Parallel language activation and cognitive control during spoken word recognition in bilinguals

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 547-567

  Blumenfeld, Henrike K ^a   Marian, Viorica ^b  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bilingualism; Eyetracking; Inhibition; Parallel language activation; Stroop task

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BILINGUALISM; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LANGUAGE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STROOP TEST; TASK PERFORMANCE; WORD RECOGNITION; COGNITION; COMPETITION; LANGUAGE PROCESSING; PHONETICS; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84884591377     PISSN: 20445911     EISSN: 2044592X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2013.812093     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Abutalebi, J. (2008). Neural aspects of second language representation and language control. Acta Psychologica, 128, 466-478. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy. 2008.03.014.
2. Baayen, H., Piepenbrock, R., & van Rijn, H. (1995). The CELEX Lexical Database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Linguistic Data Consortium.
3. Bartolotti, J., Marian, V., Schroeder, S. R., & Shook, A. (2011). Bilingualism and inhibitory control influence statistical learning of novel word forms. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 324. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00324.
4. Bialystok, E. (2006). Effect of bilingualism and computer video game experience on the Simon task. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 68-79. doi:10.1037/cjep2006008. (Pubitemid 44681955)
5. Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2010). Cognitive and linguistic processing in the bilingual mind. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 19-23. doi:10.1177/0963721409358571.
6. Bialystok, E., Craik, F., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 859-873. doi:10.1037/0278-7393. 34.4.859.
7. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19, 290-303. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290. (Pubitemid 38720874)
8. Bialystok, E., & DePape, A.-M. (2009). Musical expertise, bilingualism, and executive function. Journal of Experimental Psychology; Human Perception and Performance, 35, 265-274. doi:10.1037/a0012735.
9. Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2007). Constraints on parallel activation in bilingual spoken language processing: Examining proficiency and lexical status using eye-tracking. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22, 633-660. doi:10.1080/01690960601000746. (Pubitemid 47455073)
10. Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2011). Bilingualism influences inhibitory control in auditory comprehension. Cognition, 118, 245-257. doi:10.1016/j.cognition. 2010.10.012.
11. Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624- 652. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624. (Pubitemid 33604139)
12. Broersma, M., & Cutler, A. (2011). Competition dynamics of second-language listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 74-95. doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.499174.
13. Canseco-Gonzalez, E., Brehm, L., Brick, C. A., Brown- Schmidt, S., Fischer, K., & Wagner, K. (2010). Carpet or Cárcel: The effect of age of acquisition and language mode on bilingual lexical access. Language and Cognitive Processes, 25, 669-705. doi:10.1080/01690960903474912.
14. Chambers, C. G., & Cooke, H. (2009). Lexical competition during second-language listening: Sentence context, but not proficiency, constrains interference from the native lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 1029-1040. doi:10.1037/a0015901.
15. Christoffels, I. K., De Groot, A. M. B., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency. Journal of Memory and Language, 54, 324- 345. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.12.004. (Pubitemid 43273725)
16. Costa, A., Hernandez, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastian- Galles, N. (2009). On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don't. Cognition, 113, 135-149. doi:10.1016/j.cognition. 2009.08.001.
17. Costa, A., Hernandez, M., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2008). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, 106, 59-86. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.013. (Pubitemid 350245646)
18. Costa, A., Strijkers, K., Martin, C., & Thierry, G. (2009). The time course of word retrieval revealed by event-related brain potentials during overt speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 106, 21442-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.09089 21106.
19. Cutler, A., Weber, A., & Otake, T. (2006). Asymmetric mapping from phonetic to lexical representations in second-language listening. Journal of Phonetics, 34, 269-284. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2005.06.002. (Pubitemid 43811800)
20. Dahan, D., Magnusson, J. S., &Tanenhaus, M. K. (2001). Time course of frequency effects in spoken-word recognition: Evidence from eye movements. Cognitive Psychology, 42, 317-367. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001. 0750. (Pubitemid 33647297)
21. Desroches, A. S., Newman, R. L., & Joanisse, M. F. (2009). Investigating the time course of spoken word recognition: Electrophysiological evidence for the influences of phonological similarity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1893-906. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21142.
22. Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175-197. doi:10.1017/S1366728902003012.
23. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
24. Emmorey, K., Luk, G., Pyers, J. E., & Bialystok, E. (2008). The source of enhanced cognitive control in bilinguals. Psychological Science, 19, 1201-1206. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02224.x.
25. Festman, J., & Mü nte, T. F. (2012). Cognitive control in Russian-German bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 115. doi:10.3389/fpsyg. 2012.00115.
26. Festman, J., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Münte, T. F. (2010). Individual differences in control of language interference in late bilinguals are mainly related to general executive abilities. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6, 1-12. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-5.
27. Gernsbacher, M. A., & Faust, M. E. (1991). The mechanism of suppression: A component of general comprehension skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 245- 262. doi:10.1037/0278- 7393.17.2.245.
28. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Werner, G. A. (2002). Semantic and letter fluency in Spanish-English bilinguals. Neuropsychology, 16, 562-576. doi:10. 1037//0894-4105.16.4.562.
29. Gollan, T. H., Sandoval, T., & Salmon, D. P. (2011). Cross-language intrusion errors in aging bilinguals reveal the link between executive control and language selection. Psychological Science, 22, 1155-1164. doi:10.1177/0956797611417002.
30. Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67-81. doi:10.1017/ S1366728998000133.
31. Green, D. W. (2011). Language control in different contexts: The behavioral ecology of bilingual speakers. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 103. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00103.
32. Guthrie, D., & Buchwald, J. S. (1991). Significance testing of difference potentials. Psychophysiology, 28, 240-244.
33. Hallett, P. E. (1986). Eye movements. In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance (Vol. 1, pp. 10-112). New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience.
34. Henik, A., Bibi, U., Yanai, M., & Tzelgov, J. (1997). The Stroop effect is largest during first trials. Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 57.
35. Hernández, M., Costa, A., Fuentes, L. J., Vivas, A. B., & Sebástian-Gallés, N. (2010). The impact of bilingualism on the executive control and orienting networks of attention. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 315-325. doi:10.1017/S13667289099 90010.
36. Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011). Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 625-658. doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7.
37. Ju, M., & Luce, P. A. (2004). Falling on sensitive ears: Constraints on bilingual lexical activation. Psychological Science, 15, 314-318. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976. 2004.00675.x. (Pubitemid 38706671)
38. Kaushanskaya, M., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2011). The relationship between short-term memory and vocabularymeasures inmonolingual and bilingual speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 408-425. doi:10.1177/1367006911403201.
39. Kornblum, S., Stevens, G., Whipple, A., & Requin, J. (1999). The effects of irrelevant stimuli I: The time course of S-S and S-R consistency effects with Stroop-like stimuli (DO Type 4 task), Simon-like tasks (DO Type 3 task), and their factorial combinations (DO Type 7 task). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 688-714. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.25.3.688.
40. Krizman, J., Marian, V., Shook, A., Skoe, E., & Kraus, N. (2012). Subcortical encoding of sound is enhanced in bilinguals and relates to executive function advantages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 7877-7881. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201 575109.
41. Kroll, J. F.(2008). Juggling two languages in one mind. Psychological Science Agenda, 22. Retrieved on 14 July 2012 from http://www.apa.org/science/ about/psa/2008/01/kroll.aspx.
42. Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., & Guo, T. (2008). Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416- 430. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.001.
43. Levy, B. J., McVeigh, N. D., Marful, A., & Anderson, M. C. (2007). Inhibiting your native language: The role of retrieval-induced forgetting during secondlanguage acquisition. Psychological Science, 18, 29- 34. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01844.x.
44. Linck, J. A., Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Crosslanguage lexical processes and inhibitory control. Mental Lexicon, 3, 349-374. doi:10.1075/ml.3.3.06lin.
45. Linck, J. A., Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2011). Inhibitory control predicts language switching performance in trilingual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1-12. doi:10.1017/S136672891100054X.
46. Liu, X., Banich, M. T., Jacobson, B. L., & Tanabe, J. L. (2004). Common and distinct neural substrates of attentional control in an integrated Simon and spatial Stroop task as assessed by event-related fMRI. NeuroImage, 22, 1097-1106. doi:10.1016/j. neuroimage.2004.02.033. (Pubitemid 38829198)
47. Luk, G., Anderson, J. A. E., Craik, F. I. M., Grady, C., & Bialystok, E. (2010). Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: Response inhibition versus interference suppression. Brain and Cognition, 74, 347-357. doi:10.1016/j.bandc. 2010.09.004.
48. Luk, G., de Sa, E., & Bialystok, E. (2011). Is there a relation between onset age of bilingualism and enhancement of cognitive control? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14, 488-495. doi:10.1017/ S1366728911000010.
49. Luo, L., Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2010). Effect of language proficiency and executive control on verbal fluency performance in bilinguals. Cognition, 114, 29-41. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.014.
50. MacIzo, P., Bajo, T., & Martín, M. C. (2010). Inhibitory processes in bilingual language comprehension: Evidence from Spanish-English interlexical homographs. Journal of Memory and Language, 63, 232- 244. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.04.002.
51. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
52. Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Boukrina, O. (2008). Sensitivity to phonological similarity within and across languages. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 37, 141-170. doi:10.1007/s10936-007-9064-9.
53. Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 50, 940-967. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067). (Pubitemid 350058571)
54. Marian, V., & Spivey, M. (2003a). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 173-193. doi:10.1017. S0142716403000092. (Pubitemid 36891782)
55. Marian, V., &Spivey, M. (2003b).Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within- and betweenlanguage competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 97-115. doi:10.1017/S13667289030 01068.
56. Marslen-Wilson, W. D. (1987). Functional parallelism in spoken word recognition. Cognition, 25, 71-102. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(87)90005-9.
57. Martín, M. C., MacIzo, P., & Bajo, T. (2010). Time course of inhibitory processes in bilingual language processing. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 679- 693. doi:10.1348/000712609X480571.
58. Martin-Rhee, M. M., & Bialystok, E. (2008). The development of two types of inhibitory control in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11, 81-93. doi:10.1017/S1366728907003227.
59. McClelland, J. L., & Elman, J. L. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1-86. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0.
60. Michael, E., & Gollan, T. H. (2005). Being and becoming bilingual: Individual differences and consequences for language production. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 389-407). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
61. Misra, M., Guo, T., Bobb, S. C., & Kroll, J. F. (2012). When bilinguals choose a single word to speak: Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition of the native language. Journal of Memory and Language, 67, 224-237. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.001.
62. Morales, L., Paolieri, D., &Bajo, T. (2011). Grammatical gender inhibition in bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 284. doi:10.3389/fpsyg. 2011.00284.
63. Morford, J., Wilkinson, E., Villwock, A., Piñar, P., & Kroll, J. (2011). When deaf signers read English: Do written words activate their sign translations? Cognition, 118, 286-292. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010. 11.006.
64. Pivneva, I., Palmer, C., & Titone, D. (2012). Inhibitory control and L2 proficiency modulate bilingual language production: Evidence from spontaneousmonologue and dialogue speech. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1-18. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00057.
65. Prior, A., & Gollan, T. (2011). Good language-switchers are good task-switchers: Evidence from Spanish- English and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 682-691. doi:10.1017/S1355617711000580.
66. Prior, A., & MacWhinney, B. (2010). A bilingual advantage in task switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 253-262. doi:10.1017/S136672890 9990526.
67. PsychCorp. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
68. Roelofs, A. (2010). Attention and facilitation: Converging information versus inadvertent reading in Stroop task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 411-422. doi:10.1037/a0018523.
69. Salvatierra, J. L., & Rosselli, M. (2011). The effect of bilingualism and age on inhibitory control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 26-37. doi:10.1177/1367006910371021.
70. Schroeder, S., & Marian, V. (2012). A bilingual advantage for episodic memory in older adults. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 24, 591-601. doi:10.1080/2044 5911.2012.669367.
71. Schwartz, A. I., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Bilingual lexical activation in sentence context. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 197-212. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2006. 03.004. (Pubitemid 44028598)
72. Segalowitz, N., & Hulstijn, J. (2005). Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning. In J. F. Kroll & A. B. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 371- 388). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
73. Shook, A., & Marian, V. (2012). Bimodal bilinguals coactivate both languages during spoken comprehension. Cognition, 124, 314-324. doi:10.1016/j.cognition. 2012.05.014.
74. Shook, A., & Marian, V. (2013). The Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 304-324. doi:10.1017/S1366728912000466.
75. Singh, N., & Mishra, R. K. (2012). Does language proficiency modulate oculomotor control? Evidence from Hindi-English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 771-781. doi:10.1017/S1366 728912000065.
76. Soveri, A., Laine, M., Hämäläinen, H., & Hugdahl, K. (2010). Bilingual advantage in attentional control: Evidence from the forced-attention dichotic listening paradigm. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14, 371-378. doi:10.1017/S1366728910000118.
77. Swinney, D. A. (1979). Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 645-659. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(79)90355-4.
78. Székely, A., Jacobsen, T., D'Amico, S., Devescovi, A., Andonova, E., Herron, D., Bates, E. (2004). A new on-line resource for psycholinguistic studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 247-250. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.03. 002. (Pubitemid 38989934)
79. Tanenhaus, M., Magnuson, J., Dahan, D., & Chambers, C. (2000). Eye movements and lexical access in spoken language comprehension: Evaluating a linking hypothesis between fixations and linguistic processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 29, 557-580.
80. Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268, 1632-1634.
81. Tao, L., Marzecová, A., Taft, M., Asanowicz, D., & Wodniecka, Z. (2011). The efficiency of attentional networks in early and late bilinguals: The role of age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 123. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00123.
82. Taylor, J. L., O'Hara, R., Mumenthaler, M. S., Rosen, A. C., & Yesavage, J. A. (2005). Cognitive ability, expertise, and age differences in following air-traffic control instructions. Psychology and Aging, 20, 117- 133. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.117. (Pubitemid 40389400)
83. Vandeberg, L., Guadalupe, T., & Zwaan, R. A. (2011). How verbs can activate things: Cross-language activation across word classes. Acta Psychologica, 138, 68-73. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.05.007.
84. van Heuven, W. J. B., Conklin, K., Coderre, E. L., Guo, T., & Dijkstra, T. (2011). The influence of crosslanguage similarity on within- and between-language Stroop effects in trilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 374. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00374.
85. van Heuven, W. J. B., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (1998). Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 458-483. (Pubitemid 128343556)
86. Vega, C., & Fernandez, M. (2011). Errors on the WCST correlate with language proficiency scores in Spanish-English bilinguals. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 158-164. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq097.
87. Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1999). Comprehensive test of phonological processing. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
88. Weber, A., & Cutler, A. (2004). Lexical competition in non-native spoken-word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 50, 1-25. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00105-0. (Pubitemid 38074392)
89. Weber, A., & Paris, G. (2004). The origin of the linguistic gender effect in spoken-word recognition: Evidence from non-native listening. In K. Forbus, D. Gentner, & T. Regier (Eds.), Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1446-1451). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.