Perspectives on the toxicology of cadmium-based quantum dots

Current Drug Metabolism

Volumn 14, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 847-856

  Wang, Feiyu ^a   Shu, Linjing ^a   Wang, Jing ^b   Pan, Xiongfei ^c   Huang, Renhuan ^a   Lin, Yunfeng ^a   Cai, Xiaoxiao ^a  

^a SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b TONGJI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (China)

^c SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Cadmium; Nanomaterials; Oxidative stress; Quantum dots; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; PROTEIN P53; QUANTUM DOT; SELENIUM; TELLURIUM; ZINC;

ANEMIA; AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT; ARTICLE; BONE MALFORMATION; CADMIUM POISONING; CELL DEATH; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL VIABILITY; COUGHING; CYTOKINE RELEASE; CYTOTOXICITY; DNA DAMAGE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; MORTALITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMALACIA; OXIDATION; PHOTOLYSIS; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TOXICOLOGY; ZETA POTENTIAL;

ANIMALS; CADMIUM COMPOUNDS; HUMANS; QUANTUM DOTS; SELENIUM COMPOUNDS; TELLURIUM;

EID: 84887979329     PISSN: 13892002     EISSN: 18755453     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920021131400106     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Smith, A.M.; Duan, H.; Mohs, A.M.; Nie, S. Bioconjugated quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2008, 60, 1226-1240.
2. Juzenas, P.; Chen, W.; Sun, Y.P.; Coelho, M.A.; Generalov, R.; Generalova, N. and Christensen, I.L. Quantum dots and nanoparticles for photodynamic and radiation therapies of cancer. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2008, 60, 1600-1614.
3. Alivisatos, P. The use of nanocrystals in biological detection. Nat. Biotechnol., 2004, 22, 47-52.
4. Hardman, R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114, 165-172.
5. Bruchez, M. Jr.; Moronne, M.; Gin, P.; Weiss, S.; Alivisatos, A.P. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science, 1998, 281, 2013-2016.
6. Gao, X.; Chan, W.C.; Nie, S. Quantum-dot nanocrystals for ultrasensitive biological labeling and multicolor optical encoding. J. Biomed. Opt., 2002, 7, 532-537.
7. Doty, R.C.; Fernig, D.G.; Levy, R. Nanoscale science: a big step towards the Holy Grail of single molecule biochemistry and molecular biology. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2004, 61, 1843-1849.
8. Choi, A.O.; Brown, S.E.; Szyf, M.; Maysinger, D. Quantum dotinduced epigenetic and genotoxic changes in human breast cancer cells. J. Mol. Med. (Berl)., 2008, 86, 291-302.
9. Dubertret, L. Cells, tissues and organs for wound cicatrization. Ann. Dermatol.Venereol., 2002, 129, 1235-1238.
10. Iga, A.M.; Robertson, J.H.; Winslet, M.C.; Seifalian, A.M. Clinical potential of quantum dots. J Biomed Biotechnol., 2007, 2007, 76087.
11. Frasco, M.F.; Chaniotakis, N. Bioconjugated quantum dots as fluorescent probes for bioanalytical applications. Anal Bioanal. Chem., 2010, 396, 229-240.
12. Jie, G.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, J. Quantum dots-based multifunctional dendritic superstructure for amplified electrochemiluminescence detection of ATP. Biosens. Bioelectron, 2012 , 31, 69-76.
13. Kim, S.K.; Kwen, H.D.; Choi, S.H. Fabrication of a Microbial Biosensor Based on QD-MWNT Supports by a One-Step Radiation Reaction and Detection of Phenolic Compounds in Red Wines. Sensors (Basel), 2011, 11, 2001-2012.
14. Manzoor, K.; Johny, S.; Thomas, D.; Setua, S.; Menon, D.; Nair, S. Bio-conjugated luminescent quantum dots of doped ZnS: a cytofriendly system for targeted cancer imaging. Nanotechnology, 2009, 20, 065102.
15. Kim, J.S.; Cho, K.J.; Tran, T.H.; Nurunnabi, M.; Moon, T.H.; Hong, S.M.; Lee, Y.-k. In vivo NIR imaging with CdTe/CdSe quantum dots entrapped in PLGA nanospheres. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2011, 353, 363-371.
16. Quarta, A.; Ragusa, A.; Deka, S.; Tortiglione, C.; Tino, A.; Cingolani, R.; Pellegrino, T. Bioconjugation of rod-shaped fluorescent nanocrystals for efficient targeted cell labeling. Langmuir, 2009, 25, 12614-12622.
17. Lidke, D.S.; Nagy, P.; Jovin, T.M.; Arndt-Jovin, D.J. Biotin-ligand complexes with streptavidin quantum dots for in vivo cell labeling of membrane receptors. Methods Mol. Biol., 2007, 374, 69-79.
18. Kim, B.Y.; Jiang, W.; Oreopoulos, J.; Yip, C.M.; Rutka, J.T.; Chan, W.C. Biodegradable quantum dot nanocomposites enable live cell labeling and imaging of cytoplasmic targets. Nano Lett., 2008, 8 3887-3892.
19. Mansur, A.; Mansur, H.; Gonzalez, J. Enzyme-polymers conjugated to quantum-dots for sensing applications. Sensors (Basel), 2011, 11, 9951-9972.
20. He, S.; Huang, B.H.; Tan, J.; Luo, Q.Y.; Lin, Y.; Li, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Yan, S.; Zhang, Q.; Pang, D.W.; Li, L. One-to-one quantum dot-labeled single long DNA probes. Biomaterials, 2011, 32 5471-5477.
21. Malic, L.; Sandros, M.G.; Tabrizian, M. Designed biointerface using near-infrared quantum dots for ultrasensitive surface plasmon resonance imaging biosensors. Anal. Chem., 2011, 83, 5222-5229.
22. Kim, G.B.; Kim, Y.P. Analysis of protease activity using quantum dots and resonance energy transfer. Theranostics, 2012, 2, 127-138.
23. Yang, Q.; Gong, X.; Song, T.; Yang, J.; Zhu, S.; Li, Y.; Cui, Y.; Zhang, B.; Chang, J. Quantum dot-based immunochromatography test strip for rapid, quantitative and sensitive detection of alpha fetoprotein. Biosens. Bioelectron, 2011, 30, 145-150.
24. Gao, J.; Chen, K.; Luong, R.; Bouley, D.M.; Mao, H.; Qiao, T.; Gambhir, S.S.; Cheng, Z. A novel clinically translatable fluorescent nanoparticle for targeted molecular imaging of tumors in living subjects. Nano Lett., 2012, 12, 281-286.
25. Berk, L.; Mita, M.M.; Kreisberg, J.; Bedrosian, C.L.; Tolcher, A.W.; Clackson, T.; Rivera, V.M. Analysis of the pharmacodynamic activity of the mTOR inhibitor ridaforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669) in a phase 1 clinical trial. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2012, 69(5), 1369-77.
26. Yang, K.; Zhao, C.; Cao, Y.A.; Tang, H.; Bai, Y.L.; Huang, H.; Zhao, C.R.; Chen, R.; Zhao, D. In vivo and in situ imaging of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dot probes conjugated with epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies in mice Oncol. Rep., 2012, 27(6), 1925-31.
27. Savla, R.; Taratula, O.; Garbuzenko, O.; Minko, T. Tumor targeted quantum dot-mucin 1 aptamer-doxorubicin conjugate for imaging and treatment of cancer J. Control. Release, 2011, 153 16-22.
28. Ghaderi, S.; Ramesh, B.; Seifalian, A.M. Fluorescence nanoparticles "quantum dots" as drug delivery system and their toxicity: a review. J. Drug Target., 2011, 19, 475-486.
29. Ishikawa, M.; Biju, V. Luminescent quantum dots, making invisibles visible in bioimaging. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci., 2011, 104 ,53-99.
30. Chang, J.C.; Tomlinson, I.D.; Warnement, M.R.; Iwamoto, H.; DeFelice, L.J.; Blakely, R.D.; Rosenthal, S.J. A fluorescence displacement assay for antidepressant drug discovery based on ligand-conjugated quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 17528-17531.
31. Wang, L.; Zheng, H.; Long, Y.; Gao, M.; Hao, J.; Du, J.; Mao, X.; Zhou, D. Rapid determination of the toxicity of quantum dots with luminous bacteria. J. Hazard Mater., 2010, 177, 1134-1137.
32. Zhang, C.Y.; Johnson, L.W. Quantifying RNA-peptide interaction by single-quantum dot-based nanosensor: an approach for drug screening. Anal Chem., 2007, 79, 7775-7781.
33. Hoshino, A.; Hanada, S.; Yamamoto, K. Toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots: the relevance of surface modifications. Arch. Toxicol., 2011, 85, 707-720.
34. Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P.; Riviere, J.E.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. Variables influencing interactions of untargeted quantum dot nanoparticles with skin cells and identification of biochemical modulators Nano Lett., 2007 ,7 ,1344-1348.
35. Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P.; Riviere, J.E.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. Surface coatings determine cytotoxicity and irritation potential of quantum dot nanoparticles in epidermal keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2007, 127, 143-153.
36. Tang, M.; Wang, M.; Xing, T.; Zeng, J.; Wang, H.; Ruan, D.Y. Mechanisms of unmodified CdSe quantum dot-induced elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. Biomaterials, 2008, 29, 4383-4391.
37. Lovric, J.; Bazzi, H.S.; Cuie, Y.; Fortin, G.R.; Winnik, F.M.; Maysinger, D. Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots. J. Mol. Med. (Berl), 2005, 83, 377-385.
38. Shiohara, A.; Hoshino, A.; Hanaki, K.; Suzuki, K.; Yamamoto, K. On the cyto-toxicity caused by quantum dots. Microbiol. Immunol., 2004, 48, 669-675.
39. Zhang, T.; Stilwell, J.L.; Gerion, D.; Ding, L.; Elboudwarej, O.; Cooke, P.A.; Gray, J.W.; Alivisatos, A.P.; Chen, F.F. Cellular effect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profiled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements. Nano Lett., 2006, 6 , 800-808.
40. Chang, S.; Kang, B.; Liu, X.; Dai, Y.; Chen, D. The combined influence of surface modification, size distribution, and interaction time on the cytotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots in PANC-1 cells Acta. Biochim. Biophys. Sin (Shanghai)., 2012, 44, 241-248.
41. Chen, N.; He, Y.; Su, Y.; Li, X.; Huang, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhang, X.; Tai, R.; Fan, C. The cytotoxicity of cadmium-based quantum dots. Biomaterials, 2012, 33, 1238-1244.
42. Vinceti, M.; Wei, E.T.; Malagoli, C.; Bergomi, M.; Vivoli, G. Adverse health effects of selenium in humans. Rev. Environ. Health, 2001, 16, 233-251.
43. Bertin, G.; Averbeck, D. Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review). Biochimie, 2006, 88, 1549-1559.
44. Su, Y.; Hu, M.; Fan, C.; He, Y.; Li, Q.; Li, W.; Wang, L.H.; Shen, P.; Huang, Q. The cytotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots and the relative contributions from released cadmium ions and nanoparticle properties. Biomaterials, 2010, 31, 4829-4834.
45. Hild, W.A.; Breunig, M.; Goepferich, A. Quantum dots - nanosized probes for the exploration of cellular and intracellular targeting. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2008, 68, 153-168.
46. Pelley, J.L.; Daar, A.S.; Saner, M.A. State of Academic Knowledge on Toxicity and Biological Fate of Quantum Dots. Toxicol. Sci., 2009, 112, 276-296.
47. Lee, J.; Ji, K.; Kim, J.; Park, C.; Lim, K.H.; Yoon, T.H.; Choi, K. Acute toxicity of two CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with different surface coating in Daphnia magna under various light conditions. Environ. Toxicol., 2010, 25, 593-600.
48. Guo, G.; Liu, W.; Liang, J.; He, Z.; Xu, H.; Yang, X. Probing the cytotoxicity of CdSe quantum dots with surface modification. Mater. Lett., 2007, 61, 1641-1644.
49. Nagy, A.; Zane, A.; Cole, S.L.; Severance, M.; Dutta, P.K.; Waldman, W.J. Contrast of the biological activity of negatively and positively charged microwave synthesized CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2011, 24, 2176-2188.
50. Bullen, C.; Mulvaney, P. The effects of chemisorption on the luminescence of CdSe quantum dots. Langmuir, 2006, 22, 3007-3013.
51. Tino, A.; Ambrosone, A.; Mattera, L.; Marchesano, V.; Susha, A.; Rogach, A.; Tortiglione, C. A New In vivo model system to assess the toxicity of semiconductor nanocrystals. Int. J. Biomater., 2011, 2011, 1-8.
52. Prasad, B.R.; Mullins, G.; Nikolskaya, N.; Connolly, D.; Smith, T.J.; Gerard, V.A.; Byrne, S.J.; Davies, G.-L.; Gun'ko, Y.K.; Rochev, Y. Effects of Long-term exposure of Gelatinated and Nongelatinated Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots on Differentiated PC12 cells. J. Nanobiotechnol., 2012, 10, 4.
53. Leigh, K.; Bouldin, J.; Buchanan, R. Effects of exposure to semiconductor nanoparticles on aquatic organisms. J. Toxicol., 2012, 2012, 397657.
54. Clift, M.J.; Boyles, M.S.; Brown, D.M.; Stone, V. An investigation into the potential for different surface-coated quantum dots to cause oxidative stress and affect macrophage cell signalling in vitro. Nanotoxicol., 2010, 4, 139-149.
55. Santos, A.R.; Miguel, A.S.; Tomaz, L.; Malho, R.; Maycock, C.; Vaz Patto, M.C.; Fevereiro, P.; Oliva, A. The impact of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots in cells of Medicago sativa in suspension culture. J. Nanobiotechnol., 2010, 8, 24.
56. Su, Y.; He, Y.; Lu, H.; Sai, L.; Li, Q.; Li, W.; Wang, L.; Shen, P.; Huang, Q.; Fan, C. The cytotoxicity of cadmium based, aqueous phase - Synthesized, quantum dots and its modulation by surface coating. Biomaterials, 2009, 30, 19-25.
57. Hsieh, M.-S.; Shiao, N.-H.; Chan, W.-H. Cytotoxic effects of CdSe quantum dots on maturation of mouse oocytes, fertilization, and fetal development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2009, 10, 2122-2135.
58. Chan, W.H.; Shiao, N.H.; Lu, P.Z. CdSe quantum dots induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells via mitochondrialdependent pathways and inhibition of survival signals. Toxicol. Lett., 2006, 167, 191-200.
59. Kirchner, C.; Liedl, T.; Kudera, S.; Pellegrino, T.; Munoz Javier, A.; Gaub, H.E.; Stolzle, S.; Fertig, N. and Parak, W.J. Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles. Nano Lett., 2005, 5, 331-338.
60. Zheng, X.; Tian, J.; Weng, L.; Wu, L.; Jin, Q.; Zhao, J.; Wang, L. Cytotoxicity of cadmium-containing quantum dots based on a study using a microfluidic chip. Nanotechnol., 2012, 23, 055102.
61. Edmund, Anton R.; Kambalapally, Swetha.; Wilson, Thomas A.; Nicolosi, R.J. Encapsulation of cadmium selenide quantum dots using a self-assembling nanoemulsion (SANE) reduces their in vitro toxicity. Toxicol. In vitro, 2011, 25, 185-190.
62. Koeneman, B.A.; Zhang, Y.; Hristovski, K.; Westerhoff, P.; Chen, Y.; Crittenden, J.C.; Capco, D.G. Experimental approach for an in vitro toxicity assay with non-aggregated quantum dots. Toxicol. In vitro, 2009, 23,955-962.
63. Chen, Z.; Chen, H.; Meng, H.; Xing, G.; Gao, X.; Sun, B.; Shi, X.; Yuan, H.; Zhang, C.; Liu, R.; Zhao, F.; Zhao, Y.; Fang, X. Biodistribution and metabolic paths of silica coated CdSeS quantum dots Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2008, 230, 364-371.
64. Tang, M.; Xing, T.; Zeng, J.; Wang, H.; Li, C.; Yin, S.; Yan, D.; Deng, H.; Liu, J.; Wang, M.; Chen, J.; Ruan, D.Y. Unmodified CdSe quantum dots induce elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels and impairment of functional properties of sodium channels in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Environ. Health Perspect., 2008, 116, 915-922.
65. Yan, M.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, K.; Fu, T.; Qin, H.; Zheng, X. An in vitro study of vascular endothelial toxicity of CdTe quantum dots. Toxicology, 2011, 282, 94-103.
66. Hoshino, A.; Hanaki, K.; Suzuki, K.; Yamamoto, K. Applications of T-lymphoma labeled with fluorescent quantum dots to cell tracing markers in mouse body. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 314, 46-53.
67. Dubertret, B.; Skourides, P.; Norris, D.J.; Noireaux, V.; Brivanlou, A.H.; Libchaber, A. In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science, 2002, 298, 1759-1762.
68. Li, R.; Jiang, F.; Xiao, Q.; Li, J.; Liu, X.; Yu, Q.; Liu, Y.; Zeng, C. Microcalorimetric, spectroscopic and microscopic investigation on the toxic effects of CdTe quantum dots on Halobacterium halobium R1. Nanotechnology, 2010, 21, 475102.
69. Wang, L.; Nagesha, D.K.; Selvarasah, S.; Dokmeci, M.R.; Carrier, R.L. Toxicity of CdSe Nanoparticles in Caco-2 Cell Cultures. J. Nanobiotechnol., 2008, 6, 11.
70. Gosso, S.; Gavello, D.; Giachello, C.N.G.; Franchino, C.; Carbone, E.; Carabelli, V. The effect of CdSe-ZnS quantum dots on calcium currents and catecholamine secretion in mouse chromaffin cells. Biomaterials, 2011, 32, 9040-9050.
71. Derfus, A.M.; Chan, W.C.W. and Bhatia, S.N. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett., 2004, 4, 11-18.
72. Mortensen, L.J.; Oberdorster, G.; Pentland, A.P.; Delouise, L.A. In vivo skin penetration of quantum dot nanoparticles in the murine model: the effect of UVR. Nano Lett., 2008, 8, 2779-2787.
73. Wise, Kelsey.; Brasuel, Murphy. The current state of engineered nanomaterials in consumer goods and waste streams: the need to develop nanoproperty-quantifiable sensors for monitoring engineered nanomaterials. Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl., 2011,4, 73-86.
74. Bottrill, M.; Green, M. Some aspects of quantum dot toxicity. Chem. Commun., 2011, 47 , 7039.
75. Liang, J.; He, Z.; Zhang, S.; Huang, S.; Ai, X.; Yang, H.; Han, H. Study on DNA damage induced by CdSe quantum dots using nucleic acid molecular "light switches" as probe. Talanta, 2007, 71, 1675-1678.
76. Kim, J.; Park, Y.; Yoon, T.H.; Yoon, C.S.; Choi, K. Phototoxicity of CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots with surface coatings of 3- mercaptopropionic acid or tri-n-octylphosphine oxide/gum arabic in Daphnia magna under environmentally relevant UV-B light. Aquat. Toxicol., 2010, 97, 116-124.
77. Chang, S.Q.; Dai, Y.D.; Kang, B.; Han, W.; Mao, L.; Chen, D. UVenhanced cytotoxicity of thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots in human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Toxicol. Lett., 2009, 188 104-111.
78. Mancini, M.C.; Kairdolf, B.A.; Smith, A.M.; Nie, S. Oxidative quenching and degradation of polymer-encapsulated quantum dots: new insights into the long-term fate and toxicity of nanocrystals in vivo. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 10836-10837.
79. Rouse, J.G.; Haslauer, C.M.; Loboa, E.G.; Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. Cyclic tensile strain increases interactions between human epidermal keratinocytes and quantum dot nanoparticles. Toxicol. In vitro, 2008, 22, 491-497.
80. Geys, J.; De Vos, R.; Nemery, B.; Hoet, P.H. In vitro translocation of quantum dots and influence of oxidative stress. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2009, 297, L903-911.
81. Cho, S.J.; Maysinger, D.; Jain, M.; Roder, B.; Hackbarth, S.; Winnik, F.M. Long-term exposure to CdTe quantum dots causes functional impairments in live cells. Langmuir, 2007, 23, 1974-1980.
82. Choi, A.O.; Cho, S.J.; Desbarats, J.; Lovric, J.; Maysinger, D. Quantum dot-induced cell death involves Fas upregulation and lipid peroxidation in human neuroblastoma cells. J. Nanobiotechnol., 2007, 5, 1.
83. Liu, W.; Zhang, S.; Wang, L.; Qu, C.; Zhang, C.; Hong, L.; Yuan, L.; Huang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Liu, S.; Jiang, G. CdSe quantum dot (QD)-induced morphological and functional impairments to liver in mice. PLoS One, 2011, 6, e24406.
84. Nguyen, K.C.; Seligy, V.L.;Taya bali, A.F. Cadmium telluride quantum dot nanoparticle cytotoxicity and effects on model immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nanotoxicology, 2012.
85. Vieira, C.S.; Almeida, D.B.; de Thomaz, A.A.; Menna-Barreto, R.F.; dos Santos-Mallet, J.R.; Cesar, C.L.; Gomes, S.A.; Feder, D. Studying nanotoxic effects of CdTe quantum dots in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 2011, 106, 158-165.
86. Priester, J.H.; Stoimenov, P.K.; Mielke, R.E.; Webb, S.M.; Ehrhardt, C.; Zhang, J.P.; Stucky, G.D.; Holden, P.A. Effects of soluble cadmium salts versus CdSe quantum dots on the growth of planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43, 2589-2594.
87. Wang, Q.; Fang, T.; Liu, P.; Min, X.; Li, X. Study of the bioeffects of CdTe quantum dots on Escherichia coli cells. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2011, 363, 476-480.
88. Stern, S.T.; Zolnik, B.S.; McLeland, C.B.; Clogston, J.; Zheng, J.; McNeil, S.E. Induction of autophagy in porcine kidney cells by quantum dots: a common cellular response to nanomaterials? Toxicol. Sci., 2008, 106, 140-152.
89. Shiohara, A.; Hanada, S.; Prabakar, S.; Fujioka, K.; Lim, T.H.; Yamamoto, K.; Northcote, P.T.; Tilley, R.D. Chemical reactions on surface molecules attached to silicon quantum dots. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 248-253.
90. Kirchner, C.; Liedl, T.; Kudera, S. Cytotoxicity of Colloidal CdSe and CdSe/ZnS Nanoparticles Nano Lett., 2005, 5, 331-338.
91. Lira, R.B.; Cavalcanti, M.B.; Seabra, M.A.; Silva, D.C.; Amaral, A.J.; Santos, B.S.; Fontes, A. Non-specific interactions of CdTe/Cds Quantum Dots with human blood mononuclear cells. Micron., 2011, 43, 621-626.
92. Wang, L.; Nagesha, D.K.; Selvarasah, S.; Dokmeci, M.R.; Carrier, R.L. Toxicity of CdSe Nanoparticles in Caco-2 Cell Cultures. J. Nanobiotechnol., 2008, 6, 11.
93. Lovric, J.; Cho, S.J.; Winnik, F.M.; Maysinger, D. Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death. Chem. Biol., 2005, 12, 1227-1234.
94. Voura, E.B.; Jaiswal, J.K.; Mattoussi, H.; Simon, S.M. Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy. Nat. Med., 2004, 10, 993-998.
95. Mahto, S.K.; Yoon, T.H.; Rhee, S.W. Cytotoxic effects of surfacemodified quantum dots on neuron-like PC12 cells cultured inside microfluidic devices. BioChip. J., 2010, 4, 82-88.
96. Santos, A.R.; Miguel, A.S.; Tomaz, L.; Malhó, R.; Maycock, C.; Vaz Patto, M.C.; Fevereiro, P.; Oliva, A. The impact of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots in cells of Medicago sativa in suspension culture. J. Nanobiotechnol., 2010, 8, 24.
97. Wang, L.; Zhang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Yang, J.; Zhang, Q.; Zhu, X. Bioeffects of CdTe quantum dots on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2010, 10, 8591-8596.
98. Kumar, V.; Kumari, A.; Guleria, P.; Yadav, S.K. Evaluating the toxicity of selected types of nanochemicals. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2012, 215, 39-121.
99. Ambrosone, A.; Mattera, L.; Marchesano, V.; Quarta, A.; Susha, A.S.; Tino, A.; Rogach, A.L.; Tortiglione, C. Mechanisms underlying toxicity induced by CdTe quantum dots determined in an invertebrate model organism. Biomaterials, 2012, 33, 1991-2000.
100. Zhang, Y.; Chen, W.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Chen, G.; Pope, C. In vitro and in vivo toxicity of CdTe nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2007, 7, 497-503.
101. Ballou, B.; Lagerholm, B.C.; Ernst, L.A.; Bruchez, M.P. and Waggoner, A.S. Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug. Chem., 2004, 15, 79-86.
102. Chen, H.; Wang, Y.; Xu, J.; Ji, J.; Zhang, J.; Hu, Y.; Gu, Y. Noninvasive near infrared fluorescence imaging of CdHgTe quantum dots in mouse model. J. Fluoresc., 2008, 18, 801-811.
103. Larson, D.R.; Zipfel, W.R.; Williams, R.M.; Clark, S.W.; Bruchez, M.P.; Wise, F.W.; Webb, W.W. Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science, 2003, 300 1434-1436.
104. Hauck, T.S.; Anderson, R.E.; Fischer, H.C.; Newbigging, S.; Chan, W.C. Quantum dots: Small 1/2010, Small, 2009, 6.
105. Gao, X.; Cui, Y.; Levenson, R.M.; Chung, L.W.; Nie, S. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol., 2004, 22, 969-976.
106. Fischer, H.; Liu, L.; Pang, K.S.; Chan, W. Pharmacokinetics of nanoscale quantum dots: in vivo distribution, sequestration, and clearance in the rat. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2006, 16, 1299-1305.
107. Geys, J.; Nemmar, A.; Verbeken, E.; Smolders, E.; Ratoi, M.; Hoylaerts, M.F.; Nemery, B.; Hoet, P.H. Acute toxicity and prothrombotic effects of quantum dots: impact of surface charge. Environ. Health Perspect., 2008, 116, 1607-1613.
108. Ma-Hock, L.; Brill, S.; Wohlleben, W.; Farias, P.M.; Chaves, C.R.; Tenorio, D.P.; Fontes, A.; Santos, B.S.; Landsiedel, R.; Strauss, V.; Treumann, S.; Ravenzwaay, B. Short term inhalation toxicity of a liquid aerosol of CdS/Cd(OH) core shell quantum dots in male Wistar rats. Toxicol. Lett., 2012, 208, 115-124.
109. Kuo, T.-R.; Lee, C.-F.; Lin, S.-J.; Dong, C.-Y.; Chen, C.-C.; Tan, H.-Y. Studies of Intracorneal Distribution and Cytotoxicity of Quantum Dots: Risk Assessment of Eye Exposure. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2011, 24 253-261.
110. Chan, W.H.; Shiao, N.H. Cytotoxic effect of CdSe quantum dots on mouse embryonic development. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2008, 29, 259-266.
111. Hsieh, M.S.; Shiao, N.H.; Chan, W.H. Cytotoxic effects of CdSe quantum dots on maturation of mouse oocytes, fertilization, and fetal development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2009, 10, 2122-2135.
112. Slaveykova, V.I.; Startchev, K. Effect of natural organic matter and green microalga on carboxyl-polyethylene glycol coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots stability and transformations under freshwater conditions. Environ. Pollut., 2009, 157, 3445-3450.
113. Wang, J.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Y.; Sommerfeld, M.; Hu, Q. Toxicity assessment of manufactured nanomaterials using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Chemosphere, 2008, 73 1121-1128.
114. Bouldin, J.L.; Ingle, T.M.; Sengupta, A.; Alexander, R.; Hannigan, R.E.; Buchanan, R.A. Aqueous toxicity and food chain transfer of Quantum DOTs in freshwater algae and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.,2008, 27,1958-1963.
115. Lin; S.; Bhattacharya, P.; Rajapakse; N. C.; Brune, D. E.; Ke, P.C. Effects of quantum dots adsorption on algal photosynthesis. J. Phys. Chem.C, 2009, 113, 10962-10966.
116. Gagné, F.; Auclair, J.; Turcotte, P.; Fournier, M.; Gagnon, C.; Sauvé, S.; Blaise, C. Ecotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots to freshwater mussels: Impacts on immune system, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Aquat. Toxicol., 2008, 86, 333-340.
117. Peyrot, C.; Gagnon, C.; Gagne, F.; Willkinson, K.J.; Turcotte, P.; Sauve, S. Effects of cadmium telluride quantum dots on cadmium bioaccumulation and metallothionein production to the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2009, 150, 246-251.
118. Ingle, T.M.; Alexander, R.; Bouldin, J.; Buchanan, R.A. Absorption of semiconductor nanocrystals by the aquatic invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2008, 81 249-252.
119. Lewinski, N.A.; Zhu, H.; Jo, H.J.; Pham, D.; Kamath, R.R.; Ouyang, C.R.; Vulpe, C.D.; Colvin, V.L.; Drezek, R.A. Quantification of water solubilized CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in Daphnia magna. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44, 1841-1846.
120. Gagne, F.; Fortier, M.; Yu, L.; Osachoff, H.L.; Skirrow, R.C.; van Aggelen, G.; Gagnon, C.; Fournier, M. Immunocompetence and alterations in hepatic gene expression in rainbow trout exposed to CdS/CdTe quantum dots. J. Environ. Monit., 2010, 12, 1556-1565.
121. Su, Y.; He, Y.; Lu, H.; Sai, L.; Li, Q.; Li, W.; Wang, L.; Shen, P.; Huang, Q.; Fan, C. The cytotoxicity of cadmium based, aqueous phase - synthesized, quantum dots and its modulation by surface coating. Biomaterials, 2009, 30, 19-25.
122. Dumas, E.M.; Ozenne, V.; Mielke, R.E.; Nadeau, J.L. Toxicity of CdTe quantum dots in bacterial strains. IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience., 2009, 8,58-64.
123. Dumas, E.; Gao, C.; Suffern, D.; Bradforth, S.E.; Dimitrijevic, N.M.; Nadeau, J.L. Interfacial charge transfer between CdTe quantum dots and gram negative vs gram positive bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44, 1464-1470.
124. Gomes, S.A.O.; Vieira, C.S.; Almeida, D.B.; Santos-Mallet, J.R.; Menna-Barreto, R.F.S.; Cesar, C.L.; Feder, D. CdTe and CdSe Quantum Dots Cytotoxicity: A Comparative Study on Microorganisms. Sensors, 2011, 11, 11664-11678.
125. Su, Y.; Hu, M.; Fan, C.; He, Y.; Li, Q.; Li, W.; Wang, L.-h.; Shen, P.; Huang, Q. The cytotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots and the relative contributions from released cadmium ions and nanoparticle properties. Biomaterials, 2010, 31, 4829-4834.
126. Moulis, J.M.; Thevenod, F. New perspectives in cadmium toxicity: an introduction. Biometals, 2010, 23, 763-768.
127. Thevenod, F. Cadmium and cellular signaling cascades: to be or not to be? Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2009, 238, 221-239.
128. Stohs, S.J.; Bagchi, D. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1995, 18, 321-336.
129. Hossain, Z.; Huq, F. Studies on the interaction between Cd(2+) ions and nucleobases and nucleotides. J. Inorg. Biochem., 2002, 90, 97-105.
130. Lu, Z.; Li, C.M.; Bao, H.; Qiao, Y.; Toh, Y.; Yang, X. Mechanismof antimicrobial activity of CdTe quantum dots. Langmuir, 2008, 24, 5445-5452.
131. Green, M. and Howman, E. Semiconductor quantum dots and free radical induced DNA nicking. Chem. Commun. (Camb), 2005, 1, 121-123.
132. Tang, M.; Wang, M.; Xing, T.; Zeng, J.; Wang, H.; Ruan, D.-Y. Mechanisms of unmodified CdSe quantum dot-induced elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. Biomaterials, 2008, 29, 4383-4391.
133. Ipe, B.I.; Lehnig, M.; Niemeyer, C.M. On the generation of free radical species from quantum dots. Small, 2005, 1, 706-709.
134. Chen, N.; He, Y.; Su, Y.; Li, X.; Huang, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhang, X.; Tai, R.; Fan, C. The cytotoxicity of cadmium-based quantum dots. Biomaterials, 2012, 33, 1238-1244.
135. Orrenius, S.; Burkitt, M.J.; Kass, G.E.; Dypbukt, J.M.; Nicotera, P. Calcium ions and oxidative cell injury. Ann. Neurol., 1992 ,32 Suppl, S33-42.
136. Trump, B.F.; Berezesky, I.K. Calcium-mediated cell injury and cell death, FASEB, J. 1995, 9, 219-228.
137. Wang, H.; Joseph, J.A. Mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide-induced calcium dysregulation in PC12 cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2000, 28, 1222-1231.
138. Sayes, C.M.; Gobin, A.M.; Ausman, K.D.; Mendez, J.; West, J.L.; Colvin, V.L. Nano-C60 cytotoxicity is due to lipid peroxidation Biomaterials, 2005, 26, 7587-7595.
139. Oberdorster, E. Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass Environ Health Perspect, 2004, 112, 1058-1062.
140. Jaiswal, J.K.; Mattoussi, H.; Mauro, J.M.; Simon, S.M. Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates Nat Biotechnol, 2003, 21, 47-51.
141. Hardman, R. A Toxicologic Review of Quantum Dots: Toxicity Depends on Physicochemical and Environmental Factors Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006 ,114, 165-172.
142. Conroy, J.; Byrne, S.J.; Gun'ko, Y.K.; Rakovich, Y.P.; Donegan, J.F.; Davies, A.; Kelleher, D. and Volkov, Y. CdTe nanoparticles display tropism to core histones and histone-rich cell organelles Small, 2008, 4, 2006-2015.
143. Hoshino, A.; Hanada, S.; Yamamoto, K. Toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots: the relevance of surface modifications. Arch. Toxicol., 2011, 85, 707-720.
144. Guo, G.S.; Zhang, F.M.; Gao, J.; Delsite, R.; Feng, Z.H.; Powell, S.N. DNA repair and synthetic lethality. Int. J. Oral Sci., 2011,3(4), 176-9.
145. Peng, Q.; Zhang, S.; Yang, Q.; Zhang, T.; Wei, X.Q.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, C.L.; Chen, Q.M.; Zhang, Z.R.; Lin, Y.F. Preformed albumin corona, a protective coating for nanoparticles based drug delivery system. Biomaterials, 2013, 34(33), 8521-30.