Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the lower crust during Neoarchean Ventersdorp rifting and magmatism, Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 115, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 533-548

  Schmitz, Mark D ^a   Bowring, Samuel A ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Granulite; Kaapvaal craton; Lower crust; Monazite; Rifting; Sapphirine; U Pb geochronology; UHT metamorphism; Ventersdorp supergroup; Zircon

Indexed keywords

XENOLITHS;

DIFFUSION; GEOCHRONOLOGY; MONAZITE; RHEOLOGY; THERMAL EFFECTS;

TECTONICS;

ARCHEAN; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GRANULITE; LOWER CRUST; MAGMATISM; P-T CONDITIONS; RIFTING; ULTRAHIGH TEMPERATURE METAMORPHISM;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0038661664     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0533:UMITLC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Armstrong, R.A., Compston, W., Retief, E.A., Williams, I.S., and Welke, H.J., 1991, Zircon ion microprobe studies bearing on the age and evolution of the Wit-waterstrand triad: Precambrian Research, v. 53, p. 243-266.
2. Asami, M., Suzuki, K., and Grew, E.S., 2002, Chemical Th-U-total Pb dating by electron microprobe analysis of monazite, xenotime and zircon from the Archean Napier Complex, East Antarctica: Evidence for ultra-high temperature metamorphism at 2400 Ma: Precambrian Research, v. 114, p. 249-275.
3. Barton, J.M., Jr., Blignaut, E., Salnikova, E.G., and Kohov, A.B., 1995, The stratigraphical position of the Buffelsfontein Group based on field relationships and chemical and geochronological data: South African Journal of Geology, v. 98, p. 386-392.
4. 2 conditions: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 108, p. 55-71.
5. Bingen, B., and van Breemen, O., 1998, U-Pb monazite ages in amphibolite- to granulite-facies orthogneisses reflect hydrous mineral breakdown reactions: Sveconorwegian Province of southwest Norway: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 132, p. 336-353.
6. Black, L.P., Williams, I.S., and Compston, W., 1986, Four zircon ages from one rock: The history of a 3939 Ma old granulite from Mount Sones, Enderby Land, Antarctica: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. v. 94, p. 427-437.
7. Block, L., and Royden, L.H., 1990, Core complex geometries and regional scale flow in the lower crust: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 557-567.
8. Bodorkos, S., Sandiford, M., Oliver, N.H.S., and Cawood, P.A., 2002, High-T, low-P metamorphism in the Paleoproterozoic Halls Creek Orogen, northern Australia: The middle crustal response to a mantle-related transient thermal pulse: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 20, p. 217-237.
9. 3 polymorphs: American Mineralogist, v. 76, p. 677-680.
10. Bottinga, Y., Kudo, A., and Weill, D., 1966, Some observations on oscillatory zoning and crystallization of magmatic plagioclase: American Mineralogist, v. 51, p. 792-806.
11. Braun, I., Montel, J.M., and Nicollet, C., 1998, Electron microprobe dating of monazites from high-grade gneisses and pegmatites of the Kerala Khondalite Belt, southern India: Chemical Geology, v. 146, p. 65-85.
12. Buck, S.G., 1980. Stromatolite and ooid deposits within the fluvial and lacustrine sediments of the Precambrian Ventersdorp Supergroup of South Africa: Precambrian Research, v. 12, p. 311-330.
13. Burke, K., Kidd, W.S.F., and Kusky, T., 1985, Is the Vertersdorp rift on system of southern Africa related to a continental collision between the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons at 2.64 Ga ago?: Tectonophysics, v. 115, p. 1-24.
14. Carlson, R.W., Pearson, D.G., Boyd, F.R., Shirey, S.B., Irvine, G., Menzies, A.H., and Gurney, J.J., 1999, Re-Os systematics of lithospheric peridotites: Implications for lithosphere formation and preservation, in Gurney, J.J., et al., eds., J.B. Dawson Volume (1): Proceeding of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference: Cape Town, South Africa, Red Roof Design, p. 99-108.
15. Cherniak, D.J., and Watson, E.B., 2001. Pb diffusion in zircon: Chemical Geology. v. 172, p. 5-24.
16. Cherniak, D.L., Watson, E.B., Harrison, T.M., and Grove, M., 2000, Pb diffusion in monazite: A progress report on a combined RBS/SIMS study [abs.]: EOS (Transaction, American Geophysical Union), v. 82, p. S232.
17. Copeland, P., Parrish, R.R., and Harrison, T.M., 1988, Identification of inherited radiogenic Pb in monazite and its implications for U-Pb systematics: Nature, v. 333, p. 760-763.
18. Crowley, J.L., and Ghent, E.D., 1999, An electron microprobe study of the U-Th-Pb systematics of metamorphosed monazite: The role of Pb diffusion versus overgrowth and recrystallization: Chemical Geology, v. 157, p. 285-302.
19. Dawson, J.B., Harley, S.L., Rudnick, R.L., and Ireland, T.R., 1997, Equilibration and reaction in Archean quartz-sapphirine granulite xenoliths from the Lace kimberlite pipe, South Africa: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 15, p. 253-266.
20. Dawson, J.B., and Smith, J.V., 1987, Reduced sapphirine granulite xenoliths from the Lace Kimberlite, South Africa: Implications for the deep structure of the Kaapvaal Craton: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 95, p. 376-383.
21. De Beer, J.H., ad Stettler, E.H., 1988, Geophysical characteristics of the southern African continental crust, in Menzies, M.A., and Cox, K.G., eds., Oceanic and Continental lithosphere: Similarities and differences: London, Oxord University Press, Journal of Petrology Special Volume, p. 163-184.
22. de Wit, M.J., Roering, C., Hart, R.J., Armstrong, R.A., de Ronde, C.E.J., Green, R.W.E., Tredoux, M., Peberdy, E., and Hart, R.A., 1992, Formation of an Archean continent: Nature, v. 357, p. 553-562.
23. De Yoreo, J.J., Lux, D.R., and Guidotti, C.V., 1991, Thermal modeling in low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphic belt: Tectonophysics, v. 188, p. 209-238.
24. Durrheim, R.J., and Green, R.W.E., 1992, A seismic refraction investigation the Archean Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa, using mine tremors as the energy source: Geophysical Journal International, v. 108, p. 812-832.
25. Fitzgerald, P.G., Sandiford, M., Barrett, P.J., and Gleadow, A.J.W., 1986, Asymmetric extension associated with uplift and subsidence in the Transantarctic Mountains and Ross Embayment: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 81, p. 67-78.
26. Green, R.W.E., and Durrheim, R.J, 1990. A seismic refraction investigation of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, South Africa: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 19,927-19,932.
27. Griffin, W.L., Carswell, D.A., and Nixon, P.H., 1979, Lower crustal granulites and eclogites from Lesotho, southern Africa, in Boyd, F.R., and Meyer, H.O.A., eds., The mantle sample: Inclusions in kimberlites and other volcanics: Washington, D.C., American Geophysical Union, Proceedings of the 2nd International Kimberlite Conference, v. 2, p. 59-86.
28. Grove, M., and Harrison, T.M., 1999, Monazite Th-Pb age depth profiling: Geology, v. 27, p. 487-490.
29. Hall, R.C.B., Els, B.G., and Mayer, J.J., 1997, The Ventersdorp Contact Reef: Final phase of the Witwaterstrand Basin, independent formation, or precursor to the Ventersdorp Supergroup?: South African Journal of Geology, v. 100, p. 213-222.
30. Harley, S.L., 1989, The origins of granulites: A metamorphic perspective: Geological Magazine, v. 126, p. 215-247.
31. Harley, S.L., 1998, On the occurrences and characterization of ultrahigh-temperature crustal metamorphism, in Treloar, P.J., and O'Brien, P.J., eds., What drives metamorphism and metamorphic reactions?: London, Oxford University Press, Geological Society of London Special Publications, v. 138, p. 81-107.
32. Harley, S.L., and Green, D.H., 1982. Garnet-orthopyroxene barometry for granulites and peridotites: Nature, v. 300, p. 697-701.
33. Hart, R., Moser, D., and Andreoli, M., 1999, Archean age for the granulite facies metamorphism near the center of the Vredefort structure, South Africa: Geology, v. 17, p. 1091-1094.
34. Hart, R.J., Andreoli, M.A.G., Tredoux, M., and de Wit, M.J., 1990. Geochemistry across an exposed section of Archean crust at Vredefort, South Africa: With implications for midcrustal discontinuities: Chemical Geology v. 82, p. 21-50.
35. Hawkins, D.P., and Bowring, S.A., 1997, U-Pb systematics of monazite and xenotime: Case studies from the Paleoproterozoic of the Grand Canyon, Arizona: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 127, p. 87-103.
36. Hawkins, D.P., and Bowring, S.A., 1999, U-Pb monazite, xenotime, and titanite geochronological constraints on the prograde to postpeak metamorphic thermal history of Paleoproterozoic migmatites train the Grand Canyon, Arizona: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, p. 150-169.
37. Huppert, H.E., and Sparks, R.S.J., 1988, The generation of granitic magmas by instrusion of basalt into continental crust: Journal of Petrology, v. 29, p. 599-624.
38. 238U: Physical Review C, v. 4, p. 1889-1906.
39. Johnson, K.T.M., Dick, H.J.B., and Shimizu, N., 1990, Melting in the oceanic upper mantle: An ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 2661-2678.
40. Jones, C.H., Wernicke, B.P., Farmer, G.L., Walker, J.D., Coleman, D.S., McKenna, L.W., and Perry. F.V., 1992, Variations across and along a major continental rift: An interdisciplinary study of the Basin and Range Province, western USA: Tectonophysics, v. 213, p. 57-96.
41. Kamber, B.S., Frei, R., and Gibb, A.J., 1998, Pitfalls and new approaches in granulite chronometry: An example from the Limpopo Belt, Zimbabwe: Precambrian Research, v. 91, p. 269-285.
42. Kingsbury, J.A., Miller, C.F., Wooden, J.L., and Harrison, T.M., 1993, Monazite paragenesis and U-Pb systematics, in rocks of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, U.S.A.; Implications for thermochronometry: Chemical Geology, v. 110, p. 147-167.
43. Koppel, V., and Grunenfelder, M., 1975, Concordant U-Pb ages of monazite and xonotime from the Central Alps and the timing of the high temperature Alpine metamorphism, a preliminary report: Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, v. 55, p. 129-132.
44. Kruse, S., McNutt, M., Phipps-Morgan, J., and Royden, L., 1991, Lithospheric extension near Lake Mead, Nevada: A model for ductile flow in the lower crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 4435-4456.
45. Kusznir, N.J., and Matthews, D.H., 1988, Deep seismic reflections and the deformationnal mechanics of the continental lithosphere, in Menzies, M.A., and Cox, K.G., eds., Oceanic and continental lithosphere: Similarities and differences: London, Oxford University Press, Journal of Petrology Special Volume, p. 63-87.
46. Kusznir, N.J., and Park, R.G., 1986, Continental lithosphere strength: The critical role of lower crustal deformation, in Dawson, J.B., et al, eds., The nature of the lower continental Crust: London, Oxford University Press, Geological Society of London Special Publication, v. 24, p. 79-93.
47. Lee, J.K.W., Williams, I.S., and Ellis, D.J., 1997, Pb, U and Th diffusion in natural zircon: Nature, v. 390, p. 159-162.
48. Marsh, J.S., Bowen, M.P., Rogers, M.W., and Bowen, T.B., 1992, Petrogenesis of Late Archean flood-type basic lavas from the Klipriviersberg Group, Ventersdorp Supergroup. South Africa: Journal of Petrology, v. 33, p. 817-847.
49. McCourt, S., Hilliard, P., and Armstrong, R.A., 2000, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of granitoids from the western margin of the Kaapvaal Craton: Implications for crustal evolution in the Neoarchean [abs.]: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 31A, p. 48.
50. Meissner, R., Wever, T., and Fluh, F.R., 1987, The Moho in Europe-implications for crustal development: Annales Geophysicae, v. 5B, p. 357-364.
51. Navon, D., and Stolper, E., 1987, Geochemical consequences of melt percolation: The upper mantle as a chromatographic column: Journal of Geology, v. 95, p. 285-306.
52. Nelson, D.R., Trendall, A.F., de Laeter, J.R., Grobler, N.J., and Fletcher, I.R., 1992, A comparative study of the geochemical and isotopic systematics of Late Archean flood basalts from the Pilbara and Kaapvaal Cratons: Precambrian Research, v. 54, p. 231-256.
53. Nguuri, T.K., Gore, J., James, D.E., Webb, S.J., Wright, C., Zengeni, T.G., Gwavava, O., Snoke, J.A., and Kaapvaal Seismic Group, 2001, Crustal structure beneath southern Africa and its implications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, p. 2501-2504.
54. Niu, F., and James, D.E., 2002, Fine structure of the lowermost crust beneath the Kaapvaal craton and its implications for crustal formation and evolution: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 200, p. 121-130.
55. Parrish, R.R., 1990, U-Pb dating of monazite and its application to geological problems: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 27, p. 1431-1450.
56. 39Ar geochronological study of the Voorspoed kimberlite, South Africa: Implications for the origin of Group II kimberlite magmatism: South African Journal of Geology, v. 101, p. 299-306.
57. Pyle, J.M., Spear, F.S., Rudnick, R.L., McDonough, W.F., and Horn, I., 1999, Involvement of monazite and xenotime, in pelite reactions: Geological Society of American Abstracts with Programs, v. 31, no. 7, p. 39.
58. Ranalli, G., 1997, Rheology of the lithosphere in space and time, in Burg, J.P., and Ford, M., eds., Orogeny through time: London, Oxford University Press, Geological Society of London Special Publication, v. 121, p. 19-37.
59. Richardson, S.H., Gurney, J.J., Erlank, A.T., and Harris, J.W., 1984, Origin of diamonds in old enriched mantle: Nature, v. 310, p. 198-202.
60. Richardson, S.H., Shirey, S.B., Harris, J.W., and Carlson, R.W., 2001, Archean subduction recorded by Re-Os isotopes in eclogitic sulfide inclusions in Kimberley diamonds: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 191, p. 257-266.
61. Rickwood, P.C., Gurney, J.J., and White-Cooper, D.R., 1969, The nature and occurrences of eclogile xenoliths in the kimberlite of southern Africa, in Upper Mantle Project: Pretoria, Geological Society of South Africa Special Publication, v. 2, p. 371-393.
62. Robb, L.J., Davis, D.W. and Kamo, S.L., 1991, Chronological framework for the Witwatersrand Basin and environs: Toward a time-constrained depositional model: South African Journal of Geology, v. 94, p. 86-95.
63. Robb, L.J., Davis, D.W., Kamo, S.L., and Meyer, F.M., 1992, Ages of altered granites adjoining the Witwatersrand Basin with implications for the origin of gold and uranium: Nature, v. 357, p. 677-680.
64. Robb, L.J., and Meyer, F.M., 1995, The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Geological framework and mineralization processes: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p. 67-94.
65. Rogers, N.W., 1977, Granulite xenoliths from Lesotho kimberlites and the lower continental crust: Nature, v. 270, p. 691-684.
66. Royden, L., and Keen, C.E., 1980, Rifting processes and thermal evolution of the continental margin of eastern Canada determined from subsidence curves: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 51, p. 343-361.
67. Rubatto, D., Williams, I.S., and Buick, I.S., 2001, Zircon and monazite response to prograde metamorphism in the Reynolds Range, central Australia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 140, p. 458-168.
68. Rudnick, R.L., and Fountain, D.M., 1995, Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, p. 267-309.
69. Sandiford, M., and Powell, R., 1986, Deep crustal metamorphism during continental extension: Modern and ancient examples: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 79, p. 151-158.
70. Schaltegger, U., Fanning, C.M., Gunther, D., Maurin, J.C., Schulmann, K., and Gebauer, D., 1999, Growth, annealing and recrystallization of zircon and preservation of monazite in high-grade metamorphism: Conventional and in situ U-Pb isotope, cathodoluminescence and microchemical evidence: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, p. 186-201.
71. Schmitz, M.D., Bowring, S.A., and Robey, J.v.A., 1998, Constraining the thermal history of an Archean craton: U-Pb thermochronology of lower crustal xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa, in Extended Abstracts, 7th International Kimberlite, Conference, University of Cape Town, South Africa, p. 766-768.
72. Schmitz, M.D., and Bowring, S.A., 2000, The temporal diversity of lower crustal granulites throughout the Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa [abs.]: EOS (Transaction, American Geophysical Union), v. 81, p. V1249.
73. Schmitz, M.D., and Bowring, S.A., 2000, Crust formation and Stabilization of the western Kaapvaal Craton: Evidence from U-Pb geochronology of basement blocks and deep crustal xenoliths from the Kimberley region South Africa [abs.]: EOS (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 82, p. S275.
74. Shirey, S.B., Carlson, R.W., Richardson, S.H., Menzies, A., Gurney, J.J., Pearson, D.G., Harris, J.W., and Weichert, U., 2001, Archean emplacement of eclogitic components into the lithospheric mantle during formation of the Kaapvaal craton: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, p. 2509-2512.
75. Smith, H.A., and Barreiro, B., 1990, Monazite U-Pb dating of staurolite grade metamorphism in pelitic schists: Contributions in Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 105 p. 602-615.
76. Smith, H.A., and Giletti, B.J., 1997, Lead diffusion in monazite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 1047-1055.
77. South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS), 1980, Stratigraphy of South Africa. Part 1. Lithostratigraphy of the Republic of South Africa, South West Africa/Namibia, and the Republics of Bophuthatswana Transkei and Venda: Pretoria, South Africa, 690 p.
78. Spear, F.S., and Parrish, R.R., 1996, Petrology and cooling rates of the Valhalla Complex, British Columbia. Canada: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 733-765.
79. Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p. 207-221.
80. Suzuki, K., Adachi, M., and Kajizuka, I., 1994, Electron microprobe observations of Pb diffusion in metamorphosed detrital monazites: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 128, p. 391-405.
81. Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M., 1985, The Continental Crust: Its composition and evolution: Oxford, UK, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 312 p.
82. Tinker, J., 2001, Stratigraphic and structural interpretation of seismic reflection data across selected sections of the Kaapvaal Craton [M.Sc. thesis]: Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town, 220 p.
83. Tinker. J., de Wit, M.J., and Grotzinger, J., 2002, Seismic stratigraphic constraints on Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic evolution of the western margin of the Kaapvaal craton. South Africa: South African Journal of Geology, v. 105, p. 107-134.
84. Tyler, N., 1979, Stratigraphy, geochemistry and correlation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup in the Derdepoort area, west-central Transvaal: Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, v. 82, p. 133-147.
85. Van Calsteren, P.W.C., Harris, N.B.W., H.,Hawkesworth, C.J., Menzies, M.A., and Rogers, N.W., 1986, Xenoliths from southern Africa: A perspective on the lower crust. in Dawson, J.B., et al., eds.. The nature of the lower continental crust: London, Oxford University Press, Geological Society of London Special Publication 24, p. 351-362.
86. Van der Westhuizen, W.A., De Bruiyn, H., and Meintjes, P.G., 1991, The Ventersdorp Supergroup: An overview: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 83-105.
87. Vavra, G., Schmid, R., and Gebauer, D., 1999, Internal morphology, habit and U-Th-Pb microanalysis of amphibolite-to-granulite facies zircons: Geochronology of the Ivrea Zone (Southern Alps): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, p. 380-404.
88. Vielzeuf, D., and Komprobst, J., 1984, Crustal splitting and the emplacement of Pyrenean lherzolites and granulites: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 67, p. 87-96.
89. Viljoen, K.S., 1989, The Petrology and geochemistry of a suite of mantle-derived eclogite xenoliths from the Kaalvallei kimberlite. South Africa [Ph.D. thesis]: Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand, 160 p.
90. Vitorello, I., and Pollack, H.N., 1980, On the variation of continental heat flow with age and the thermal evolution of continents: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 85, p. 983-995.
91. Walraven, F., and Martini, J., 1995, Zircon Pb-evaporation age determinations of the Oak Tree Formation, Chuniespoort Group, Transvaal Sequence: Implications for Transvaal-Griqualand West basin correlations: South African Journal of Geology, v. 98, p. 58-67.
92. Watson, E.B., 1996, Dissolution, growth and survival of zircons during crustal fusion: Kinetic principles, geological models and implications for isotopic inheritance: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, Earth Sciences, v. 87, p. 43-56.
93. Wells, P.R.A., 1980, Thermal models for the magmatic accretion and subsequent metamorphism of continental crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 46, p. 253-265.
94. Wernicke, B., 1985, Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 108-125.
95. Wickham, S.M., and Oxburgh, E.R., 1985, Continental rifts as a setting for regional metamorphism: Nature, v. 318, p. 330-333.
96. Williams, M.L., Jercinovic, M.J., and Terry, M.T., 1999, Age mapping and chemical dating of monazite using the electron microprobe: Deconvoluting multistage tectonic histories: Geology, v. 27, p. 1023-1026.
97. Winter, H., de la R., 1976. A lithostratigraphic classification of the Ventersdorp succession: Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, v. 79, p. 31-48.