β2-Adrenergic agonists and the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting disorders

International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 45, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 2309-2321

  Joassard, Olivier R ^a   Durieux, Anne Cécile ^a   Freyssenet, Damien G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ JEAN MONNET   (France)

Author keywords

CAMP; CREB; G protein; Protein synthesis; Proteolysis

Indexed keywords

BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; CLENBUTEROL; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; FORMOTEROL; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MEROSIN; MUSCLE PROTEIN; ORCIPRENALINE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL; SURVIVAL MOTOR NEURON PROTEIN; TERBUTALINE;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; BIOSYNTHESIS; BURN; CACHEXIA; CENTRAL CORE DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; FASCIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE TYPE 2; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIA; KENNEDY DISEASE; LONG TERM CARE; MEROSIN DEFICIENT CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; MINI CORE DISEASE; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; NONHUMAN; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESISTANCE TRAINING; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SPASTICITY; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY; TRANSLATION INITIATION; TREATMENT DURATION;

ANIMALIA;

CAMP; CREB; G PROTEIN; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEOLYSIS;

ADRENERGIC BETA-AGONISTS; ANIMALS; HUMANS; MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MUSCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 84885173789     PISSN: 13572725     EISSN: 18785875     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.06.025     Document Type: Review

References (197)

1. Agbenyega ET, Wareham AC Effect of clenbuterol on normal and denervated muscle growth and contractility. Muscle and Nerve 1990; 13:199-203.
2. Allamand V, Guicheney P. Merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy, autosomal recessive (MDC1A, MIM#156225, LAMA2gene coding for alpha2 chain of laminin). European Journal of Human Genetics 2002; 10:91-4.
3. Ametller E, Busquets S, Fuster G, Figueras MT, De Oliveira CC, Toledo M, et al. Effects of formoterol on protein metabolism in myotubes during hyperthermia. Muscle and Nerve 2011; 43:268-73.
4. Amirouche A, Durieux AC, Banzet S, Koulmann N., Bonnefoy R, Mouret C, et al Down-regulation of akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in response to myostatin overexpression in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 2009; 150:286-94.
5. Angelini EPC, Marsala SZ, Vergani L, Nascimbeni A.C., Fulizio L., Fanin M. Adult acid maltase deficiency: an opentrial with albuterol and branched-chain aminoacids. Basic Applied Myology 2004; 14:71-8.
6. Angelozzi C, Borgo F, Tiziano F.D., Martella A., Neri G, Brahe C. Salbutamol increases SMN mRNAand protein levels in spinal muscular atrophy cells. Journal of Medical Genetics 2008; 45:29-31.
7. Babij P, Booth FW Clenbuterol prevents or inhibits loss of specific mRNAs in atrophying rat skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 1988; 254:C657-60.
8. Bai F, Peng H, Etlinger J.D., Zeman RJ Partial functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection by combined chondroitinase and clenbuterol treatment. Pflugers Archives European Journal of Physiology 2010; 460:657-66.
9. Baker PK, Dalrymple RH, Ingle D.L., Ricks CA Use of β-adrenergic agonist to alter muscle and fat deposition in lambs. Journal of Animal Science 1984; 59: 1256-61.
10. Battram C, Charlton SJ, Cuenoud B, Dowling M.R., Fairhurst RA, Farr D, et al In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of 5-[(R)-2-(5, 6-diethyl-indan-2-ylamino)-1-hydroxy-ethyl]-8-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-2-o ne (indacaterol), a novel inhaled beta(2) adrenoceptor agonist with a 24-h duration of action. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 317:762-70.
11. 2+-dependent and ATP proteasome-dependent proteolysis in skeletal muscle from acutely diabetic rats. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007; 292:E702-8.
12. Baviera AM, Zanon NM, Navegantes L.C., Kettelhut IC Involvement of cAMP/Epac/PI3K-dependent pathway in the antiproteolytic effect of epinephrine on rat skeletal muscle. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2010; 315:104-12.
13. Beitzel F, Gregorevic P, Ryall J.G., Plant DR, Sillence MN, Lynch GS Beta2-adrenoceptor agonist fenoterol enhances functional repair of regenerating rat skeletal muscle after injury. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 96:1385-92.
14. Beitzel F, Sillence MN, Lynch GS Beta-adrenoceptor signaling in regenerating skeletal muscle after beta-agonist administration. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007; 293:E932-40.
15. Berdeaux R, Goebel N, Banaszynski L., Takemori H, Wandless T, Shelton G.D., et al. SIK1 is a class II HDAC kinase that promotes survival of skeletal myocytes. Nature Medicine 2007; 13:597-603.
16. Berdeaux R, Stewart R. cAMP signaling in skeletal muscle adaptation: hypertrophy, metabolism, and regeneration. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012; 303:E1-17.
17. Biering-Sorensen B., Kristensen IB, Kjaer M, Biering-Sorensen F. Muscle after spinal cord injury. Muscle and Nerve 2009; 40:499-519.
18. Bodine SC, Latres E, Baumhueter S., Lai VK, Nunez L, Clarke BA, et al Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy. Science 2001a; 294:1704-8.
19. Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline W.O., Stover GL, Bauerlein R, et al Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nature Cell Biology 2001b; 3:1014-9.
20. Bozzo C, Stevens L, Toniolo L., Mounier Y, Reggiani C. Increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain associated with slow-to-fast transition in rat soleus. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 2003; 285:C575-83.
21. Brault JJ, Jespersen JG, Goldberg AL Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha or 1beta overexpression inhibits muscle protein degradation, induction of ubiquitin ligases, and disuse atrophy. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010; 285:19460-71.
22. Brennesvik EO, Ktori C, Ruzzin J., Jebens E, Shepherd PR, Jensen J. Adrenaline potentiates insulin-stimulated PKB activation via cAMP and Epac: implications for cross talk between insulin and adrenaline. Cellular Signalling 2005; 17: 1551-9.
23. Bricout VA, Serrurier BD, Bigard AX Clenbuterol treatment affects myosin heavy chain isoforms and MyoD content similarly in intact and regenerated soleus muscles. Acta PhysiologicaScandinavica 2004; 180:271-80.
24. Brzustowicz LM, Lehner T, Castilla LH, Penchaszadeh GK, Wilhelmsen KC, Daniels R, et al. Genetic mapping of chronic childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophy to chromosome 5q11.2-13.3. Nature 1990; 344:540-1.
25. Burniston JG, Ng Y, Clark W.A., Colyer J., Tan LB, Goldspink DF Myotoxic effects of clenbuterol in the rat heart and soleus muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 2002; 93:1824-32.
26. Busquets S, Figueras MT, Fuster G, Almendro V., Moore-Carrasco R, Ametller E, et al Anticachectic effects of formoterol: a drug for potential treatment of muscle wasting. Cancer Research 2004; 64:6725-31.
27. Busquets S, Toledo M, Marmonti E., Orpi M, Capdevila E, Betancourt A., et al Formoterol treatment downregulates the myostatin system in skeletal muscle of cachectic tumour-bearing rats. Oncology Letters 2012a; 3:185-9.
28. Busquets S, Toledo M, Orpi M., Massa D, Porta M, Capdevila E., et al Myostatin blockage using actRIIB antagonism in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma results in the improvement of muscle wasting and physical performance. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopeniaand Muscle 2012b; 3:37-43.
29. Busquets S, Toledo M, Sirisi S., Orpi M, Serpe R, Coutinho J., et al Formoterol and cancer muscle wasting in rats: effects on muscle force and total physical activity. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2011; 2:731-5.
30. Carbo N, Lopez-Soriano J, Tarrago T., Gonzalez O, Llovera M, Lopez-Soriano FJ, et al Comparative effects of beta2-adrenergic agonists on muscle waste associated with tumour growth. Cancer Letters 1997; 115:113-8.
31. Cartana J, Segues T, Yebras M, Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. Anabolic effects of clenbuterol after long-term treatment and withdrawal in the rat. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1994; 43:1086-92.
32. Cartana J, Stock MJ. Effects of clenbuterol and salbutamol on tissue rubidium uptake in vivo. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 1995; 44:119-25.
33. Chance WT, Cao LQ, Zhang F.S., Foley-Nelson T, Fischer JE Clenbuterol treatment increases muscle mass and protein content of tumor-bearing rats maintained on total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 1991a; 15:530-5.
34. Chance WT, von Allmen D, Benson D, Zhang F.S., Fischer JE Clenbuterol decreases catabolism and increases hypermetabolism in burned rats. Journal of Trauma 1991b; 31:365-70.
35. Chen AE, Ginty DD, Fan CM Protein kinase A signalling via CREB controls myogenesis induced by Wnt proteins. Nature 2005; 433:317-22.
36. Chen M, Feng HZ, Gupta D, Kelleher J., Dickerson KE, Wang J, et al Gs{alpha} deficiency in skeletal muscle leads to reduced muscle mass, fiber-type switching, and glucose intolerance without insulin resistance or deficiency. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2009; 296:C930-40.
37. Choo JJ, Horan MA, Little R.A., Rothwell NJ Muscle wasting associated with endotoxemia in the rat: modification by the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol. Bioscience Reports 1989; 9:615-21.
38. Choo JJ, Horan MA, Little RA, Rothwell NJ. Anabolic effects of clenbuterol on skeletal muscle are mediated by beta 2-adrenoceptor activation. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 1992; 263:E50-6.
39. Cong M, Goll DE, Antin PB cAMP responsiveness of the bovine calpastatin gene promoter. Biochimicaet Biophysica Acta 1998; 1443:186-92.
40. Conti-Fine B.M., Milani M, Kaminski HJ Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006; 116:2843-54.
41. Costelli P, Garcia-Martinez C, Llovera M., Carbo N, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Agell N, et al Muscle protein waste in tumor-bearing rats is effectively antagonized by a beta 2-adrenergic agonist (clenbuterol). Role of the ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995a; 95:2367-72.
42. Costelli P, Llovera M, Garcia-Martinez C, Carbo N., Lopez-Soriano FJ, Argiles JM Enhanced leucine oxidation in rats bearing an ascites hepatoma (Yoshida AH-130) and its reversal by clenbuterol. Cancer Letters 1995b; 91:73-8.
43. Culmsee C, Junker V, Kremers W., Thal S, Plesnila N, Krieglstein J. Combination therapy in ischemic stroke: synergistic neuroprotective effects of memantine and clenbuterol. Stroke 2004; 35:1197-202.
44. Culmsee C, Stumm RK, Schafer M.K., Weihe E., Krieglstein J. Clenbuterol induces growth factor mRNA, activates astrocytes, and protects rat brain tissue against ischemic damage. European Journal of Pharmacology 1999; 379:33-45.
45. D'Agostino B., Polverino M, Cirino G., Lombardi A, Grassi B, Sullo N., et al Exercise capacity and cytochrome oxidase activity in muscle mitochondria of COPD patients. Respiratory Medicine 2010; 104:83-90.
46. Daaka Y, Luttrell LM, Lefkowitz RJ. Switching of the coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptorto different G proteins by protein kinase A. Nature 1997; 390:88-91.
47. Dalrymple RH, Baker PK, Gingher P.E., Ingle DL, Pensack JM, Ricks CA A repartitioning agent to improve performance and carcass composition of broilers. Poultry Science 1984; 63:2376-83.
48. de Rooij J., Zwartkruis FJ, Verheijen M.H., Cool RH, Nijman SM, Wittinghofer A, et al Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP. Nature 1998; 396:474-7.
49. Deconinck N, Dan B. Pathophysiology of duchenne muscular dystrophy: current hypotheses. Pediatric Neurology 2007; 36:1-7.
50. Decramer ML, Hanania NA, Lotvall J.O., Yawn BP The safety of long-acting beta(2)-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases 2013; 8:53-64.
51. Delday MI, Maltin CA Clenbuterol increases the expression of myogenin but not myoD in immobilized rat muscles. American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997; 272:E941-4.
52. Deshaies Y, Willemot J, Leblanc J. Protein synthesis, amino acid uptake, and pools during isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy of the rat heart and tibialis muscle. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1981; 59:113-21.
53. Dodd SL, Powers SK, Vrabas I.S., Criswell D., Stetson S, Hussain R. Effects of clenbuterol on contractile and biochemical properties of skeletal muscle. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1996; 28:669-76.
54. Dupont-Versteegden EE. Exercise and clenbuterol as strategies to decrease the progression of muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. Journal of Applied Physiology 1996; 80:734-41.
55. Dupont-Versteegden E.E., Katz MS, McCarter RJ Beneficial versus adverse effects of long-term use of clenbuterol in mdx mice. Muscle and Nerve 1995; 18:1447-59.
56. Durieux AC, Amirouche A, Banzet S., Koulmann N, Bonnefoy R, Pasdeloup M., et al Ectopic expression of myostatin induces atrophy of adult skeletal muscle by decreasing muscle gene expression. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3140-7.
57. Emery PW, Rothwell NJ, Stock M.J., Winter PD Chronic effects of beta 2-adrenergic agonists on body composition and protein synthesis in the rat. Bioscience Reports 1984; 4:83-91.
58. English C, McLennan H, Thoirs K., Coates A, Bernhardt J. Loss of skeletal muscle mass after stroke: a systematic review. International Journal of Stroke 2010; 5:395-402.
59. Enserink JM, Christensen AE, de Rooij J, van Triest M, Schwede F, Genieser H.G., et al A novel Epac-specific cAMP analogue demonstrates independent regulation of Rap1 and ERK. Nature Cell Biology 2002; 4:901-6.
60. Fass DM, Butler JE, Goodman RH Deacetylase activity is required for cAMP activation of a subset of CREB target genes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278:43014-9.
61. Fearon KC, Glass DJ, Guttridge DC Cancer cachexia: mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways. Cell Metabolism 2012; 16:153-66.
62. Forsberg NE, Ilian MA, Ali-Bar A, Cheeke P.R., Wehr NB Effects of cimaterol on rabbit growth and myofibrillar protein degradation and on calcium-dependent proteinase and calpastatin activities in skeletal muscle. Journal of Animal Science 1989; 67:3313-21.
63. Fowler EG, Graves MC, Wetzel G.T., Spencer MJ Pilot trial of albuterol in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2004; 62:1006-8.
64. Fulster S, Tacke M, Sandek A., Ebner N, Tschope C, Doehner W., et al Muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure (SICA-HF). European Heart Journal 2013; 34:512-9.
65. Fuster G, Busquets S, Ametller E., Olivan M, Almendro V, de Oliveira CC, et al Are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors involved inskeletal musclewasting during experimental cancer cachexia? Role of beta2-adrenergic agonists. Cancer Research 2007; 67:6512-9.
66. Garcia-Aymerich J., Lange P, Benet M., Schnohr P, Anto JM Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax 2006; 61:772-8.
67. Gehrig SM, Koopman R, Naim T., Tjoakarfa C, Lynch GS Making fast-twitch dystrophic muscles bigger protects them from contraction injury and attenuates the dystrophic pathology. American Journal of Pathology 2010; 176:29-33.
68. Geng T, Li P, Yin X., Yan Z. PGC-1alpha promotes nitric oxide antioxidant defenses and inhibits FOXO signaling against cardiac cachexia in mice. American Journal of Pathology 2011; 178:1738-48.
69. Gilson H, Schakman O, Combaret L., Lause P, Grobet L, Attaix D., et al Myostatin gene deletion prevents glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy. Endocrinology 2007; 148:452-60.
70. Gilson H, Schakman O, Kalista S., Lause P, Tsuchida K, Thissen JP Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell proliferation and inhibition of both myostatin and activin. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009; 297:E157-64.
71. Gomes MD, Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Navon A, Goldberg AL. Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001; 98:14440-5.
72. Goncalves DA, Silveira WA, Lira E.C., Graca FA, Paula-Gomes S, Zanon NM, et al Clenbuterol suppresses proteasomal and lysosomal proteolysis and atrophy-related genes in denervated rat soleus muscles independently of Akt. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012; 302:E123-33.
73. Gosmanov AR, Wong JA, Thomason DB Duality of G protein-coupled mechanisms for beta-adrenergic activation of NKCC activity in skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 2002; 283:C1025-32.
74. Hall-Angeras M., Angeras U, Hasselgren P.O., Fischer JE Effects of elevated temperature on protein breakdown in muscles from septic rats. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 1990; 258:C589-92.
75. Han RQ, Ouyang YB, Xu L, Agrawal R., Patterson AJ, Giffard RG Postischemic brain injury is attenuated in mice lacking the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2009; 108:280-7.
76. Handschin C, Rhee J, Lin J., Tarr PT, Spiegelman BM An autoregulatory loop controls peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha expression in muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003; 100:7111-6.
77. Harcourt LJ, Schertzer JD, Ryall JG, Lynch GS. Low dose formoterol administration improves muscle function in dystrophic mdx mice without increasing fatigue. Neuromuscular Disorders 2007; 17:47-55.
78. Harrington D, Chua TP, Coats AJ The effect of salbutamol on skeletal muscle in chronic heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2000; 73:257-65.
79. Hart DW, Wolf SE, Mlcak R, Chinkes D.L., Ramzy PI, Obeng MK, et al Persistence of muscle catabolism aftersevere burn. Surgery 2000; 128:312-9.
80. Hayes A, Williams DA Examining potential drug therapies for muscular dystrophy utilising the dy/dy mouse: I. Clenbuterol. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1998; 157:122-8.
81. Helbling-Leclerc A., Zhang X, Topaloglu H., Cruaud C, Tesson F, Weissenbach J., et al Mutations in the laminin alpha 2-chain gene (LAMA2) cause merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy. Nature Genetics 1995; 11:216-8.
82. Herrera NM J.r., Zimmerman AN, Dykstra D.D., Thompson LV Clenbuterol in the prevention of muscle atrophy: a study of hindlimb-unweighted rats. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001; 82:930-4.
83. Hinkle RT, Dolan E, Cody D.B., Bauer MB, Isfort RJ Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition reduces skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle and Nerve 2005; 32:775-81.
84. Hinkle RT, Hodge KM, Cody D.B., Sheldon RJ, Kobilka BK, Isfort RJ Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and anti-atrophy effects of clenbuterol are mediated by the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Muscle and Nerve 2002; 25:729-34.
85. Hollyoak MA, Muller MJ, Meyers N.A., Williams WG, Barrow RE, Herndon DN Beneficial wound healing and metabolic effects of clenbuterol in burned and nonburned rats. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation 1995; 16:233-40.
86. Hyltander A, Svaninger G, Lundholm K. The effect of clenbuterol on body composition in spontaneously eating tumour-bearing mice. Bioscience Reports 1993; 13:325-31.
87. Iezzi S, Di Padova M, Serra C, Caretti G., Simone C, Maklan E, et al Deacetylase inhibitors increase muscle cell size by promoting myoblast recruitment and fusion through induction of follistatin. Developmental Cell 2004; 6: 673-84.
88. Ito T, Fujimura N, Omote K., Namiki A. A selective beta2-adrenergic agonist, terbutaline, improves sepsis-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction in the rat. Life Sciences 2006; 79:905-12.
89. Izeboud CA, Monshouwer M, van Miert AS, Witkamp RF The beta-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol is a potent inhibitor of the LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in vitro and in vivo. Inflammation Research 1999; 48:497-502.
90. Jiang GL, Gu YD, Zhang L.Y., Shen LY, Yu C, Xu JG Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial of clenbuterol in denervated muscle atrophy. International Scholarly Research Network Pharmaceutics 2011; 2011:981254.
91. Kamalakkannan G, Petrilli CM, George I, LaManca J., McLaughlin BT, Shane E, et al Clenbuterol increases lean muscle mass but not endurance in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 2008; 27:457-61.
92. Kawasaki H, Springett GM, Mochizuki N, Toki S., Nakaya M, Matsuda M, et al A family ofcAMP-binding proteins that directly activate Rap1. Science 1998; 282:2275-9.
93. Kenley RA, Denissenko MF, Mullin R.J., Story J., Ekblom J. Formoterol fumarate and roxithromycin effects on muscle mass in an animal model of cancer cachexia. Oncology Reports 2008; 19:1113-21.
94. Kim YS, Sainz RD, Molenaar P, Summers RJ Characterization of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in rat skeletal muscles. Biochemical Pharmacology 1991; 42:1783-9.
95. Kinali M, Mercuri E, Main M., De Biasia F, Karatza A, Higgins R., et al Pilot trial of albuterol in spinal muscular atrophy. Neurology 2002; 59:609-10.
96. Kissel JT, McDermott MP, Mendell JR, King WM, Pandya S, Griggs RC, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of albuterol in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Neurology 2001; 57:1434-40.
97. Kissel JT, McDermott MP, Natarajan R, Mendell J.R., Pandya S., King WM, et al Pilot trial of albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. FSH-DY group. Neurology 1998; 50:1402-6.
98. Kline WO, Panaro FJ, Yang H, Bodine SC Rapamycin inhibits the growth and muscle-sparing effects of clenbuterol. Journal of Applied Physiology 2007; 102:740-7.
99. Koeberl DD, Li S, Dai J., Thurberg BL, Bali D, Kishnani PS beta2 Agonists enhance the efficacy of simultaneous enzyme replacement therapy in murine Pompe disease. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 2012; 105:221-7.
100. Koopman R, Gehrig SM, Leger B, Trieu J, Walrand S, Murphy KT, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying temporal changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during chronic {beta}-adrenoceptor stimulation in mice. Journal of Physiology 2010; 588:4811-23.
101. Kumar R, Sharma S. Remodeling of extracellular matrix protein, collagen by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and denervation in mouse gastrocnemius muscle. The Journal of Physiological Sciences 2006; 56:87-94.
102. La Spada A.R., Wilson EM, Lubahn D.B., Harding AE, Fischbeck KH Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 1991; 352:77-9.
103. Lee SJ, McPherron AC Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001; 98:9306-11.
104. Lefebvre S, Burglen L, Reboullet S., Clermont O, Burlet P, Viollet L., et al Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy-determining gene. Cell 1995; 80:155-65.
105. Li S, Sun B, Nilsson M.I., Bird A., Tarnopolsky MA, Thurberg BL, et al Adjunctive beta2-agonists reverse neuromuscular involvement in murine Pompe disease. FASEB Journal 2013; 27:34-44.
106. Lira EC, Graca FA, Goncalves D.A., Zanon NM, Baviera AM, Strindberg L, et al Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase inhibitors reduce skeletal muscle protein catabolism in septic rats. Shock 2007; 27:687-94.
107. Lorson CL, Hahnen E, Androphy E.J., Wirth B. A single nucleotide in the SMN gene regulates splicing and is responsible for spinal muscular atrophy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999; 96: 6307-11.
108. Luo GJ, Sun X, Hasselgren PO Hyperthermia stimulates energy-proteasome- dependent protein degradation in cultured myotubes. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2000; 278:R749-56.
109. Lynch GS, Hayes A, Campbell S.P., Williams DA Effects of beta 2-agonist administration and exercise on contractile activation of skeletal muscle fibers. Journal of Applied Physiology 1996; 81:1610-8.
110. Lynch GS, Hinkle RT, Chamberlain JS, Brooks SV, Faulkner JA. Force and power output of fast and slow skeletal muscles from mdx mice 6-28 months old. Journal of Physiology 2001a; 535:591-600.
111. Lynch GS, Hinkle RT, Faulkner JA. Year-long clenbuterol treatment of mice increases mass, but not specific force or normalized power, of skeletal muscles. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 1999; 26:117-20.
112. Lynch GS, Hinkle RT, Faulkner JA. Power output of fast and slow skeletal muscles of mdx (dystrophic) and control mice after clenbuterol treatment. Experimental Physiology 2000; 85:295-9.
113. Lynch GS, Hinkle RT, Faulkner JA. Force and power output of diaphragm muscle strips from mdx and control mice after clenbuterol treatment. Neuromuscular Disorders 2001b; 11:192-6.
114. Lynch GS, Ryall JG Role of {beta}-adrenoceptor signaling in skeletal muscle: implications for muscle wasting and disease. Physiological Reviews 2008; 88: 729-67.
115. MacDonald N, Easson AM, Mazurak V.C., Dunn GP, Baracos VE Understanding and managing cancer cachexia. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 2003; 197:143-61.
116. MacLennan PA, Edwards RH Effects of clenbuterol and propranolol on muscle mass. Evidence that clenbuterol stimulates muscle beta-adrenoceptors to induce hypertrophy. Biochemical Journal 1989; 264:573-9.
117. Magenta A, Cenciarelli C, De Santa F, Fuschi P, Martelli F., Caruso M, et al MyoD stimulates RB promoter activity via the CREB/p300 nucleartransduction pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2003; 23:2893-906.
118. Maltin CA, Hay SM, Delday M.I., Lobley GE, Reeds PJ The action of the beta-agonist clenbuterol on protein metabolism in innervated and denervated phasic muscles. Biochemical Journal 1989; 261:965-71.
119. Mammucari C, Milan G, Romanello V., Masiero E, Rudolf R, Del Piccolo P, et al FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo. Cell Metabolism 2007; 6: 458-71.
120. Marquis K, Debigare R, Lacasse Y., LeBlanc P, Jobin J, Carrier G., et al Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002; 166:809-13.
121. Martineau L, Little RA, Rothwell N.J., Fisher MI Clenbuterol a beta 2-adrenergic agonist, reverses muscle wasting due to scald injury in the rat. Burns 1993; 19:26-34.
122. McCormick C, Alexandre L, Thompson J., Mutungi G. Clenbuterol and formoterol decrease force production in isolated intact mouse skeletal muscle fiber bundles through a beta2-adrenoceptor-independent mechanism. Journal of Applied Physiology 2010; 109:1716-27.
123. Mersmann HJ. Overview of the effects of beta-adrenergic receptor agonists on animal growth including mechanisms of action. Journal of Animal Science 1998; 76:160-72
124. Messina S, Hartley L, Main M, Kinali M, Jungbluth H, Muntoni F, et al. Pilot trial of salbutamol in central core and multi-minicore diseases. Neuropediatrics 2004; 35:262-6.
125. Minetti GC, Feige JN, Rosenstiel A, Bombard F., Meier V, Werner A, et al Galphai2 signaling promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy, myoblast differentiation, and muscle regeneration. Science Signaling 2011; 4:ra80.
126. Mogilnicka E, Klimek V, Nowak G., Czyrak A. Clonidine and a beta-agonists induce hyperthermia in rats at high ambient temperature. Journal of Neural Transmission 1985; 63:223-35.
127. Moore NG, Pegg GG, Sillence MN Anabolic effects of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol are dependent on route of administration. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994; 267:E475-84.
128. Moresi V, Williams AH, Meadows E, Flynn JM, Potthoff MJ, McAnally J, et al. Myogenin and class II HDACs control neurogenic muscle atrophy by inducing E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cell 2010; 143:35-45.
129. Nash JE, Rocha HJ, Buchan V, Calder GA, Milne E, Quirke JF, et al. The effect of acute and chronic administration of the beta-agonist, cimaterol, on protein synthesis in ovine skin and muscle. British Journal of Nutrition 1994; 71:501-13.
130. Navegantes LC, Resano NM, Baviera A.M., Migliorini RH, Kettelhut IC Effect of sympathetic denervation on the rate of protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004; 286:E642-7.
131. Navegantes LC, Resano NM, Migliorini R.H., Kettelhut IC Role of adrenoceptors and cAMP on the catecholamine-induced inhibition of proteolysis in rat skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000; 279:E663-8.
132. Navegantes LC, Resano NM, Migliorini R.H., Kettelhut IC Catecholamines inhibit Ca(2+)-dependent proteolysis in rat skeletal muscle through beta(2)-adrenoceptors and cAMP. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001; 281:E449-54.
133. O'Connor R.M., Butler WR, Hogue D.E., Beermann DH Temporal pattern of skeletal muscle changes in lambs fed cimaterol. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 1991; 8:549-54.
134. Oishi Y, Imoto K, Ogata T., Taniguchi K, Matsumoto H, Roy RR Clenbuterol induces expression of multiple myosin heavy chain isoforms in rat soleus fibres. Acta PhysiologicaScandinavica 2002; 176:311-8.
135. Pane M, Staccioli S, Messina S., D'Amico A, Pelliccioni M, Mazzone E.S., et al Daily salbutamol in young patients with SMA type II. Neuromuscular Disorders 2008; 18:536-40.
136. Patiyal SN, Katoch SS Tissue specific and variable collagen proliferation in Swiss albino mice treated with clenbuterol. Physiological Research 2006; 55:97-103.
137. Pearen MA, Myers SA, Raichur S, Ryall J.G., Lynch GS, Muscat GE The orphan nuclear receptor, NOR-1, a target of beta-adrenergic signaling, regulates gene expressionthat controls oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2853-65.
138. Pearen MA, Ryall JG, Maxwell M.A., Ohkura N., Lynch GS, Muscat GE The orphan nuclear receptor, NOR-1, is a target of beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 2006; 147:5217-27.
139. Piffar PM, Fernandez R, Tchaikovski O., Hirabara SM, Folador A, Pinto GJ, et al Naproxen, clenbuterol and insulin administration ameliorates cancer cachexia and reduce tumor growth in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Cancer Letters 2003; 201:139-48.
140. Querin G, D'Ascenzo C, Peterle E, Ermani M., Bello L, Melacini P, et al Pilot trial of clenbuterol in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Neurology 2013; 80: 2095-8.
141. Quinlivan RM, Muller CR, Davis M, Laing N.G., Evans GA, Dwyer J, et al Central core disease: clinical, pathological, and genetic features. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2003; 88:1051-5.
142. Reeds PJ, Hay SM, Dorwood P.M., Palmer RM Stimulation of muscle growth by clenbuterol: lack of effect on muscle protein biosynthesis. BritishJournal of Nutrition 1986; 56:249-58.
143. Ricart-Firinga C., Stevens L, Canu M.H., Nemirovskaya TL, Mounier Y. Effects of beta(2)-agonist clenbuterol on biochemical and contractile properties of unloaded soleus fibers of rat. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2000; 278:C582-8.
144. Ringdal N, Derom E, Wahlin-Boll E, Pauwels R. Onset and duration of action of single doses of formoterol inhaled via Turbuhaler. Respiratory Medicine 1998; 92:1017-21.
145. Rommel C, Bodine SC, Clarke B.A., Rossman R., Nunez L, Stitt TN, et al Mediation of IGF-1-induced skeletal myotube hypertrophy by PI(3)K/Akt/mTOR and PI(3)K/Akt/GSK3 pathways. Nature Cell Biology 2001; 3:1009-13.
146. Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ Modification of body composition by clenbuterol in normal and dystrophic (mdx) mice. Bioscience Reports 1985; 5:755-60.
147. Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ, Sudera DK Changes in tissue blood flow and beta-receptor density of skeletal muscle in rats treated with the beta2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol. BritishJournal of Pharmacology 1987; 90:601-7.
148. Ruas JL, White JP, Rao R.R., Kleiner S., Brannan KT, Harrison BC, et al A PGC-1alpha isoform induced by resistance training regulates skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Cell 2012; 151:1319-31.
149. Ryall JG, Gregorevic P, Plant D.R., Sillence MN, Lynch GS Beta 2-agonist fenoterol has greater effects on contractile function of rat skeletal muscles than clenbuterol. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2002; 283:R1386-94.
150. Ryall JG, Plant DR, Gregorevic P, Sillence MN, Lynch GS. Beta 2-agonist administration reverses muscle wasting and improves muscle function in aged rats. Journal of Physiology 2004; 555:175-88.
151. Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS. Attenuation of age-related muscle wasting and weakness in rats after formoterol treatment: therapeutic implications for sarcopenia. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2007; 62:813-23.
152. Ryall JG, Sillence MN, Lynch GS Systemic administration of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, formoterol and salmeterol, elicit skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats at micromolar doses. British Journal of Pharmacology 2006; 147: 587-95.
153. Sadeh M, Shen XM, Engel AG. Beneficial effect of albuterol in congenital myasthenic syndrome with epsilon-subunit mutations. Muscle and Nerve 2011; 44:289-91.
154. Sandri M, Lin J, Handschin C., Yang W, Arany ZP, Lecker S.H., et al PGC-1
155. Sandri M, Sandri C, Gilbert A., Skurk C, Calabria E, Picard A., et al Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy. Cell 2004; 117:399-412.
156. Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiological Reviews 2011; 91:1447-531.
157. Schreuder LT, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW, de Hair A, Peters G, Wortmann S, Bok LA, et al. Successful use of albuterol in a patient with central core disease and mitochondrial dysfunction. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 2010.
158. Sensky PL, Jewell KK, Ryan K.J., Parr T., Bardsley RG, Buttery PJ Effect of anabolic agents on calpastatin promoters in porcine skeletal muscle and their responsiveness to cyclic adenosine monophosphate- and calcium-related stimuli. Journal of Animal Science 2006; 84:2973-82.
159. Shenoy SK, Drake MT, Nelson C.D., Houtz DA, Xiao K, Madabushi S, et al beta-Arrestin-dependent, G protein-independent ERK1/2 activation by the beta2 adrenergic receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2006; 281:1261-73.
160. Shi H, Zeng C, Ricome A., Hannon KM, Grant AL, Gerrard DE Extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway is differentially involved in beta-agonist-induced hypertrophy in slow and fast muscles. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2007; 292:C1681-9.
161. Signorile JF, Banovac K, Gomez M., Flipse D, Caruso JF, Lowensteyn I. Increased muscle strength in paralyzed patients afterspinal cord injury: effect of beta-2 adrenergic agonist. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995; 76:55-8.
162. Skura CL, Fowler EG, Wetzel G.T., Graves M., Spencer MJ Albuterol increases lean body mass in ambulatory boys with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2008; 70:137-43.
163. Sleeper MM, Kearns CF, McKeever KH Chronic clenbuterol administration negatively alters cardiac function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002; 34:643-50.
164. Sneddon AA, Delday MI, Maltin CA Amelioration of denervation-induced atrophy by clenbuterol is associated with increased PKC-alpha activity. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000; 279:E188-95.
165. Sneddon AA, Delday MI, Steven J, Maltin CA Elevated IGF-II mRNA and phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70(S6k) in muscle showing clenbuterol-induced anabolism. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001; 281:E676-82.
166. Soic-Vranic T., Bobinac D, Bajek S., Jerkovic R, Malnar-Dragojevic D, Nikolic M. Effect of salbutamol on innervated and denervated rat soleus muscle. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2005; 38:1799-805.
167. Soliven B, Rezania K, Gundogdu B., Harding-Clay B, Oger J, Arnason BG Terbutaline in myasthenia gravis: a pilot study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009; 277:150-4.
168. Soppa GK, Smolenski RT, Latif N, Yuen A.H., Malik A., Karbowska J, et al Effects of chronic administration of clenbuterol on function and metabolism of adult rat cardiac muscle. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005; 288:H1468-76.
169. Stallion A, Foley-Nelson T, Chance W.T., Fischer JE Effects of increased beta 2-agonist dose in tumor-bearing animals. Nutrition and Cancer 1993; 20:251-60.
170. Stallion A, Foley-Nelson T, Chance W.T., James JH, Fischer JE Anticatabolic effect of the beta 2-agonist cimaterol in vivo in tumor-bearing animals. Journal of Surgical Research 1995; 59:387-92.
171. Stallion A, Zhang FS, Chance W.T., Foley-Nelson T, Fischer JE Reversal of cancer cachexia in rats by cimaterol and supplemental nutrition. Surgery 1991; 110:678-84.
172. Stevens L, Firinga C, Gohlsch B., Bastide B, Mounier Y, Pette D. Effects of unweighting and clenbuterol on myosin light and heavy chains in fast and slow muscles of rat. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2000; 279: C1558-63.
173. Stitt TN, Drujan D, Clarke B.A., Panaro F., Timofeyva Y, Kline WO, et al The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway prevents expression of muscle atrophy-induced ubiquitin ligases by inhibiting FOXO transcription factors. Molecular Cell 2004; 14:395-403.
174. Suzuki J, Gao M, Xie Z., Koyama T. Effects of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol on capillary geometry in cardiac and skeletal muscles in young and middle-aged rats. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1997; 161:317-26.
175. Teng YD, Choi H, Huang W., Onario RC, Frontera WR, Snyder EY, et al Therapeutic effects of clenbuterol in a murine model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 397:155-8.
176. Tiziano FD, Lomastro R, Pinto A.M., Messina S., D'Amico A, Fiori S, et al Salbutamol increases survival motor neuron (SMN) transcript levels in leucocytes of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients: relevance for clinical trial design. Journal of Medical Genetics 2010; 47:856-8.
177. Trendelenburg AU, Meyer A, Rohner D., Boyle J, Hatakeyama S, Glass DJ Myostatin reduces Akt/TORC1/p70S6K signaling, inhibiting myoblast differentiation and myotube size. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2009; 296:C1258-70.
178. Ung RV, Rouleau P, Guertin PA Effects of co-administration of clenbuterol and testosterone propionate on skeletal muscle in paraplegic mice. Journal of Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1129-42.
179. van der Kooi EL, Kalkman JS, Lindeman E, Hendriks J.C., van Engelen BG, Bleijenberg G, et al Effects of training and albuterol on pain and fatigue in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Journal of Neurology 2007; 254:931-40.
180. van der Kooi EL, Vogels OJ, van Asseldonk RJ, Lindeman E, Hendriks JC, Wohlgemuth M, et al Strength training and albuterol in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Neurology 2004; 63:702-8.
181. van der Ploeg AT, Reuser AJ Pompe's disease. Lancet 2008; 372: 1342-53.
182. van Noord J.A., Smeets JJ, Raaijmakers JA, Bommer AM, Maesen FP. Salmeterol versus formoterol in patients with moderately severe asthma: onset and duration of action. European Respiratory Journal 1996; 9:1684-8.
183. von Maltzahn J, Bentzinger CF, Rudnicki MA Wnt7a-Fzd7 signalling directly activates the Akt/mTOR anabolic growth pathway in skeletal muscle. Nature Cell Biology 2012; 14:186-91.
184. Wenz T, Rossi SG, Rotundo R.L., Spiegelman BM, Moraes CT Increased muscle PGC-1alpha expression protects from sarcopenia and metabolic disease during aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009; 106:20405-10.
185. Wijmenga C, Hewitt JE, Sandkuijl L.A., Clark LN, Wright TJ, Dauwerse HG, et al Chromosome 4q DNA rearrangements associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Nature Genetics 1992; 2:26-30.
186. Williams RS, Caron MG, Daniel K. Skeletal muscle beta-adrenergic receptors: variations due to fiber type and training. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 1984; 246:E160-7.
187. Wong K, Boheler KR, Bishop J, Petrou M., Yacoub MH Clenbuterol induces cardiac hypertrophy with normal functional, morphological and molecular features. Cardiovascular Research 1998; 37:115-22.
188. Yimlamai T, Dodd SL, Borst S.E., Park S. Clenbuterol induces muscle-specific attenuation of atrophy through effects on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005; 99:71-80.
189. Zeman RJ, Feng Y, Peng H., Etlinger JD. Clenbuterol, a beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, improves locomotor and histological outcomes after spinal cord contusion in rats. Experimental Neurology 1999; 159:267-73.
190. Zeman RJ, Ludemann R, Easton T.G., Etlinger JD Slow to fast alterations in skeletal muscle fibers caused by clenbuterol, a beta 2-receptor agonist. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 1988; 254: E726-32.
191. Zeman RJ, Ludemann R, Etlinger JD Clenbuterol, a beta 2-agonist, retards atrophy in denervated muscles. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 1987; 252:E152-5.
192. Zeman RJ, Peng H, Danon M.J., Etlinger JD Clenbuterol reduces degeneration of exercised or aged dystrophic (mdx) muscle. Muscle and Nerve 2000; 23: 521-8.
193. Zeman RJ, Peng H, Etlinger JD Clenbuterol retards loss of motor function in motor neuron degeneration mice. Experimental Neurology 2004; 187:460-7.
194. Zhang X, Odom DT, Koo S.H., Conkright MD, Canettieri G, Best J, et al Genome-wide analysis of cAMP-response element binding protein occupancy, phosphorylation, and target gene activation in human tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005; 102: 4459-64.
195. Zhao J, Brault JJ, Schild A, Cao P., Sandri M, Schiaffino S, et al FoxO3 coordinately activates protein degradation by the autophagic/lysosomal and proteasomal pathways in atrophying muscle cells. Cell Metabolism 2007; 6: 472-83.
196. Zhou X, Wang JL, Lu J, Song Y., Kwak KS, Jiao Q, et al Reversal of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting by ActRIIB antagonism leads to prolonged survival. Cell 2010; 142:531-43.
197. Zhu WZ, Zheng M, Koch W.J., Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK, Xiao RP Dual modulation of cell survival and cell death by beta(2)-adrenergic signaling in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001; 98:1607-12.