Deep crustal seismic reflection experiment across the southern Karoo Basin, South Africa

South African Journal of Geology

Volumn 110, Issue 2-3, 2007, Pages 419-438

  Lindeque, Ansa S ^a,b,c   Ryberg, Trond ^b   Stankiewicz, Jacek ^b   Weber, Michael H ^b,d   de Wit, Maarten J ^b,c  

^a Western Cape Regional Office   (South Africa)

^b GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; IMAGING METHOD; MOHO; SEISMIC REFLECTION;

AFRICA; CAPE FOLD BELT; KAROO; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 36148981893     PISSN: 10120750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.419     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Barnett, W., Armstrong, R. and de Wit, M. (1997) Stratigraphy of the upper Neoproterozoic Kango and lower Paleozoic Table Mountain Groups of the Cape Fold Belt, revisited. South African Journal of Geology, 100, 237-250.
2. Barret, S.D. (1993) The African Mapping Project. International Institute for Aerospace Surveys and Earth Sciences, Special Issue, 2, 122-131.
3. Beattie, J.C. (1909). Report of a magnetic survey of South Africa. Royal Society of London Publication, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
4. Bräuer, B., Ryberg, T. and Lindeque, A.S. (2007) Shallow seismic velocity structure along the Prince Albert Slingersfontein profile. South African Journal of Geology, 110, 439-448.
5. Broquet, C.A.M. (1992) The sedimentary record of the Cape Supergroup: A review. In: M. J. De Wit and I.D.G. Ransome (Editors). Inversion tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt, Karoo and Karoo and Cretaceous basins of Southern Africa, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 159-184.
6. Catuneanu, O., Hancox, P.J and Rubidge, B.S. (1998). Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa. Basin Research, 10, 417-439.
7. Chevallier, L. and Woodford, A. (1999). Morpho-tectonics and mechanism of emplacement of the dolerite rings and sills of the western Karoo, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 102, 43-54.
8. Cloetingh, S., Lankreijer, A., de Wit, M.J., and Martinez, I. (1992). Subsidence history analyses and forward modelling of the Cape and Karoo Supergroups. In: M. J. De Wit and I.D.G. Ransome (Editors). Inversion tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt, Karoo and Karoo and Cretaceous basins of Southern Africa, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 239-248.
9. Clowes, R.M., Calvert, A.J., Eaton, D.W., Hajnal, Z., Hall, J. and Ross, G.M. (1996). LITHOPROBE reflection studies of Archean and Proterozoic crust in Canada. Tectonophysics, 264, 65-88.
10. Cole, D.I. (1992). Evolution and development of the Karoo Basin. In: M. J. De Wit and I.D.G. Ransome (Editors). Inversion tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt, Karoo and Karoo and Cretaceous basins of Southern Africa, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 23-26.
11. Cole, D.I. and McLachlan, I.R. (1994) Oil Shale Potential and Depositional Environment of the Whitehill Formation in the Main Karoo Basin. Internal Report No. 1994-0213. Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa. 146pp.
12. Cook, F.A., Clowes, R.M., Snyder, D.B., Van der Velden, A.J., Hall, K., Erdmer, P. and Evenchick, C.A. (2004). Precambrian crust and lithosphere beneath the Mesozoic Northern Canadian Cordillera discovered by LITHOPROBE seismic reflection profiling, Tectonics, 23 doi:10.1029/2002TC001412.
13. Cook, F.A., Hall, K.W., and Lynn, C.E. (2005). The edge of northwestern North America at 1.8Ga. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 42, 983-997.
14. De Beer, J.H. and Gough, D.I. (1980). Conductive structures in southernmost Africa: A magnetometer array study. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 63, 479-495
15. De Beer, J.H. and Meyer, R. (1983). Geoelectrical and gravitational characteristics of the Namaqua-Natal Mobile Belt and its boundaries. Special Publication Geology Society of South Africa, 10, 91-100.
16. De Beer, J.H. and Meyer, R. (1984). Geophysical characteristics of the Namaqua-Natat Mobile Belt and its boundaries, South Africa. Journal of Geodynamics, 1, 473-494
17. De Boer, J.H., van Zyl, J.S.V. and Bahneman, F.K. (1974). Plate tectonic origin for the Cape Fold Belt. Nature, 252, 675-676
18. De Beer, J.H. van Zijl, J.S.V. and Gough, D.I. (1982) The Southern Cape Conductive Belt (South Africa): Its composition, origin and tectonic significance. Tectonophysics, 83, 205-225.
19. De Wit, M.J. and Horsfield, B. (2006). Inkaba ye Africa Project Surveys Sector of Earth from Core to Space. EOS, American Geophysical Union, 87, 113-117.
20. Dewey, J.F., Robb, L. and van Schalkwyk, L. (2006). Did Bushmanland extentionally unroof Namaqualand? Precambrian Research, 150, 173-182.
21. Du Plessis, A. and Simpson, E.S.W. (1974). Magnetic Anomalies associated with the southeastern continental margin of South Africa. Marine Geophysical Researches, 2, 99-110.
22. Eglington, B.M. (2006). Evolution of the Namaqua-Natal Belt, southern Africa - A geochronological and isotope geochemical review. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 46, 93-111.
23. Eglington, B.M. and Armstrong, R.A. (2003). Geochronological and isotopic constraints on the Mesoproterozoic Namaqua-Natal Belt: evidence from deep borehole intersection in South Africa. Precambrian Research, 125, 179-189.
24. Evenchick C.A., Gabrielse, H. and Snyder D. (2005). Crustal structure and lithology of the northern Canadian Cordillera: alternative interpretations of SNORCLE seismic lines 2a and 2b. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 42, 1149-1161.
25. Fatti, J.L. and Du Toit, J.J.L. (1970), A regional reflection-seismic line in the Karoo basin near Beaufort West. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, 73, 17-28.
26. Frimmel, H.E. and Frank, W. (1998), Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal evolution of the Gariep Belt and its basement, Namibia and South Africa. Precambrian Research, 90, 1-28.
27. Gibson, B.S. and Levander, A.R. (1987). Imaging deep reflectors in the presence of signal-generated noise. IGCP project 474 images of the Earth's crust and upper mantle, Geophysical Journal, 89, 1-20.
28. Gough, D., de Beer, J. and van Zijl, J. (1973), A magnetometer array study in southern Africa, Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomy Society, 34, 421-433.
29. Green, R.W.E. and Durrheim, R.J. (1990), A seismic refraction investigation of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, South Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 19927-19932.
30. Groenewald, P., Grantham, G. and Watkeys, M. (1991). Geological evidence for a Proterozoic to Mesozoic link between southeastern Africa and Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 148, 1115-1123.
31. Hälbich, I.W. (1983). A tectonogenesis of the Cape Fold Belt (CFB). Special Publication of the Geological Society of South Africa, 12, 165-175.
32. Hälbich, I.W. and Swart, J (1983). Structural zoning and dynamic history of the cover rocks of the Cape Fold Belt. Special Publication of the Geological Society of South Africa, 12, 75-100.
33. Hälbich, I.W. (Compiler) (1993). Global Geoscience Transect 9. The Cape Fold Belt - Agulhas Bank transect across Gondwana Suture, Southern Africa. American Geophysical Union Special Publication, 202, 18pp.
34. Hartzer, F.J,, Johnson, M.R. and Eglington, B.M. (1998) The Stratigraphic Table of South Africa. Council for Geoscience Map Publication Series Pretoria, South Africa.
35. Harvey, J.D., de Wit, M.J., Stankiewicz, J. and Doucoure, C.M. (2001) Structural variations of the crust in the southwestern. Cape, deducted from seismic receiver functions. South African Journal of Geology, 104, 231-242.
36. Hoffman, P.F. (1991). Did the breakout of Laurentia rum Gondwanaland inside-out? Science, 252, 1409-1412.
37. Hoffman, P.F. (1999). The break-up of Rodinia, birth of Gondwana, true polar wander and the snowball Earth. Journal of African Earth Science, 28, 17-33.
38. Jacobs, J. and Thomas, R.J. (1994). Oblique collision at about 1.1Ga along the southern margin of the Kaapvaal continent, south-east Africa. Geologische Rundschau, 83, 322-333.
39. Jacobs, J., Thomas, R. and Weber, K. (1993). Accretion and indentation tectonics at the southern margin of the Kaapvaal craton during Kibaran (Grenville) orogeny. Geology, 21, 203-206.
40. Johnson, M.R., Van Vuuren, C.J. Visser, J.N.J. Cole, D.I., De V Wickens, H., Christie, A.D.M and Roberts, D.L. (1997) The Foreland Karoo Basin, South Africa. In: R.C. Selley (Editor), K.J. Hsu (Series Editor), African Basins. Sedimentary Basins of the World, Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, The Netherland, 3, 269-317.
41. Jokat, W., Boebel, T., König, M. and Meyer, U. (2003). Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 2428.
42. Knütter, R.K.C. (1994) Geologische Kartierung in der Umgebung von Laingsburg. Diplomarbeit. Universität Bonn, Germany. 93pp.
43. König, M. and Jokat, W. (2006). The Mesozoic breakup of the Weddell Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B12102, doi:10.1029/2005JB004035.
44. Kwadiba, M.T.O.G., Wright, C., Kqaswane, E.M., Simon, R.E. and Nguuri, T.K. (2003). Pn arrivals and lateral variations of Moho geometry beneath the Kaapvaal Craton. Lithos, 71, 393-411.
45. Ludden, J. and Hynes, A. (2000). The Atibi-Grenville Lithoprobe transect: two billion years of crust formation and recycling in the Precambrian shield of Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 37, 459-476.
46. Mahanyele, P. J. Bauer, K. Franke, D. Schulze, A. Ryberg, T. De Beer, C. H. Neben, S. Schreckenberger, B. and Stettler, E. H. (2004). How far to the south does the volcanic margin of Southwest Africa extend? An initial velocity model for the ocean-continent transition in the southern Cape Basin. Poster at 64.Jabrestagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany.
47. Martignole, J., Calvert, A.J., Friedman, R. and Reynolds, P (2000). Crustal evolution along a seismic section across the Grenville Province (western Quebec). Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 37, 291-306.
48. McCourt, S., Armstrong, R.A., Grantham, G.H. and Thomas, R.J. (2006). Geology and evolution of the Natal belt, South Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 46, 71-92.
49. Milani, E.J. and de Wit, M.J. (2007). Correlations between the classic Paraná and Cape-Karoo sequences of South America and southern Africa and their basin infills flanking the Gondwanides: Du Toit revisited. In: R. J. Pankhurst, R. A. J. Trouw, B. Brito Neves and M. J. de Wit (editors). West Gondwana: Pre-Cenozoic Correlations Across the South Atlantic - The Ties That Bind. The Geological Society, London, Special Publication, in press.
50. Mooney, W., Laske, G. and Masters, G (1998). Crust 5.1: a global crustal model at 5x5 degrees, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 727-747 and http://mahi.ucsd.edu/Gabi/rem.html.
51. Moores, E.M. (1991). Southwest US-East Antarctica (SWEAT) connection: A hypothesis. Geology, 19, 425-428.
52. Newton, A.R. (1992). Thrusting on the northern margin of the Cape Fold Belt, nears Laingsburg. In: M. J. De Wit and I.D.G. Ransome (Editors). Inversion tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt, Karoo and Karoo and Cretaceous basins of Southern Africa, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 193-197.
53. Parsiegla, N., Gohl, K. and Uenzelmann-Neben, G. (2007.) Deep crustal structure of the sheared South African continental margin: first results of the Agulhas-Karoo Geoscience Transect. South African Journal of Geology, 110, 393-406
54. Paton, D.A., Macdonald, D.I.M. and Underhill, J.R. (2006). Applicability of thin or thick skinned structural models in a region of multiple inversion episodes; Southern Africa. Journal of Structural Geology, 28, 1933-1947.
55. Pitts, B.E. and Maher, M.J. (1991). Magnetic and gravity Interpretation of crustal structure in the southern Cape Province of South Africa. Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) Abstracts, Houston, Texas, 61, 650-653.
56. Pitts, B.E., Maher, M.J., de Beer, J.H. and Gough, D.I. (1992). Interpretation of magnetic, gravity and magnetotelluric data across the Cape Fold Belt and Karoo Basin. In: M. J. De Wit and I.D.G, Ransome (Editors). Inversion tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt, Karoo and Karoo and Cretaceous basins of Southern Africa, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 27-32.
57. Raith, J.G., Cornell, D.H., Frimmel, H.E. and De Beer, C.H. (2003). New insights into the gology of the Namaqua tectonic province, South Africa, from Ion Probe dating of detrital and metamorphic Zircon. Journal of Geology, 111, 347-366.
58. Robb, L.J., Armstrong, R.A. and Waters, D.J. (1999). The history of Granulite-Facies metamorphism and crustal growth from single Zircon U-Pb geochronology: Namaqualand, South Africa. Journal of Petrology, 40, 1747-1770.
59. Stankiewicz, J., Ryberg, T., Schulze, A., Lindeque, A.S., Weber, M.H. and De Wit, M.J. (2007). Initial Results from wide-angle seismic refraction lines in the Southern Cape. South African Journal of Geology, 110, 407-418.
60. Tankard, A.J., Jackson, M.P.A., Erikson, K.A., Hobday, D.K., Hunter, D.R. and Minter, W.E.L. (1982). Crustal evolution of Southern Africa. 3.8 billion years of earth history, Springer-Verlag, New York, United States of America, 532pp.
61. Thomas, R.J., Agenbacht, A.L.D., Cornell, D.H. and Moore, J.M. (1994). The Kibaran of southern Africa: Tectonic Evolution and metallogeny. Ore Geology Reviews, 9, 131-160.
62. Torsvik, T.H. (2003). The Rodinia Jigsaw Puzzle. Science, 300, 1379-1381.
63. Visser, J.N.J. (1987). The Palaeogeography of part of southwestern Gondwana during the Perm-Carboniferous glaciation. Paleogeogaphy, Palaeoclimaology, Palaeoecology, 61, 205-219.
64. Visser, J.N.J., Loock, J.C. and Colliston, W.P. (1987). Subacqueous outwash fan and esker sandstones in the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Formation of South Africa. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57, 467-478.
65. Wamer, M. (1987). Migration - why doesn't it work for deep continental data. IGCP project 474 Images of the Earth's crust and upper mantle, Geophysical Journal, 89, 1.
66. Weckmann, U., Ritter, O., A. Jung., Branch, T. and de Wit, M. (2007a). Magnetotelluric measurements across the Beattie magnetic anomaly and the Southern Cape Conductive Belt, South Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, doi:10.1029/2005JB003975.
67. Weckmann, U., Jung, A., Branch, T. and Ritter, O. (2007b). Comparison of electrical conductivity structures and 2D magnetic modelling along two profiles crossing the Beattie Magnetic Anomaly, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 110, 449-464.
68. White, D.J., Forsyth, D.A., Asudeh, I., Carr, S.D., Wu, H., Easton, R.M. and Mereu, R.F. (2000). A seismic-based cross section of the Grenville Orogen in southern Ontario and western Quebec. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 37, 183-192.
69. Winardhi, S and Mereu R.F. (1997). Crustal velocity structure of the Superior and Grenville provinces of the southeastern Canadian Shield. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 34, 1167-1184.
70. Wright, C., Kgaswane, E.M., Kwadiba, M.T.O., Simon, R.E., Nguuri, T.K. and McRae-Samuel, R. (2003). South African seismicity, April 1997 to April 1999, and regional variations in the crust and uppermost mantle of the Kaapvaal Craton. Lithos, 71, 369-392.