Horstwood, M. S. A., Nesbitt, R. W., Noble, S. R. & Wilson, J. F. (1999). U-Pb zircon evidence for an extensive early Archean craton in Zimbabwe: A reassessment of the timing of craton formation, stabilization and growth. Geology 27, 707-710.
67. Iizuka, T. & Hirata, T. (2005). Improvements of precision and accuracy in in-situ Hf isotope microanalysis of zircon using laser ablation-MC-ICPMS technique. Chemical Geology 220, 121-137.
68. Jackson, M. P. A. (1984). Archean structural styles in the Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland, southern Africa. In: Kröner, A. & Greiling, R. (eds) Precambrian Tectonics Illustrated. Stuttgart: Schweitzerbart, pp. 1-18.
69. Jaeckel, P., Kröner, A., Kamo, S. L, Brandl, G. & Wendt, J. I. (1997). Late Archaean to early Proterozoic granitoid magmatism and high-grade metamorphism in the central Limpopo belt, South Africa. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 25-44.
70. James, D. E. & Fouch, M. J. (2002). Formation and evolution of Archean cratons: Insights from Southern Africa. In: Ebinger, C., Fowler, M. & Hawkesworth, C. J. (eds) The Early Earth: Physical, Chemical and Biological Development. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 199, 1-26.
71. James, D. E., Fouch, M. J., VanDecar, J. C., van der Lee, S. & Group, K. S. (2001). Tectospheric structure beneath southern Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2485-2488.
72. Jelsma, H. A. & Dirks, P. H. G. M. (2002). Neoarchean tectonic evolution of the Zimbabwe Craton. In: Fowler, C. M. R., Ebinger, C. B. & Hawkesworth, C. J. (eds) The Early Earth: Physical, Chemical and Biological Development. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 199, 183-211.
73. Jelsma, H. A., Vinyu, M. L., Valbracht, P. J., Davies, G. R., Wijbrans, J. R. & Verdurmen, E. A. T. (1996). Constraints on Archean crustal evolution of the Zimbabwe craton: A U-Pb zircon, Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb whole rock isotope study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 124, 55-70.
74. Kamber, B. & Biino, G. G. (1995). The evolution of high T-low P granulites in the Northern Marginal Zone sensu stricto, Limpopo Belt, Zimbabwe - The case for petrography. Schweizerische Mineralogische Petrographische Mitteilungen 75, 427-454.
75. Kamber, B., Blenkinsop, T. G., Villa, I. M. & Dahl, P. S. (1995a). Proterozoic transpressive deformation in the Northern Marginal Zone, Limpopo Belt, Zimbabwe. Journal of Geology 103, 493-508.
76. Kamber, B., Kramers, J. D., Napier, R., Cliff, R. A. & Rollinson, H. R. (1995b). The Triangle Shearzone, Zimbabwe, revisited: New data document an important event at 2.0 Ga in the Limpopo Belt. Precambrian Research 70, 191-213.
77. Kamber, B. S., Ewart, A., Collerson, K. D., Bruce, M. C. & McDonalds, G. D. (2002). Fluid-mobile trace element constraints on the role of slab melting and implications for Archean crustal growth models. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 144, 38-56.
78. Kamber, B. S., Collerson, K. D., Moorbath, S. & Whitehouse, M. J. (2003). Inheritance of early Archean Pb-isotope variability from long-lived Hadean protocrust. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 145, 25-46.
79. Kamber, B. S., Whitehouse, M. J., Bolhar, R. & Moorbath, S. (2005). Volcanic resurfacing and the early terrestrial crust: Zircon U-Pb and REE constraints from the Isua Greenstone Belt, southern Greenland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240, 276-290.
80. Kamo, S. L. & Davis, D. W. (1994). Reassesment of Archean crustal development in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, based on U-Pb dating. Tectonics 13, 167-192.
81. Kemp, A. I. S., Foster, G. L., Schersten, A., Whitehouse, M. J., Darling, J. & Storey, C. (2009). Concurrent Pb-Hf isotope analysis of zircon by laser ablation multi-collector ICP-MS, with implications for the crustal evolution of Greenland and the Himalayas. Chemical Geology 261, 244-260.
82. Key, R. M. (1976). The geology of the area around Francistown and Phikwe, Northeast and Central Districts, Botswana. Geological Survey of Botswana District Memoir 3, 121 pp.
83. Key, R. M., Mapeo, R. B. M., Van Zyl, H. E. M., Hargreaves, R. L. & Holmes, H. (1994). The geology of the Topisi area. Bulletin Geological Survey Botswana 38, 84.
84. Kramers, J. D. (2007). Hierarchical Earth accretion and the Hadean Eon. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 3-17.
85. Kreissig, K., Nägler, T. F., Kramers, J. D., Van Reenen, D. D. & Smit, C. A. (2000). An isotopic and geochemical study of the northern Kaapvaal Craton and the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt: Are they juxtaposed terranes? Lithos 50, 1-25.
86. Kreissig, K., Holzer, L., Frei, R., Villa, I. M., Kramers, J. D., Kröner, A., Smit, C. A. & Van Reenen, D. D. (2001). Chronology of the Hout River Shear Zone and the metamorphism in the Southern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research 109, 145-173.
87. Kröner, A. & Tegtmeyer, A. (1994). Gneiss-greenstone reltionships in the Ancient Gneiss Complex of southwestern Swaziland, southern Africa, and implications for early crustal evolution. Precambrian Research 67, 109-139.
88. Kröner, A., Compston, W. & Williams, I. S. (1989). Growth of early Archean crust in the Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland as revealed by single zircon dating. Tectonophysics 161, 271-298.
89. Kröner, A., Hegner, E., Wendt, J. I. & Byerly, G. R. (1996). The oldest part of the Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa: evidence for crust formation at 3.5 and 3.7 Ga. Precambrian Research 78, 105-124.
90. Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P., Hofmann, A., Nemchin, A. A. & Brandl, G. (1998). Field relationships and age of supracrustal Beit Bridge Complex and associated granitoid gneisses in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 101, 201-213.
91. Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P., Brandl, G., Nemchin, A. A. & Pidgeon, R. T. (1999). Single zircon ages for granitoid gneisses in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, Southern Africa and geodynamic significance. Precambrian Research 93, 299-337.
92. Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P. & Brandl, G. (2000). Single zircon ages for felsic to intermediate rocks from the Pietersburg and Giyani greenstone belts and bordering granitoid orthogneisses, northern Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 30, 773-793.
93. Layer, P.W., Kröner, A. & York, D. (1992). Pre-3000 Ma thermal history of the Archean Kaap Valley pluton, South Africa. Geology 22, 1099-1102.
94. Lowe, D. R. (1994). Accretionary history of the Archean Barberton greenstone belt (3.55-3.22 Ga) southern Africa. Geology 22, 1099-1102.
95. Ludwig, K. (2001). Isoplot/Ex, rev. 2.49. A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publications 1a.
96. Maphalala, R. M. & Kröner, A. (1993). Pb-Pb single zircon ages for the younger Archean granitoids of Swaziland, southern Africa. In: Abstracts, 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Mbabane, Swaziland Vol. 2 pp. 201-206.
97. Martin, H., Smithies, R. H., Rapp, R., Moyen, J.-F. & Champion, D. (2005). An overview of adakite, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) and sanukitoid relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos 79, 1-24.
98. Mason, R. (1973). The Limpopo mobile belt - Southern Africa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 273, 463-485.
99. McCourt, S. & Armstrong, R. A. (1998). SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of granites from the Central Zone, Limpopo Belt, southern Africa: Implications for the age of the Limpopo Orogeny. South African Journal of Geology 101, 329-338.
100. McCourt, S. & Vearncombe, J. R. (1987). Shear zones bounding the central zone of the Limpopo mobile belt, southern Africa. Journal of Structural Geology 9, 127-137.
101. McCourt, S. & Vearncombe, J. R. (1992). Shear Zones of the Limpopo Belt and adjacent granitoid-greenstone terranes, implications for late Archaean collision tectonics in Southern Africa. Precambrian Research 55, 553-570.
102. McCourt, S., Kampunzu, A. B., Armstrong, R. A. & Bagai, Z. (2004). The crustal architecture of Archaean terranes in Northeastern Botswana. South African Journal of Geology 107, 147-158.
103. Meyer, F. M., Robb, L. J., Reimold, W. U. & de Bruin, H. (1994). Contrasting low and high Ca granites in the Archean Barberton Mountain Land, southern Africa. Lithos 32, 63-76.
104. Millonig, L., Zeh, A., Gerdes, A. & Klemd, R. (2008). Neoarchaean high-grade metamorphism in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt (South Africa): Combined petrological and geochronological evidence from the Bulai pluton. Lithos 103, 333-351.
105. Mkweli, S., Kamber, B. & Berger, M. (1995). Westward continuation of the craton-Limpopo Belt tectonic break in Zimbabwe and new age constraints on the timing of the thrusting. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 77-83.
106. Moore, M., Davis, D.W., Robb, L. J., Jackson, M. C. & Grobler, D. F. (1993). Archean rapakivi granite-anorthosite-rhyolite complex in the Witwatersrand Basin hinterland, southern Africa. Geology 21, 1031-103.
107. Moser, D. E., Flowers, R. & Hart, R. J. (2000). Birth of the Kaapvaal lithosphere at 3.08 Ga: Implications for the growth of ancient continents. Science 291, 465-468.
108. Nägler, T. F., Kramers, J. D., Kamber, B. S., Frei, R. & Prendergast, M. D. A. (1997). Growth of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath Zimbabwe started at of before 3.8 Ga; Re-Os study on chromites. Geology 25, 983-986.
109. Parman, S.W., Dann, J. C., Grove, T. L. & de Wit, M. J. (1997). Emplacement conditions of komatiite magmas from the 3.49 Ga Komati Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150, 303-323.
110. Parman, S. W., Grove, T. L., Dann, J. C. & De Wit, J. M. (2004). A subduction origin for komatiites and cratonic lithospheric mantle. South African Journal of Geology 107, 107-118.
111. Patchett, P. J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C. E. & Tatsumoto, M. (1981). Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: Evidence from Hf isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 78, 279-297.
112. Pearson, D. G. (1999). The age of continental roots. Lithos 48 171-194.
113. Pearson, N. J., Griffin, W. L. & O'Reilly, S. Y. (2008). Mass fractionation correction in laser ablation multiple-collector ICP-MS: implications for overlap corrections and precise and accurate in situ isotope ratio measurement. In: Sylvester, P. (ed.) Laser Ablation ICP-MS in the Earth Sciences: Current Practices and Outstanding Issues. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series 40, 93-116.
114. Pettingill, H. S. & Patchett, P. J. (1981). Lu-Hf total-rock age for the Amîtsoq gneisses, West Greenland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 55, 150-156.
115. Polat, A. & Münker, C. (2004). Hf-Nd isotope evidence for contemporaneous subduction processes in the source of late Archean arc lavas from the Superior Province, Canada. Chemical Geology 213 403-429.
116. Poujol, M. (2001). U-Pb isotopic evidence for episodic granitoid emplacement in the Murchison greentone belt, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 33, 155-163.
117. Poujol, M. & Robb, L. J. (1999). New U-Pb zircon ages on gneisses and pegmtites from south of the Murchison greenstone belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 102, 93-97.
118. Poujol, M., Robb, L. J., Respaut, J. P. & Anhaeusser, C. R. (1996). 3a07-2a97 Ga greenstone belt formation in the northeastern Kaapvaal Craton: Implications for the origin of the Witwatersrand Basin. Economic Geology 91, 1455-1461.
119. Poujol, M., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Armstrong, R. A. (2002). Episodic granitoid emplacement in the Archaean Amalian-Kraaipan terrane, South Africa: Confirmation from single zircon U-Pb geochronology. Journal of African Earth Sciences 35, 147-161.
120. Poujol, M., Robb, L. J., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Gericke, B. (2003). A review of the geochronolgical constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Precambrian Research 127, 181-213.
121. Ranganai, R. T., Kampunzu, A. B., Atekwana, E. A., Paya, B. K., King, J. G., Koosimile, D. I. & Stettler, E. H. (2002). Gravity evidence for a larger Limpopo Belt in southern Africa and geodynamic implications. Geophysical Journal International 149, 9-14.
122. Richardson, S. H., Gurney, J. J., Erlank, A. J. & Harris, J.W. (1984). Origin of diamonds in old enriched mantle. Nature 310, 198-202.
123. Richardson, S. H., Shirey, S. B. & Harris, J.W. (2004). Episodic diamond genesis at Jwaneng, Botswana, and implications for Kaapvaal craton evolution. Lithos 77, 143-154.
124. Rino, S., Komiya, T., Windley, B. F., Katayama, I., Motoki, A. & Hirata, T. (2004). Major episodic increase of continental crustal growth determined from zircon ages of river sands; implications for mantle overturns in the Early Precambrian. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 146, 369-394.
125. Robb, L. J., Brandl, G., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Poujol, M. (2006). Archean granitoid intrusions. In: Johnson, M. R., Anhaeusser, C. R. & Thomas, R. J. (eds) The Geology of South Africa. Pretoria: Geological Society of South Africa: Johannesburg/Council of Geosciences, pp. 57-94.
126. Roering, C., Van Reenen, D. D., Smit, C. A., Barton, J. M., Jr, De Beer, J. H., De Wit, M. J., Stettler, E. H., Van Schalkwyk, J. F., Stevens, G. & Pretorius, S. (1992). Tectonic model for the evolution of the Limpopo Belt. Precambrian Research 55, 539-552.
127. Rollinson, H. R. & Blenkinsop, T. (1995). The magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic evolution of the Northern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt in Zimbabwe. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 66-75.
128. Rudnick, R. L. & Fontain, D. M. (1995). Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective. Reviews of Geophysics 33, 267-309.
129. Schaller, M., Steiner, O., Studer, I., Holzer, L., Herwegh, M. & Kramers, J. D. (1999). Exhumation of the Limpopo Central Zone granulites and dextral continent-scale transcurrent movement at 2a0 Ga along the Palala Shear Zone, Northern Province, South Africa. Precambrian Research 96, 263-288.
130. Scherer, E., Münker, C. & Mezger, K. (2001). Calibration of the lutetium-hafnium clock. Science 293, 683-687.
131. Scherer, E., Whitehouse, M. J. & Münker, C. (2007). Zircon as a monitor of crustal growth. Elements 3, 19-24.
132. Schmitz, M. D., Bowring, S. A., de Wit, M. J. & Gartz, V. (2004). Subduction and terrane collision stabilize the west Kaapvaal craton tectosphere 2.9 billion years ago. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222, 363-376.
133. Schoene, B., de Wit, M. J. & Bowring, S. A. (2008). Mesoarchean assembly and stabilization of the eastern Kaapvaal craton: A structural-thermochronological perspective. Tectonics 27, TC5010, doi:10.1029/2008TC002267.
134. Shirey, S. B., Richardson, S. H. & Harris, J. W. (2004). Integrated models of diamond formation and craton evolution. Lithos 77, 923-944.
135. Smithies, R. H. (2000). The Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) series is not an analogue of Cenozoic adakite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 182, 115-125.
136. 176Lu decay constant determined by Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotope systematics of Precambrian mafic intrusions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 219, 311-324.
137. Stacey, J. S. & Kramers, J. D. (1975). Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 26, 207-221.
138. Stevenson, R. K. & Patchett, P. J. (1990). Implications for the evolution of continental crust from Hf isotope systematics of Archean detrital zircons. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 1683-1697.
139. Taylor, P. N., Kramers, J. D., Moorbath, S., Wilson, J. F., Orpen, J. L. & Martin, A. (1991). Pb/Pb, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr geochronology in the Archean Craton of Zimbabwe. Chemical Geology 87, 175-196.
140. Tegtmeyer, A. R. & Kröner, A. (1987). U-Pb zircon ages bearing on the nature of early Archean greenstone belt evolution, Barberton Mountain Land, southern Africa. Precambrian Research 36, 1-20.
141. Van Reenen, D. D., Barton, J. M., Jr, Roering, C., Smit, C. A. & Van Schalkwyk, J. F. (1987). Deep crustal response to continental collision: The Limpopo belt of southern Africa. Geology 15, 11-14.
142. Van Reenen, D. D., Roering, C., Ashwal, L. D. & deWit, M. L. (1992). Regional geological setting of the Limpopo Belt. Precambrian Research 55, 1-5.
143. Van Reenen, D. D., Perchuk, L. L., Smit, C. A., Varlamov, D. A., Boshoff, R., Huizenga, J. M. & Gerya, T. V. (2004). Structural and P-T evolution of a major cross fold in the Central Zone of the Limpopo high-grade terrain, South Africa. Journal of Petrology 45, 1413-1439.
144. Vearncombe, J. R. (1991). A possible Archaean island arc in the Murchison Belt, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 13, 299-304.
145. Vearncombe, J. R., Barton, J. M., Cheshire, P. E., De Beer, J. H., Stettler, E. H. & Brandl, G. (1992). Geology, geophysics and mineralisation of the Murchison schist belt, Rooiwater Complex and surrounding granitoids. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of South Africa 81, 139 pp.
146. Vervoort, J. D. & Blichert-Toft, J. (1999). Evolution of the depleted mantle: Hf isotope evidence from juvenile rocks through time. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 533-556.
147. Vervoort, J. D., Patchett, P. J., Gehrels, G. E. & Nutman, A. P. (1996). Constraints on early Earth differentiation from hafnium and neodymium isotopes. Nature 379, 624-627.
148. Walraven, F. (1989). The Geology of the Pilgrim's Rest area. Explanations Sheet 2430 (1:250-000) Geological Series). Pretoria: Geological Survey of South Africa.
149. Watkeys, M. K. & Armstrong, R. A. (1985). The importance of being alkaline - deformed late Archean lamprophyric dykes, Central Zone, Limpopo Belt. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 88, 195-206.
150. Wedepohl, K. H. (1995). The compositions of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, 1217-1232.
151. Westerlund, K. J., Gurney, J. J., Carlson, R. W., Shirey, S. B., Hauri, E. H. & Richardson, S. H. (2004). A metasomatic origin for late Archean eclogitic diamonds: Implications from internal morphology of diamonds and Re-Os and S isotope characteristics of their sulphide inclusions from the late Jurassic Klipspringer kimberlites. South African Journal of Geology 107, 119-130.
152. Wilson, J. F., Bickle, M. J., Hawkesworth, C. J., Martin, A., Nisbet, E. G. & Orpen, J. L. (1978). Granite-greenstone terrains of the Rhodesian Archean Craton. Nature 271, 23-27.
153. Wilson, J. F., Nesbitt, R. W. & Fanning, C. M. (1995). Zircon geochronology of Archaean felsic sequences in the Zimbabwe craton: A revison of greenstone stratigraphy and a model for crustal growth. In: Coward, M. P. & Ries, A. C. (eds) Early Precambrian Processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 95, 109-126.
154. Woodhead, J., Hergt, J., Shelley, M., Eggins, S. & Kemp, R. (2004). Zircon Hf-isotope analysis with an excimer laser, depth profiling, ablation of complex geometries, and concomitant age estimation. Chemical Geology 209, 121-135.
155. Wu, F. Y., Yang, Y. H., Xie, L. W., Yang, J. H. & Xu, P. (2006). Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and baddeleyites in U-Pb geochronology. Chemical Geology 234, 105-126.
156. Zeh, A., Klemd, R., Buhlmann, S. & Barton, J. M. (2004). Pro- and retrograde P-T evolution of granulites of the Beit Bridge Complex (Limpopo Belt, South Africa): Constraints from quantitative phase diagrams and geotectonic implications. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 22, 79-95.
157. Zeh, A., Klemd, R. & Barton, J.M., Jr (2005a). Petrological evolution in the roof of the high-grade metamorphic Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa. Geological Magazine 142, 229-240.
158. Zeh, A., Holland, T. J. B. & Klemd, R. (2005b). Phase relationships in grunerite-garnet-bearing amphibolites in the system CFMASH, with applications to metamorphic rocks from the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 23, 1-17.
159. Zeh, A., Gerdes, A., Klemd, R. & Barton, J. M., Jr (2007). Archean to Proterozoic crustal evolution in the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt (South Africa/Botswana): Constraints from combined U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope analyses of zircon. Journal of Petrology 48, 1605-1639.
160. Zeh, A., Gerdes, A., Klemd, R. & Barton, J. M., Jr (2008). U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope record of detrital zircon grains from the Limpopo Belt - evidence for crustal recycling at the Hadean to early-Archean transition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, 5304-5329.
161. Zhai, M., Kampunzu, A. B., Modisi, M. P. & Bagai, Z. (2006). Sr and Nd isotope systematics of the Francistown plutonic rocks, Botswana: implications for Neoarchean crustal evolution of the Zimbabwe craton. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau) 95 355-369.
162. Zheng, J., Griffin, W. L., O'Reilly, S. Y., Lu, F., Wang, C., Zhang, M., Wang, F. & Li, H. (2004). 3.6 Ga lower crust in central China: New evidence on the assembly of the North China craton. Geology 32 229-232.